经史与政教——从《史微》看张尔田对中国古代学术思想的解读

张尔田是清末民初著名学者,其成名作《史微》,是清末民初重要的论史之作。《史微》以“考镜六艺诸子学术流别”为宗旨,继承并修正了章学诚的“六经皆史”理论,提出“六艺由史而为经”的观点,以弥合经今古文学的争端。同时对先秦两汉学术、孔子思想等多个方面做出新的解释,是一部系统的以六经诸子为中心的古代学术思想的通论性著作。本文略述张尔田生平著述、《史微》的内容,并结合清末民初思想史对此书略予分析,以引起学术界的关注。

传承与衍变——《史微》与《文史通义》之比较研究

在清末民初学术界,张尔田以推崇和发扬章学诚学说而著名,所著《史微》以章学诚《文史通义》"六经皆史说"为基础"考镜六艺诸子学术流别",是一部颇具特色的古代学术思想的通论性著作。《史微》与《文史通义》在治学方法、思想倾向等方面既有一致之处,亦有显著不同。通过对其异同的研究,有助于更深入了解章学诚学说在后世的流衍及其对近现代学术思想史的影响。

论《史微》的学术思想兼及学术史张尔田现象的反思

《史微》是清季民初著名史学家张尔田的成名之作,也是其研究古代学术思想的代表作。其书本章学诚宗旨,"求证于群经诸子",继承并发扬了章学诚的"六经皆史"理论,提出"六艺皆史"、"六艺由史而经"的观点,以弥合经学今、古文的争端,同时对先秦两汉学术流衍、孔子思想等多个方面做出新的解释,是一部系统的以六艺诸子为中心的古代学术思想的通论性著作。对于《史微》及作者张尔田所反映的学术现象的反思,包括两个方面:一是今天如何揭开西方学术语境的遮蔽,从传统学术自身发展的理路去理解传统学术的问题;一是如何重新解读这些老辈学人的思想著作,恢复他们在这张"学术地图"上应有的一席之地,完善近代学术史的书写问题。

Historical Development in Soil Micromorphological Imaging

The book ＂micropedolog＂ by Kubieana and a large number of publications has induced many people to practice soil micromorphology. Quantification of the soil fabric and its components was a major challenge. The use of the image analyses in soil science was a breakthrough. Attempts to make soil thin sections go back to the beginning of the 2oth century. Microscopic techniques and recently high resolution electron microscope and use of computer assisted imaging techniques enabled the in vitro study of soils in three dimensional levels. It is now possible to store and process massive amounts of data. Micro- morphological concepts and techniques are applied in paleopedological, ecological, and archaeological studies. The aim of this work was to examine soil micromorphological imaging in historical perspective.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of laser additive manufactured Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr alloy

The microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties of laser additive manufactured (LAM) Ti?5Al?2Sn?2Zr?4Mo?4Cr alloy were investigated. The result shows that the microstructure evolution is strongly affected by the thermal history of LAM process. Primary α (αp) with different morphologies, secondary α (αs) and martensite α' can be observed at different positions of the LAMed specimen. Annealing treatment can promote the precipitation of rib-like α phase or acicular α phase. As a result, it can increase or decrease the microhardness. The as-deposited L-direction and T-direction specimens contain the same phase constituent with different morphologies. The tensile properties of the as-deposited LAMed specimens are characterized of anisotropy. The L-direction specimen shows the character of low strength but high ductility when compared with the T-direction specimen. After annealing treatment, the strength of L-direction specimen increases significantly while the ductility reduces. The strength of the annealed T-direction specimen changes little, however, the ductility reduces nearly by 50%.

Greek Texts and the Rigorization of Analysis:An Inquiry into J.L.Lagrange's Work on the History of Mathematics

This paper offers a study of J.L.Lagrange's research on history of mathematics,aiming to clarify Lagrange's intention in carrying out historical work.To this end,I first document how Lagrange worked with and exerted his influence on other scholars in the translation and diffusion of ancient Greek texts.Second,investigating Lagrange's style in doing and writing history of mathematics,this paper takes a new perspective and elucidates his motivation in these activities.In particular,it focuses on Lagrange's presentation of the history of calculus while he was teaching analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique(1795-1799)so as to clarify the function of history in Lagrange's mathematical works.My thesis is that Lagrange's intention in examining the different methods employed by his predecessors was to find inspiration and useful contents in his search for the proper approach to mathematical problems.I thus argue in this paper that history served as a guide or methodology for Lagrange's mathematics.Meanwhile,through an analysis of his historical writing,this paper points to four epistemological values according to which Lagrange judged various historical methods of differential calculus:generality,simplicity,clarity,and rigor.Lagrange's move to rigorize analysis was connected to his interest in and research of Greek texts;he was attempting to introduce the rigor of the ancient Greeks'demonstration in his works of analysis.

Investigation of Metal Wired Coloured Historical Textile Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and HPLC-DAD

SEM-EDS （scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry） and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） with DAD （diode array detection） were used to examine metal-wrapped coloured textiles. The sample was provided from Azerbaijan History Museum. Material included silk and thin wire. SEM micrographs showed that the metal strip had 250μm width and 6 9m thickness. SEM-EDS results indicated elemental composition of the wrapping： the presence of gold, silver as the components of the gilt metals. Furthermore, sulphur and chlorine were determined as contaminants. EDS analysis also revealed that both sides were gildered. Colouring compounds in the same sample were identified by HPLC-DAD. The major colouring compound found in the red fibre sample in large quantity was carminic acid and fuchsin components. The presence of fuchsin, which is a synthetic dye, dates the sample between the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century. Fisetin, which is a natural dye, was detected in the yellow fibre.

Analysis of the Influence of New Usages on the State of Conservation of Historical Buildings through Microclimate Characterization

Recycling is an alternative for preserving historical heritage buildings. Through such process, buildings are occupied by new usages that assure they are not abandoned. However, conservation issues, like pathological manifestations by filamentous fungi, are common even in buildings receiving new uses. Thus, it is extremely important to know the microclimate behavior of these buildings and analyze if there are usages that favor the appearance of filamentous fungi or not. This study aims to verify if new usages modify the microclimate in historical buildings and if such possible change favors the appearance of pathological manifestations by filamentous fimgi in some specific use. To achieve the results, three buildings that have gone through recycling processes were chosen in the city of Pelotas, in Southernmost Brazil. The city possesses a large number of buildings with historical value and its climate conditions are propitious for appearance of filamentous fungi. For 12 months, microclimate was monitored, the environments modus operandi was characterized and there was a survey on the pathological manifestations by filamentous fungi in the three buildings with two different uses： administration offices and exhibition rooms. Conclusion was that usages that allow natural ventilation and lighting favor conservation, which is what happens in the ones used as administration offices. Besides that, it was noticed that the construction system also influences, since buildings with a high cellar that is being used did not present filamentous fungi, which also shows the influence of ascending humidity on the appearance of such pathological manifestations.

Chronosequencing methanogenic archaea in ancient Longji rice Terraces in China

Chronosequences of ancient rice terraces serve as an invaluable archive for reconstructions of historical human-environment interactions. Presently, however, these reconstructions are based on traditional soil physico-chemical properties. The microorganisms in palaeosols have been unexplored. We hypothesized that microbial information can be used as an additional proxy to complement and consolidate archaeological interpretations. To test this hypothesis, the palaeoenvironmental methanogenic archaeal DNA in Longji Terraces, one of the famous ancient terraces in China, dating back to the late Yuan Dynasty(CE1361–1406), was chronosequenced by high-throughput sequencing. It was found that the methanogenic archaeal abundance, diversity and community composition were closely associated with the 630 years of rice cultivation and in line with changes in multi-proxy data. Particularly, the centennial-and decadalscale influences of known historical events, including social turbulences(The Taiping Rebellion, CE1850–1865), palaeoclimate changes(the Little Ice Age) and recorded natural disasters(earthquakes and inundation), on ancient agricultural society were clearly echoed in the microbial archives as variations in alpha and beta diversity. This striking correlation suggests that the microorganisms archived in palaeosols can be quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed to provide an additional proxy, and palaeo-microbial information could be routinely incorporated in the toolkit for archaeological interpretation.