“命定”的“康巴”史诗——读达真的小说《康巴》及《命定》

《康巴》、《命定》是达真小说"康巴三部曲"的前两部,作品一经出版就引起了广泛的关注。作者怀着创作"史诗化"作品的抱负,以独特的历史文化视角,对康巴大地百年的历史风云成功地进行了"全景式"呈现,强调了康巴藏区民族、宗教、文化和平共处给人们的启示,并通过塑造颇具特色的人物谱写了大爱与宽容的人性赞歌。在"史诗化"创作普遍不能走出"叙事困境"的今天,达真用自己作品做出了极其有益的尝试,昭示了"史诗化"创作某些新的可能。

个人命运、地方经验和国家叙事——解读达真的长篇小说《命定》

藏族作家达真的长篇小说《命定》讲述了两个藏族青年为逃离仇杀亡命天涯,最后参加了中国抗日远征军的故事。小说在个人与族群、自我与他者、地方与国家等多重脉络上展开叙事,构建了一幅有关个人命运、地方经验和国家叙事的宏阔的历史图景,丰富与补充了中国文学中少数族群参与抗战的历史叙述。小说对人的精神深度的探寻也使其成为整个汉语小说精神史与心灵史的一部分。

人性,信仰,抑或历史的互照——达真《命定》阅读札记

在康巴作家群中,达真似乎是不多的尝试史诗写作的作家之一,也就是说,达真是一个不想将自己的写作限定在一个狭小范围内的作家。与许多所谓固守成熟的风格和叙事手法的作家相比,达真是有意地突破其旧有题材和模式。相对于汉族文学创作而言,少数民族文学经常被误解为一种窄幅而缺乏普遍性的文学。这无疑是一种望文生义的误解,因为几乎所有文学作品的创作都基于个人经验,其中包含族群记忆和个人感悟,进而上升到人类共通的情感。从这个角度来看,达真"康巴三部曲"(《康巴》《命定》《家园》)中的第二部长篇小说《命定》,则超越民族性和地域性,上升到关于人、人性、信仰与爱,苦难和超越的共通性主题和统一的审美风格,让康巴少数民族个体命运与中华民族的大历史形成互照,升华为中华民族共同体的史诗作品。

Life prediction for vacuum fluorescent display using maximum likelihood estimation

In order to obtain the life information of the vacuum fluorescent display （VFD） in a short time, a model of constant stress accelerated life tests （CSALT） is established with its filament temperature increased, and four constant stress tests are conducted. The Weibull function is applied to describe the life distribution of the VFD, and the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） and its iterative flow chart are used to calculate the shape parameters and the scale parameters. Furthermore, the accelerated life equation is determined by the least square method, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is performed to verify whether the VFD life meets the Weibull distribution or not, and selfdeveloped software is employed to predict the average life and the reliable life. Statistical data analysis results demonstrate that the test plans are feasible and versatile, that the VFD life follows the Weibull distribution, and that the VFD accelerated model satisfies the linear Arrhenius equation. The proposed method and the estimated life information of the VFD can provide some significant guideline to its manufacturers and customers.

Life Tables for the Experimental Population Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley at Different Temperatures

[Objective] The study was to investigate the effect of temperature on pop- ulation dynamics of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, so as to providing references for the control and prevention of this pest. [Method] The experimental populations were kept in laboratory and fed on cotton plants, and the major parameters of the population were recorded. [Result] By the construction of age specific life tables and reproductive life tables for the P. solenopsis experimental population at 24, 27, 30 ~C, more than 10 parameters were obtained, including mean generation time, survival rates of different stages and sexes, life expectancy, spawning period, fecundity amount per female, sexual ratio, net reproductive rate, intrinsic increase rate, finite increase rate, population trend index, curve of survival rate, and curve of daily fe- male oviposition, which revealed the effect of temperature on growth and develop- ment, life expectancy and fecundities of P. solenopsis. [Conclusion] The reproductive potential of the P. solenopsis population is very great at suitable temperature, making it easy to outbreak. The research provided scientific basis for population dynam- ics investigation, predication and integrated control of P. solenopsis.

情态构式“我敢V_(定论)+P_(命题)”的生成与适用

情态构式“我敢V_(定论)+P_(命题)”构式义为发话者对命题真值或事件很有把握。从生成条件上看,自身语义中包含或可衍推[+定论]语义特征的动词方可获得V位置的准入资格,现代汉语中满足该条件的动词可涉及五种语义类共16个。此外,构件“敢”在句法上后接动词的用法,以及在语义上同“把握”义的溯因关系为构式义的表达创造了必要条件。“我敢V_(定论)+P_(命题)”用于定论语境,在交际中带有“断言”或“承诺”的施为性特征,当条件满足时受口语特征驱动也可作“我敢VP”的派生适用。“我敢V_(定论)+P_(命题)”的构式义源自语用含义的固化,依托构件对构式义的主观拆解应成为语用含义语法化为词的固定义项过程中的重要过渡环节。

A Model of Application System for Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering in Vessels Based on IDEF0

Applying man-machine-environment system engineering(MMESE)in vessels is a method to improve the effectiveness of the interaction between equipment, environment, and humans for the purpose of advancing operating efficiency, performance, safety, and habitability of a vessel and its subsystems. In the following research, the life cycle of vessels was divided into 9 phases, and 15 research subjects were also identified from among these phases. The 15 subjects were systemized, and then the man-machine-environment engineering system application model for vessels was developed using the ICAM definition method 0 (IDEF0), which is a systematical modeling method. This system model bridges the gap between the data and information flow of every two associated subjects with the major basic research methods and approaches included, which brings the formerly relatively independent subjects together as a whole. The application of this systematic model should facilitate the application of man-machine-environment system engineering in vessels, especially at the conceptual and embodiment design phases. The managers and designers can deal with detailed tasks quickly and efficiently while reducing repetitive work.

Study of the Alpha-Decay Chain for ^(194)Rn with Relativistic Mean-Field Theory

The structures of the nuclei on the alpha-decay chain of ^194Rn are investigated in the deformed relativistic mean-field theory with the effective interaction TMA. We put an emphasis on the ground state properties of ^194Rn. The calculated alpha-decay energies and lifetimes are both very close to the experimental data for ^186Pb and ^190Po. For ^194Rn, the deviations are a little large on both the alpha-decay energy and the lifetime. We also calculate the alpha-decay energies for the isotopes 192～208^Rn. The tendency for the change of the alpha-decay energies with neutron number is correctly reproduced in the relativistic mean-field theory （RMF）. In general, the RMF theory can give a good description of the alpha decay chain of ^194Rn.

Beasts of the Devil, Perishables, and the Natura Morta

Bugs have long embodied that from which we seek protection. Whether a mild irritant （a ＂fly in the ointment＂）, a costly pest to gardeners （＂bug of W＂）, or a destructive force of Biblical proportions （a swarm of locusts）, bugs are nature＇s warning of approaching death. This paper investigates the natura morta canvas during the Golden Age of Dutch art, focusing on how these symbols of natural evil work to enliven the visual rhetoric of the still-life as they invite spiritual contemplation. In religious-themed art, we intuitively recognize these morbid creatures as symbols of decay encroaching on domestic scenes filled with food and cut flowers. Emphasizing the short life of these perishables, bugs embody a classic tension and its dichotomous variations： the corporeal vs. the spiritual, earth vs. heaven, and sin vs. redemption. Though ostensibly a peripheral feature of the natura morta, bugs are a decidedly central motif that reflects the viewer＇s struggle with sin： Is it repellent, attractive, or repellently attractive？ This study will concern the visual rhetoric of flies, dragonflies, and bees in the works of Osias Beert, Ambrosius Bosschaert, and Georg Flegel, with an emphasis on the beasts of the devil as icons of Dutch art.

Life detection and location methods using UWB impulse radar in a coal mine

An ultra-wideband impulse radar was studied for the detection of buried life in coal mines. An improved Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method based on a cross-correlation filter was proposed for reduction of multipath and noise interference. Multipath interference was first removed by cross-corre- lation filtering. Then the delays of each pulse in every echo were summed. An EMD algorithm was used for noise reduction for the total delay of each echo. The corresponding EMD results of every echo were then summed and averaged. Finally, evidence for the existence of buried life and their position were obtained from amplitude-frequency curves of the averaged EMD results. Detailed simulation experi- ments are presented to validate the effectiveness of this proposed method. The experimental results show that this method can efficiently eliminate multipath interference and reduce noise interference in echoes, which makes detection and location of buried life in coal mines more accurate.

Carbon Composites for the Immobilization of Long-Lived Radio-Nuclides for the Purpose Their Disposal and Transmutation, Part 1

There is presented the review of publications connecting with creation of matrices for the immobilization of long-lived radionuclides and radioactive waste for storage and disposal, as well as for the transmutation. This paper substantiates the practicability and feasibility of obtaining the carbon matrces by carbonization of imidoderivatives.

A product module mining method for PLM database

Modular technology can effectively support the rapid design of products, and it is one of the key technologies to realize mass customization design. With the application of product lifecycle management(PLM) system in enterprises, the product lifecycle data have been effectively managed. However, these data have not been fully utilized in module division, especially for complex machinery products. To solve this problem, a product module mining method for the PLM database is proposed to improve the effect of module division. Firstly, product data are extracted from the PLM database by data extraction algorithm. Then, data normalization and structure logical inspection are used to preprocess the extracted defective data. The preprocessed product data are analyzed and expressed in a matrix for module mining. Finally, the fuzzy c-means clustering(FCM) algorithm is used to generate product modules, which are stored in product module library after module marking and post-processing. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by a case study of high pressure valve.

Recovery of gonadal development in tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes after exposure to 17β-estradiol during early life stages

The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of 17l）-estradiol （E2） exposure on gonadal development in the tiger puffer （Taktfugu rubripes）, which has a genetic sex determination system of male homogametic XY-XX. Tiger puffer larvae were exposed to 1, 10 and 100 μg/L E2 from 15 to 100 days post-hatch （dph） and then maintained in clean seawater until 400 dph. Changes in sex ratio, gonadal structure and gonadosomatic index （GSI） were monitored at 100, 160, 270 and 400 dph. Sex-associated single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers were used to analyze the genetic sex of samples, except those at 100 dph. Exposure had a positive effect on the conversion of genetically male gonads into phenotypically female gonads at 100 dph. However, gonads from 60% of genetic XY males in the 1-μg/L E2 group and 100% in the 10-μg/L E2 group developed intersexual gonads at 160 dph; gonads of all genetic XY males in the two treatment groups reverted to testis by 270 dph. While 38%, 57% and 44% of gonads of XY fish in the 100-gg/L E2 group reverted to intersexual gonads at 160, 270 and 400 dph, respectively, none reverted to testis after E2 treatment. In addition, E2 exposure inhibited gonadal growth of both genetic sexes, as indicated by the clear dose-dependent decrease in GSI at 270 and 400 dph. The results showed that exposure to E2 during the early life stages of tiger puffer disrupted gonadal development, but that fish recovered after migration to clean seawater. The study suggests the potential use of tiger puffer as a valuable indicator species to evaluate the effects of environmental estrogens on marine fish, thereby protecting valuable fishery resources.

Reliability evaluation for Weibull distribution under multiply type-? censoring

The multiply type-I censoring represented that all units in life test were terminated at different times. For estimations of Weibull parameters, it was easy to compute the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） and least-squares estimation （LSE） while it was hard to build confidence intervals （CI）. The concept of generalized confidence interval （GCI） was introduced to build CIs of parameters under multiply type-I censoring. Further, GCI based on LSE and GCI based on MLE were proposed. It is mathematically proved that the former is exact and the latter is approximate. Besides, a Monte Carlo simulation study and an illustrative example also Ran out that the GCI method based on LSE yields rather satisfactory results by comparison with the ones based on MLE. It should be clear that the GCI method is a sensible choice to evaluate reliability under multiply type-I censoring.

Research on goal-setting method of rock drivage based on the balance among period, cost and quality

On the basis of the analysis on the disadvantages of the original goal-setting about rock drivage, this paper defined the ＂life cycle quality＂. With project management theory and the Cobb-Douglas function, ＂quality-cost and quality-price curve model＂ and the ＂total cost-period prediction model＂ were built. Then the goal-setting method of the balance among quality, cost and period of rock drivage was constructed by finding ＂life cycle cost＂ through ＂life cycle quality＂ using ＂quality-cost and quality-price curve model＂ and ensuring period through ＂life cycle cost＂ using ＂total cost-period prediction model＂ （hereinafter referred to as the ＂three goals balance method＂）. ＂Value contribution＂ which is the value of the contribution to a mine because of rock drivage, was found in the process of constructing the ＂quality-cost and quality-price curve model＂. An industrial test was done in coal mine A with the research results, staff footage efficiency improved by 24.24%, the period shortened by 14.3%, the ＂life cycle cost＂ dropped by 2.09%, the ＂life cycle quality price＂ improved by 3.29%, and value contribution increased by 25.3%. The result shows that the new goal method setting on the basis of coal mine profit maximization can ensure construc- tion period. At the same time, it can realize cost and quality objectives and the optimization and balance of relationship among them; rewarding excavation teams by ＂value contribution＂ can combine organizational goal with personal goal, it significantly raise the employee＇s work efficiency.

Parameter identification of inertially stabilized platforms using current command design

Accurate parameter identification is essential when designing controllers for inertially stabilized platforms （lSPs）. But traditional identification methods suffer from observation measurement noise and operating restrictions of ISPs. To address this issue, a novel identification method based on current command design and multilevel coordinate search （MCS） algorithm without any higher order measurement differentiations was proposed. The designed current commands were adopted to obtain parameter decoupled models with the platform operating under allowable conditions. MCS algorithm was employed to estimate the parameters based on parameter decoupled models. A comparison experiment between the proposed method and non-linear least square method was carried out and most of the relative errors of identified parameters obtained by the proposed method were below 10%. Simulation and experiment based on identified parameters were conducted. A velocity control structure was also developed with disturbance observer （DOB） for application in disturbance compensation control system of an ISR Experimental results show that the control scheme based on the identified parameters with DOB has the best disturbance rejection performance. It reduces the peak to peak value （PPV） of velocity error integral to 0.8 mrad which is much smaller than the value （10 mrad） obtained by the single velocity controller without DOB. Compared with the control scheme based on sweep model with DOB compensation, the proposed control scheme improves the PPV of velocity error integral by 1.625 times.

Improving anti-sulfur performance of methane sensors by new vectors and active components

Conventional Pd/γ-A12O3 methane sensors are easily poisoned in a sulfur-containing atmosphere, with a subsequent decrease in sensitivity and the working life of methane sensors. We mainly investigated the effect of nanotechnology and a cerium co-catalyst on the stability and anti-sulfur performance of methane sensors. In our experiment, an anti-sulfur methane sensor was prepared by immersing cerium-containing γ-alumina nanometer elements into a Pt-Pd bimetallic nanometer catalyst. The experi- ment about the sensitivity and stability performance of different catalytic methane sensors indicate that sensitivity, decreased by catalyst sulfur poisoning, is improved significantly by adding cerium to the vector. As well, the long-term operational stability of methane sensors increased significantly.

The Straight-Line Depreciation Method Used by Selected Companies and Educational Institutions in the Philippines

The straight-line method in computing for depreciation expense is the prevailing method used in the Philippines. This paper aims to determine the rationale behind the use of this method. The objective of the study is to determine the length of time within which the depreciation method is used, reasons in using the method, the rate of depreciation used by the companies, and the effects of the depreciation expense on their operating expenses. It also determines if the companies＇ decisions to use the straight-line method are influenced by the factors mentioned by Reynolds （196 I）----expected amount of services over the life of assets, the amount and timing of operating costs, the decline in the physical efficiency of the assets, and the rate of return--and if they considered capital investments and tax reduction in using this method. The study shows that companies and educational institutions use the straight-line method of computing depreciation expenses, because it is easy to use in computing the depreciation expenses, in comparing with previous years＇ computations, and in keeping track of the expenses. It is also convenient for tax administration and financial reporting. The rate of depreciation used varies, because the companies and educational institutions use their past experiences in determining the life of fixed assets. The percentage of depreciation to the operating expenses also varies. The companies and educational institutions adhered to the factors mentioned by Reynolds （1961） in choosing the straight-line method of depreciation. The companies did not consider reduction of tax in using the straight-line method.

Functional MRI mapping of category-specific sites associated with naming of famous faces,animals and man-made objects

Objective Category-specific recognition and naming deficits have been observed in a variety of patient populations. However, the category-specific cortices for naming famous faces, animals and man-made objects remain controversial. The present study aimed to study the specific areas involved in naming pictures of these 3 categories using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Functional images were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping and the 3 different contrasts were evaluated using t statistics by comparing the naming tasks to their baselines.The contrast images were entered into a random-effects group level analysis.The results were reported in Montreal Neurological Institute co-ordinates,and anatomical regions were identified using an automated anatomical labeling method with XJview 8.Results Naming famous faces caused more activation in the bilateral head of the hippocampus and amygdala with significant left dominance. Bilateral activation of pars triangularis and pars opercularis in the naming of famous faces was also revealed. Naming animals evoked greater responses in the left supplementary motor area, while naming man-made objects evoked more in the left premotor area,left pars orbitalis and right supplementary motor area. The extent of bilateral fusiform gyri activation by naming man-made objects was much larger than that by naming of famous faces or animals.Even in the overlapping sites of activation,some differences among the categories were found for activation in the fusiform gyri.Conclusion The cortices involved in the naming process vary with the naming of famous faces,animals and man-made objects.This finding suggests that different categories of pictures should be used during intra-operative language mapping to generate a broader map of language function, in order to minimize the incidence of false-negative stimulation and permanent post-operative deficits.

Corrected Stefan–Boltzmann Law and Lifespan of Schwarzschild-de-sitter Black Hole

In this paper, we correct the Stefan–Boltzmann law by considering the generalized uncertainty principle, and with this corrected Stefan–Boltzmann law, the lifespan of the Schwarzschild-de-sitter black holes is calculated. We find that the corrected Stefan–Boltzmann law contains two terms, the 46 Tterm and the Tterm. Due to the modifications, at the end of the black hole radiation, it will arise a limited highest temperature and leave a residue. It is interesting to note that the mass of the residue and the Planck mass is in the same order of magnitude. The modified Stefan–Boltzmann law also gives a correction to the lifespan of the black hole, although it is very small.