As eye tracking can be used to record moment-to-moment changes of eye movements as people inspect pictures of natural scenes and comprehend information, this paper attempts to use eye-movement technology to investigat...As eye tracking can be used to record moment-to-moment changes of eye movements as people inspect pictures of natural scenes and comprehend information, this paper attempts to use eye-movement technology to investigate how the order of presentation and the characteristics of information affect the semantic mismatch effect in the picture-sentence paradigm. A 3（syntax）×2（semantic relation） factorial design is adopted, with syntax and semantic relations as within-participant variables. The experiment finds that the semantic mismatch is most likely to increase cognitive loads as people have to spend more time, including first-pass time, regression path duration, and total fixation duration. Double negation does not significantly increase the processing difficulty of pictures and information. Experimental results show that people can extract the special syntactic strategy from long-term memory to process pictures and sentences with different semantic relations. It enables readers to comprehend double negation as affirmation. These results demonstrate that the constituent comparison model may not be a general model regarding other languages.展开更多
Objective:Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is highly metastatic,and there is an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies leading to the new drug discoveries against metastasis.The transforming growt...Objective:Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is highly metastatic,and there is an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies leading to the new drug discoveries against metastasis.The transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is known to promote the invasive and migratory potential of breast cancer cells through induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT)via the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway,leading to breast cancer metastasis.Targeting this pathway to revert the EMT would be an attractive,novel therapeutic strategy to halt breast cancer metastasis.Methods:Effects of enterolactone(EL)on the cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated using flow cytometry and a cleaved caspase-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),respectively.Effects of TGF-βinduction and EL treatment on the functional malignancy of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were investigated using migration and chemo-invasion assays.The effects of EL on EMT markers and the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway after TGF-βinduction were studied using confocal microscopy,quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR),Western blot,and flow cytometry.Results:Herein,we report that EL exhibits a significant antimetastatic effect on MDA-MB-231 cells by almost reverting the TGF-β-induced EMT in vitro.EL downregulates the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin,and upregulates the epithelial markers E-cadherin and occludin.It represses actin stress fiber formation via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase p-38(MAPK-p38)and cluster of differentiation 44(CD44).EL also suppresses ERK-1/2,NF-κB,and Snail at the m RNA and protein levels.Conclusions:Briefly,EL was found to inhibit TGF-β-induced EMT by blocking the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway,which is a promising target for breast cancer metastasis therapy.展开更多
Chronic heart failure and depressive disorders have a high prevalence and incidence in the elderly. Several studies have shown how depression tends to exacerbate coexisting chronic heart failure and its clinical outco...Chronic heart failure and depressive disorders have a high prevalence and incidence in the elderly. Several studies have shown how depression tends to exacerbate coexisting chronic heart failure and its clinical outcomes and vice versa, especially in the elderly. The negative synergism between chronic heart failure and depression in the elderly may be approached only taking into account the multifaceted pathophysiological characteristics underlying both these conditions, such as behavioural factors, neurohormonal activation, inflammatory mediators, hypercoagulability and vascular damage. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological link between these two conditions is not well established yet. Despite the high prevalence of depression in chronic heart failure elderly patients and its negative prognostic value, it is often unrecognized especially because of shared symptoms. So the screening of mood disorders, using reliable questionnaires, is recommended in elderly patients with chronic heart failure, even if cannot substitute a diagnostic interview by mental health professionals. In this setting, treatment of depression requires a multidisciplinary approach including： psychotherapy, antidepressants, exercise training and electroconvulsive therapy. Pharmacological therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, despite conflicting results, improves quality of life but does not guarantee better outcomes. Exercise training is effective in improving quality of life and prognosis but at the same time cardiac rehabilitation services are vastly underutilized.展开更多
基金The National Social Science Foundation of China (No.CBA080236)the Graduate Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province (No.CX08B-016R)
文摘As eye tracking can be used to record moment-to-moment changes of eye movements as people inspect pictures of natural scenes and comprehend information, this paper attempts to use eye-movement technology to investigate how the order of presentation and the characteristics of information affect the semantic mismatch effect in the picture-sentence paradigm. A 3（syntax）×2（semantic relation） factorial design is adopted, with syntax and semantic relations as within-participant variables. The experiment finds that the semantic mismatch is most likely to increase cognitive loads as people have to spend more time, including first-pass time, regression path duration, and total fixation duration. Double negation does not significantly increase the processing difficulty of pictures and information. Experimental results show that people can extract the special syntactic strategy from long-term memory to process pictures and sentences with different semantic relations. It enables readers to comprehend double negation as affirmation. These results demonstrate that the constituent comparison model may not be a general model regarding other languages.
文摘Objective:Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is highly metastatic,and there is an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies leading to the new drug discoveries against metastasis.The transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is known to promote the invasive and migratory potential of breast cancer cells through induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT)via the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway,leading to breast cancer metastasis.Targeting this pathway to revert the EMT would be an attractive,novel therapeutic strategy to halt breast cancer metastasis.Methods:Effects of enterolactone(EL)on the cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated using flow cytometry and a cleaved caspase-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),respectively.Effects of TGF-βinduction and EL treatment on the functional malignancy of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were investigated using migration and chemo-invasion assays.The effects of EL on EMT markers and the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway after TGF-βinduction were studied using confocal microscopy,quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR),Western blot,and flow cytometry.Results:Herein,we report that EL exhibits a significant antimetastatic effect on MDA-MB-231 cells by almost reverting the TGF-β-induced EMT in vitro.EL downregulates the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin,and upregulates the epithelial markers E-cadherin and occludin.It represses actin stress fiber formation via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase p-38(MAPK-p38)and cluster of differentiation 44(CD44).EL also suppresses ERK-1/2,NF-κB,and Snail at the m RNA and protein levels.Conclusions:Briefly,EL was found to inhibit TGF-β-induced EMT by blocking the ERK/NF-κB/Snail signaling pathway,which is a promising target for breast cancer metastasis therapy.
文摘Chronic heart failure and depressive disorders have a high prevalence and incidence in the elderly. Several studies have shown how depression tends to exacerbate coexisting chronic heart failure and its clinical outcomes and vice versa, especially in the elderly. The negative synergism between chronic heart failure and depression in the elderly may be approached only taking into account the multifaceted pathophysiological characteristics underlying both these conditions, such as behavioural factors, neurohormonal activation, inflammatory mediators, hypercoagulability and vascular damage. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological link between these two conditions is not well established yet. Despite the high prevalence of depression in chronic heart failure elderly patients and its negative prognostic value, it is often unrecognized especially because of shared symptoms. So the screening of mood disorders, using reliable questionnaires, is recommended in elderly patients with chronic heart failure, even if cannot substitute a diagnostic interview by mental health professionals. In this setting, treatment of depression requires a multidisciplinary approach including： psychotherapy, antidepressants, exercise training and electroconvulsive therapy. Pharmacological therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, despite conflicting results, improves quality of life but does not guarantee better outcomes. Exercise training is effective in improving quality of life and prognosis but at the same time cardiac rehabilitation services are vastly underutilized.
