《受害者》中的犹太宗教伦理观

《受害者》主人公利文撒尔在每一次伦理抉择时总是选择以"善"和"责任"为中心的伦理价值观,并且他在行善和承担责任的过程中有明显的受难倾向,体现出犹太宗教伦理的核心思想。利文撒尔所坚持的犹太宗教伦理观与当时美国社会盛行的功利主义伦理观形成鲜明对比,他的善念和责任感使得在利益驱使下日渐模糊的善恶分界线重新清晰化,展现了犹太宗教伦理思想中蕴含的强大道德力量,唤起了人们对社会道德根基的思考。

《受害者》中的受难与犹太伦理取向

《受害者》中的利文撒尔与阿尔比两人既是受害者,同时也是受难者。他们痛苦与荒谬的处境构成了一种双重悖谬。而他们的受难在很大程度上是由当时的反犹主义倾向造成的,阿尔比将反犹主义思想同化于自己的内心,并施加在利文撒尔身上。他们之间是迫害与被迫害的关系。尽管利文撒尔认为自己对阿尔比的生活与人生无需承担任何责任,也不必要有负疚感。可是他仍然承担起了责任,这其中"爱邻如己"的犹太伦理思想起到了决定性作用。小说展现了苦难对于受害者的积极意义,它能促使人更加努力地奋斗并最终摆脱苦难。

索尔·贝娄的托洛茨基主义思想与《受害者》的资本主义批判

研究者大多关注美国犹太作家索尔·贝娄早期小说《受害者》中的反犹主义而疏忽了他在小说中对资本主义制度的批判。《受害者》创作于上世纪40年代大萧条时期,此时贝娄受托洛茨基主义影响具有左倾倾向,但因后期他背离了左翼政治、转变为新保守主义而对政治问题三缄其口,他早期小说中的政治思想也尚未被学界充分认知。文章以贝娄在大萧条语境下的托洛茨基主义思想为基础,结合马恩理论,从小说中的集体失业与个人失业两方面分析贝娄在《受害者》中对资本主义制度的否定以及对不平等的劳工关系的批判。

自我·他者·责任——《受害者》中的伦理思想之管见

在《受害者》中,贝娄通过戏剧性地展现主人公阿萨·莱文撒尔(Asa Leventhal)和科比·阿尔比(Kirby Allbee)之间的冲突,揭示人类生活的困境,探索人生的意义,表现出贝娄坚信人本善良、爱人类和个人负有社会责任等积极入世的伦理思想。

从列维纳斯哲学看《受害者》

《受害者》是美国作家和1976年诺贝尔文学奖获得者索尔·贝娄的早期代表作。本文借助列维纳斯的哲学对《受害者》进行解读,从他者作为神秘的存在和责任先于自由两方面进行分析,认为该小说的主人公利文撒尔是一个具有他者伦理特征的人物。

索尔·贝娄《受害者》中的希伯来哲学与宗教

20世纪后半叶最重要的美国犹太作家索尔.贝娄的早期小说《受害者》体现出浓郁的犹太文化,但目前国内却鲜有评论。本文通过善恶本质的探讨、犹太文化恶灵,以及犹太哲学家马丁.布伯的哈西德哲学来分析《受害者》中体现出的希伯来哲学和宗教,指出贝娄对人性洞悉入微的刻画源于根深蒂固的希伯来文化对其思想的渗透。

试论索尔·贝娄最早的两部小说

索尔·贝娄最早的两部小说，尽管受到作者的轻视，但它们刻画的人物跟他后来作品的主人公是一脉相承的：都是敏感内向、多疑好思、与周围环境格格不入、苦苦追求人生的意义和道德新生的城市现代人（大多以犹太人为典型）。

存在主义对索·贝娄主要作品的影响

本文通过分析索·贝娄的四部重要的小说,揭示索·贝娄以存在主义为哲学基础,从存在主义的角度观察和揭露西方文化中的悲剧,并从侧面反映犹太教的积极因素使索·贝娄免于陷入存在主义者的绝境,成为积极且杰出的当代作家.

周中华漫画作品

《维系》 时间观念非常重要，若没有它世界就会崩溃。 《受害者》 有人总想伤害大自然，岂不知人本身就是大自然的一部分。伤害大自然就是伤害人类自己。

Dam Failures in the 20th Century： Nearly 1,000 Avoidable Victims in Italy Alone

The frequency of large dam failures all over the world, with a high toll of lives lost, pinpoints the still unsolved problems of flood risk resulting from the presence of large dams in built-up areas. Some of these failures and other related incidents took place in Italy in the past century. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the three worst cases of dam failures occurring in Italy, analyzing the causes which led to collapse. They are the dams of Gleno （1923）, Molare （1935） and Stava （1985）.

芳草园

静静地卧在山里,呼呼啦啦的风知道;静静地躺在山里,清清凉凉的云知道。 山道有一些高深的禅意么?山道有一些古老的凉意么?春水从山道的皮肤上流到山下去了。 风从身边过,云从身边过。风清楚山道的心事,云清楚山道的心事。 是飘带也好,是纽带也好。山站起来,山道无言地站起来;山卧下去,山道也默默地卧下去。就这样,太阳擦亮过山道,山雾潮湿过山道。

Empirical Evidence of Natural Shocks, Risk Perceptions and Resilience from Cameroon

Invariably, it is the poorest of the poor who are mostly affected by perverse disasters, policies and laws. A major concern in disaster research is to explore the relationship between shock experiences and victims＇ perceptions of risk, as well as their possible effect on victims＇ behavior for resilience and adaptation. We explore this relationship on victimized households of the 1986 Lake Nyos disaster, employing a quasi-experimental design. Matching was done with non-affected households. Both groups affected and non-affected households were of adequate size, and subject to the same questionnaire. Selection of （470） test and matching households was purposely limited to nine of the ten towns accommodating both survivors and non survivors of the examined disaster. A list constructed with traditional rulers in each village allowed for random sampling of non victims for comparative analysis. We then compare households affected by the disaster with those who were not. The results reveal differentiated perceptions of risk and management behavior contingent on whether households experienced the shock or not. However, solidarity and reciprocity remained extremely high and not significantly different amongst both household types, suggesting resilience of endogenous, informal risk response mechanisms to natural shocks. The article concludes that analyzing risk perceptions can help explain why some individuals, households or communities may be resilient to shocks and others not. We argue for a combination of subjective perceptions and objective shock analysis, especially if the analyst hopes to influence policy.

Sarah Palin and the Rhetoric of Victimage： From Pit Bull to Victim

This study argues that the 2008 presidential campaign provided a setting in which Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin began using the rhetoric of victimage——presenting herself as the victim of unfair media coverage. This study analyzes Palin＇s rhetoric using a three-step approach to Burke＇s concept of victimage： （1） identification of self as victim, （2） identification of a scapegoat who can be blamed for the victim＇s problems, and （3） catharsis or tragic dignification. The results of the analysis indicated that Palin＇s rhetorical strategy emerged during the 2008 election and was fully functional by the time she resigned as Alaska Governor in July 2009. Eventually, victimage rhetoric became her most constant rhetorical theme. Her approach was only partially successful, increasing her positive image among Republicans but contributing to a negative image among Democrats and independents.

Establishment of Model Home Garden for Home Consumption and Income Generation of Poor and HIV Victim Women at Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

For resource poor and HIV victim urban and pre-urban dwellers in developing countries, home garden is vital to enhance food and nutrient security. The availability of both ground and surface water in Bahir Dar city of Ethiopia propels many poor families to produce vegetable and fruit crop for home consumption and income generation. Productivity of fruits and vegetables has been seriously affected due to lack of high yield with good quality varieties, poor knowledge of agronomic practices, poor water and fertilizer managements to exploit the full potential benefits of home garden to the area. To minimize those gaps, resource poor and HIV victim women headed households were selected and model home garden were established to demonstrate improved production practices. Subsequent trainings and experience sharing focused on the different techniques of vegetable and fruit crops production and management, methods of compost preparation and how to generate income from home garden were provided. The seeds of lettuce, Swiss chard, head cabbage, kale, carrot and improved banana sucker and coffee seedlings were supplied for each model home garden. Based on the training and experiences gained, different vegetable growing structures, such as old plastic containers, wooden boxes, vegetable growing shelves made from locally available materials and old used car tier, and ＂food always in the house＂ （FAITH） gardening techniques were established to maximize the potential of home garden both vertically and horizontally. Within one growing season, participants produced plenty leafy vegetable for home consumption and they started to generate income by supplying fresh vegetable products to the local market. Nowadays, participants have been sharing their knowledge and experiences to new neighboring gardeners through their model home gardens. Therefore, the respective stakeholders should provide continuous technical and financial support to strengthen the established model home garden as a training center to disseminate improved production techniques for Bahir Dar city residents for the future.

How the Red Ring Became the Bronze Horse and the Horse Became the Ring： Tennyson＇s ＂Boaidicea＂

Tennyson＇s poem ＂Boaidicea＂, published in 1864 but at least conceived in 1858, has never been very highly regarded. It is usually omitted from editions of the complete poetical works. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, written in an approximation of Catullan/Callimachan galliambics, it is no easy read. Secondly and more importantly, however, it sits most awkwardly within a huge body of contemporary art -paintings, sculptures, and novels as well as poems which present the （properly） Queen Regent of the Iceni as the spiritual ancestor of Victoria （the Gaelic word boudicca does, after all, men ＂victory＂）. Far from portraying Boadicea （as the name was then commonly spelt from the 18th to themed 20th centuries） as the harbinger of British imperial glory, Tennyson presents her as the half-mad victim of Roman oppression, brutalized by her own experiences into a personal vendetta. I argue that this poem is a riposte to Sir William Thornycroft＇s bronze statue of Boadicea, a symbol of patriotic pride. It was begun at roughly the same time as the poem, both at the behest of Prince Albert; Tennyson would have seen Thornycroft＇s models. In the poem, Tennyson envisions Bo/idicea reducing Colchester and Londonto a red-black stain infested with carrion eaters, and he seems to be asking whether this colour, ironically reflected in the finished statue of the Regent, chariot and horses （she used cavalry and chariots to attack Londinium, after all） is anything like a becoming tribute to Victoria. As for the dating of composition, Tennyson＇s the most likely model for Boaidicea is Lakshmibai, Queen Regent of Jhansi, who, during the Indian Mutiny of late 1857, is reputed to have ordered a massacre of English civilians who were tortured and dismembered in much the same as Boudicca＇s victims. The poem is thus a meditation on the evils inherent in empire building and its effect upon native peoples.

The Destroyed or the Destroyer？ The Characterization of Mrs. Morel in Sons and Lovers

This paper looks into David Herbert Lawrence＇s characterization of Mrs. Morel in his famous novel Sons and Lovers （1962）. Mrs. Morel has long been regarded by feminist critics as the destroyed, a victim destroyed by the male-dominated society, and her son Paul has been viewed as a destroyer of women. Based on a close reading of the novel, this paper examines Lawrence＇s characterization of Mrs. Morel and reveals that Mrs Morel actually belongs to the destroyer instead of the destroyed through an analysis of her relationship with the three male characters in the novel, thus providing new insights into the understanding of this classic novel.

Women as Victims of Violence in German Films

This paper focuses on women as victims of violence as shown in films. Seven German films were selected for the analysis, namely Die Fremde （2010） by Feo Aladag, Die Frau des Polizisten （2013） by Philip Groning, Festung （2011） by Kirsi Liimatainen, Reeperbahn （2016） by Timo Rose, Schneeland （2005） by Hans W. GeiBendorfer, Der Brand （2010） by Brigitte Berteleund and L＇amour （2000） by Philip Groning. There were three main research questions： （1） What kinds of violence against women are represented in selected German films; （2） Why do the women in these films become victims of violence; and （3） How do the women in these films find solutions to the problem？ There are four forms of violence in the analyzed films： physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, and witnessed violence. Physical violence is found in all the films, however, witnessed violence appears only in two films with young female characters. The other two kinds of violence are also found in most of the films. The reasons why women become victims of violence are weakness, love, poverty and carelessness. All of these factors appear in different types of women. Furthermore, the female characters in the films react differently to violence. Some women flee from their abusers because they fear or cannot fight with them. In other cases, they accept the violence with patience, or they take revenge on their offenders to get justice or stop the violence.

Overview of a Cycle of Predicament： A Comparative Study Between Shylock and Heathcliff Cyclic Process of Victimization

This paper attempts to explore how Shylock in William Shakespeare＇s The Merchant of Venice （1995） and Heathcliff in Emily Bronte＇s Wuthering Heights （2003） were victimized who became victimizer later to heal their wound and compensate their loss and how they were victimized in turn in doing so. Shylock was victimized by the Christian society along with his own. His daughter left him in favor of the Christians. He later became a victimizer but was ironically victimized in turn in wreaking vengeance on his foes in the court. Similarly, Heathcliffs true spiritual love was rejected by His Catherine, neglected by everyone, physically and mentally abused. Later, he wreaked vengeance upon his foes but was victimized to death in turn. Shylock entered the court as a victimizer but left it as a victimized individual just as Heathcliff entered the Heights, after self-imposed exile, as a victimizer and left it as a victimized individual for good. Therefore, both of them experienced a cycle of victimization.

The Causes of Emily＇s Characters and Destiny in A Rose For Emily

William Faulkner is giant in the realm of American literature. This Nobel Prize-winning novelist and short story writer is acclaimed throughout the world as one of the 20th century＇s greatest writers. A Rose for Emily （1930） is one of his masterpieces. The story describes how Emily, an old South aristocratic spinster, becomes a crazy devil and her inner world and inner struggle after the American Civil War, when the conflict between the Southern tradition is in great conflict with the Northern industry and change. The present paper, first of all, gives a brief introduction of the story. Then the paper mainly explores the root causes of her eccentric, perverse, aloof, and haughty characters in three different aspects： （1） the cause of her father; （2） the cause of the conflict between the Southern tradition and the new change; and （3） the cause of Southern old convention. The paper concludes that Emily is the victim of the cruelty and brutality of the Southern system

Perspectives on Poverty in Some Medieval French Literary Works

In the sense of destitution, human wretchedness, and powerlessness, poverty is a permanent feature of medieval society, inescapable for many men and women. Some virtuous, self-denying people voluntarily chose a life of poverty, usually with a sense of advancing in Christian spirituality. Often associated in moral writing with covetousness, poverty figures among the vices to avoid. In literary works, some instances of poverty and its victims have acquired exemplary value, as is the case of Yvain＇s encounter with three hundred women silk workers in Chr6tien de Troyes＇s 12th-century romance Le Chevalier au lion and its socio-economic implications. Two particular literary contexts are studied here： firstly, where poverty is a temporary condition, susceptible to change, that is improvement, by virtue of courtly-chivalrous action; and secondly, where poverty provides an effective means of disguise, despite possible dangers. While serving the narrative purpose, an ever-present aspect of reality was thus impressed on the audience