从项羽形象塑造看《史纪》互见法的作用

从项羽形象塑造看《史纪》互见法的作用何明新有人认为《史记》的互见法是司马迁“有意识强调传记人物某方面的伦理精神与意义，而摈去其他方面的性格表露的一个必然结果”，“有损于对传主形象准确完整的展示”。并举《项羽本纪》中项羽形象为例，说“我们看到的只是一个...

谷应泰《明史纪事本末》对万历朝鲜之役的历史书写

《明史纪事本末》是谷应泰网罗一批明史专家在两年时间内所编成的清初最早一部明史著作,长期以来颇受重视,近年来学界对其史源进行了深入探讨,其价值受到质疑。本文以卷六二《援朝鲜》为具体考察对象,其对万历朝鲜之役的历史书写采取贬斥、否定、反讽的手法,否定明朝军队的战绩,这符合清初政治的需要,并为王鸿绪《明史稿》所抄录、继承,并最终被清官修殿本《明史》所沿袭,构成了清朝官方对这场战争的基本认识。因此,只有深入全面考察此书对清官修《明史》等史书的学术影响,方能更进一步认识其学术价值。

试析本纪作为《史记》核心体例的意义

《史记》是我国纪传体史书的创始之作。所谓纪传体的“纪”就是指本纪。《史纪》共有本纪12篇，以历史上的帝王为中心，上自黄帝，下至汉武帝，依次记叙了他们的言行政迹，同时也记载了各个时代的政治、经济、军事、文化、外交等方面的重大事件。可以说，本纪就是一部按年代次序编写的帝王简史或系统的编年大事记，在纪传体中占有举足轻重的地位。应该说本纪的这种或以朝代为中心或以人物为中心的编年叙事体例，在先秦的许多史籍中都有反映，但最终这种体例能够进入司马迁的视野并被作为纪传体中最重要的体例编排史事，却是与这种体例蕴含着丰富的文化意义关系甚大。

辑补《旧五代史·梁太祖本纪》导言(续)

《旧五代史·梁太祖本纪》是辑补《旧五代史》本纪部分的重点,它的辑补完成标志着《旧五代史》本纪部分的辑补完成。辑补《旧五代史·梁太祖本纪》要以已知条文作为起跑线,以现存五代梁实录作为参照系,明确本纪的内容分类,充分利用《册府元龟》、《资治通鉴》等史料,进行科学有效地辑补,以期最大限度地呈现《旧五代史·梁太祖本纪》的面貌。

Climate Change in the Nile Delta from Prehistoric to the Modern Era and Their Impact on Soil and Vegetation in Some Archaeological Sites

Since the time of the rainy Holocene, there have been periods of consecutive rain and drought on Egypt. Study of carbon 14 in the long-lived coniferous tree rings could see activity in the sun （spots and solar flares） during eleven years cycle, as well as knowledge of possible flooding of the Nile and the periods of increase and decrease of the extent necessary to meet the soil around Lake Qarun in Fayoum-Egypt. From historical records in ancient Egypt and Muslim countries, the possible link between periods of the disappearance of sunspots on the solar disc for several years and is known to inch lower level and role of the minimum level of Mandour creeping ice on Southern Europe to the Mediterranean Sea, and the offset of the drought in North Africa and the Sahel region of Africa during the last thousand years. Analyzed pollen fossils of the overlapped layers of soil in two areas of the Delta were Avaris in Sharkiya Province and Mendes in Dakahliya Province. The study pointed out that there are differences due to environmental conditions, demonstrated by the analysis of soil pH, increased electrical connectivity also, the evidence of sulfates and chlorides indicate high salinity of Mendes and Avaris. Also the analysis of fossil pollen of successive layers of soil for both regions resulted in findings of fossil pollen of the species Chenopodiaceae by 51.2%, in Mendes, while, 7% in the Avaris. This is strong evidence of the existence conditions of salt in Mendes than Avaris archaeological sites.

Data Dependent Modeling of New Contamination Cases from Urban Historic Groundwater Records

Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth＇s surface in the soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. As one of the most important natural resources, groundwater is associated with the environment, public health, welfare, and long-term economic growth, which affects the daily activities of human beings. In modern urban areas, the primary contaminants of groundwater are artificial products, such as gasoline and diesel. To protect this important water resource, a series of efforts have been exerted, including enforcement and remedial actions. Each year, the TGPC （Texas Groundwater Protection Committee） in US publishes a ＂Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report＂ to describe historic and new contamination cases in each county, which is an important data source for the design of prevention strategies. In this paper, a DDM （data dependent modeling） approach is proposed to predict county-level NCC （new contamination cases）. A case study with contamination information from Harris County in Texas was conducted to illustrate the modeling and prediction process with promising results. The one-step prediction error is 1.5%, while the two-step error is 12.1%. The established model can be used at the county-level, state-level, and even at the country-level. Besides, the prediction results could be a reference during decision-making processes.

瞿秋白接受马克思主义信仰的思想脉络——从《饿乡纪程》到《赤都心史》

瞿秋白作为五四青年积极投入社会运动,力求解决中国问题。他接受报社的聘用,前往苏联莫斯科,在莫斯科接受马克思主义信仰,寻求解决问题的方法。瞿秋白把往返莫斯科的旅途经验写进两部散文著作《饿乡纪程》和《赤都心史》中。这两部作品用文学的方式表现了他接受马克思主义信仰的思想脉络。同时,这两部五四时期的游记代表作也反映了中国现代早期散文的特点。细读《饿乡纪程》和《赤都心史》的文本,从其独特的体裁以及瞿秋白对俄罗斯文学的理解,可以探寻瞿秋白信仰马克思主义的思想路径,以及“政治”和“文学”的独特意义。

A Review on Researches of Active Tectonics—History,Progress and Suggestions

This paper reviews the history and progress of research on active tectonics in China and overseas.By giving a brief introduction on the history of active tectonic research in China and other countries,the paper sums up the process and development of quantitative investigation of active tectonics since the 1980s.The focus is on the main efforts and progress made in China on certain aspects of research,such as basic surveys and applied investigation of active tectonics,the study of theories related to regional active tectonics and their kinematics and geodynamics,surveys on coupling relations between deep and shallow structures,active fault surveys and prospecting and seismic hazard assessment in urban areas,as well as the efforts made using Quaternary geochronology.Furthermore,the paper looks back on Chinese quantitative investigation of active tectonics in China and sums up cognitions derived from studies on the determination of several basic and measurable parameters of active tectonics.These parameters include the length of fault and fault segmentation,coseismic slip and cumulative slip,fault slip rate,the sequence of paleoearthquake events and the time elapsed since the most recent event.At the same time,efforts and progress made in China on assessing the long-term seismic potential for active faults and evaluating the risk from potential active fault movement have been reviewed by summarizing research on developing theories,models,methods and the application of time-dependent seismic potential to probabilistic assessment,magnitude estimation for potential earthquakes on active faults,and the forecast of potential risk caused by active fault movement.Finally,in consideration of the realities and problems in the research of active tectonics in China,the authors put forward several suggestions for issues worthy of more attention for further investigation in the future.

Exhumation history of the Jiaodong and its adjacent areas since the Late Cretaceous:Constraints from low temperature thermochronology

The thermal history of the Jiaodong region and adjacent provinces （Shandong and northem Jiangsu） have been extensively studied, particularly by apatite fission track （AFT） dating. However, the AFT ages from surface outcrops range broadly and do not show an apparent relationship between age and elevation. This work provides a multiple low temperature thermochronological dataset including zircon and apatite （U-Th）/He ages （ZHe and AHe）, and AFT ages from a 1000-m-deep borehole at the Jiaojia goldfield in the northwest of Jiaodong Peninsula. ZHe, AFT and AHe ages range from -100-70, -85-50 and -65-50 Ma, respectively. These data conform to the principles of age vs. closure temperature and age vs. elevation and thus can be employed to estimate the exhumation history. Based on the density histogram of fission track length calculation, thermal history modeling, and previously published AFT ages from the Chinese Continental Science Drill program, this work concludes that compared to the AFT ages from surface outcrops, the low temperature thermochronological ages from the boreholes show a better relationship between age, elevation and closure temperature, and the age becomes younger with increasing depth. In addition, the exhumation history in the Jiaodong and adjacent areas can be divided into two distinct stages： a short, rapid tectonic exhumation （-100-95 Ma） and a long, slow exhumation since 95 Ma. The rate and amount of tectonic exhumation since 95 Ma are inferred as -30 m Ma-1 and -3 km, respectively.

Subduction history of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath Eurasian continent: Mesozoic-Paleogene magmatic records in Northeast Asia

This paper presents a review on the rock associations, geochemistry, and spatial distribution of Mesozoic-Paleogene igneous rocks in Northeast Asia. The record of magmatism is used to evaluate the spatial-temporal extent and influence of multiple tectonic regimes during the Mesozoic, as well as the onset and history of Paleo-Pacific slab subduction beneath Eurasian continent. Mesozoic-Paleogene magmatism at the continental margin of Northeast Asia can be subdivided into nine stages that took place in the Early-Middle Triassic, Late Triassic, Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic, Late Jurassic, early Early Cretaceous, late Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and Paleogene, respectively. The Triassic magmatism is mainly composed of adakitic rocks,bimodal rocks, alkaline igneous rocks, and A-type granites and rhyolites that formed in syn-collisional to post-collisional extensional settings related to the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. However, Triassic calc-alkaline igneous rocks in the Erguna-Xing'an massifs were associated with the southward subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic slab. A passive continental margin setting existed in Northeast Asia during the Triassic. Early Jurassic calc-alkaline igneous rocks have a geochemical affinity to arc-like magmatism, whereas coeval intracontinental magmatism is composed of bimodal igneous rocks and A-type granites. Spatial variations in the potassium contents of Early Jurassic igneous rocks from the continental margin to intracontinental region, together with the presence of an Early Jurassic accretionary complex, reveal that the onset of the PaleoPacific slab subduction beneath Eurasian continent occurred in the Early Jurassic. Middle Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous magmatism did not take place at the continental margin of Northeast Asia. This observation, combined with the occurrence of low-altitude biological assemblages and the age population of detrital zircons in an Early Cretaceous accretionary complex,indicates that a strike-slip tectonic regime existed between the continental margin and Paleo-Pacific slab during the Middle Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous. The widespread occurrence of late Early Cretaceous calc-alkaline igneous rocks, I-type granites, and adakitic rocks suggests low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath Eurasian continent at this time. The eastward narrowing of the distribution of igneous rocks from the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene, and the change from an intracontinental to continental margin setting, suggest the eastward movement of Eurasian continent and rollback of the PaleoPacific slab at this time.

Crossing the DNA Rubicon

Chinese scientists make history by editing humangenes with new technologyIs it possible for humans to wall off a branch of knowledge that is deemed too dangerous,risky or formidable to pursue？That is what James Burke,the science historian,asked in his 1985 documentary series,

Oceanic plate subduction history in the western Pacific Ocean:Constraint from late Mesozoic evolution of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone

The NE-to NNE-striking Tan-Lu Fault Zone(TLFZ) is the largest fault zone in East China, and a typical representative for the circum-Pacific tectonics. Its late Mesozoic evolution resulted from subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate,and can be used for indication to the subduction history. The TLFZ reactivated at the end of Middle Jurassic since its origination in Middle Triassic. This phase of sinistral motion can only be recognized along the eastern edge of the Dabie-Sulu orogenis,and indicates initiation of the Paleo-Pacific(Izanagi) Plate subduction beneath the East China continent. After the Late Jurassic standstill, the fault zone experienced intense sinistral faulting again at the beginning of Early Cretaceous under N-S compression that resulted from the NNW-ward, low-angle, high-speed subduction of the Izanagi Plate. It turned into normal faulting in the rest of Early Cretaceous, which was simultaneous with the peak destruction of the North China Craton caused by backarc extension that resulted from rollback of the subducting Izanagi Plate. The TLFZ was subjected to sinistral, transpressive displacement again at the end of Early Cretaceous. This shortening event led to termination of the North China Craton destruction. The fault zone suffered local normal faulting in Late Cretaceous due to the far-field, weak backarc extension. The late Mesozoic evolution of the TLFZ show repeated alternation between the transpressive strike-slip motion and normal faulting. Each of the sinistral faulting event took place in a relatively short period whereas every normal faulting event lasted in a longer period, which are related to the subduction way and history of the Paleo-Pacific Plates.