Analysis of Yield and Disease Resistance Traits of New Winter Rapeseed Varieties over the Past Twenty Years in China

Based on the results of the national regional trail for winter rapeseed in four groups,including the upper reaches,middle reaches and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Huang-Huai region in the past twenty years,new varieties of winter rapeseed showed upward trend in average yield,the yield level in Huang-huai group was higher than other groups.The changes of average effective pods per plant were not significant in any group,but the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight showed increase trend.However,the increment of grains per pod in three Yangtze River groups was higher than that in Huang-Huai River group,while the increment of 1 000-grain weight was just opposite.The incidence rate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral disease in new varieties of winter rapeseed obviously decreased,and the incidence rate of S.sclerotiorum decreased lower than 5%.Genetic improvement for winter rapeseed should be focus on the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight in the future,and yield level of new varieties in all four groups is expected to increase.

Breeding of New Winter Wheat Variety Nongda No.399

The winter wheat variety Nongda No. 399 was developed by Agriculture and Biotechnology College of China Agricultural University and Hebei Jincheng Seed Corporation Ltd. with the characteristics of high yield, high-resistance and wide adaptation. The variety is suitable for direct seeding in the winter wheat planting area of the central and southern Hebei Province.

Effects of Low Temperature on Freezing Injury of Various Winter Wheat Cultivars at Different Sowing Time

Freezing injury is one of the major disasters for the production of winter wheat in the North China Plain, which leads to a significant decrease of wheat yield. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of subfreezing temperature on freezing injury of various winter wheat cultivars at different sowing time. Three wheat cultivars, including Zhengmai 9023, Wanmai 48 and Wanmai 50, were sowed on 25 September and 5 October, respectively. Plant anatomy was applied to investi- gate the impact of subfreezing temperature on cells of three wheat cultivars, results showed that severe plasmolysis occurred in wheat sowed earlier suddenly encoun- tered subfreezing temperature without cold acclimation, compared with wheat sowed at proper sowing time. The degree of plasmolysis of different cultivars and tissues of wheat had significant differences and showed positive correlation with subfreezing temperature. Wanmai 50 had the highest cold resistance compared with Zhengmai 9023 and Wanmai 48, and there was no significant difference between Zhengmai 9023 and Wanmai 48. This study concluded that wheat cold resistance may be im- proved by adopting proper cultivars and sowing dates.

品冬(组诗)

立冬晚秋对着镜子顾影自怜一场蓄谋已久的政变正在发生立冬的快马，率兵压境北风当头，狠狠撕开秋天的口子长驱直入。

Changes of Gas Exchanges in Leaves of Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Released in Different Years

Three winter wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum L.), representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental condition, and their physiological features were investigated. Daily changes of net photosynthetic rate (P-n), transpiration (T-r) in different growth stages were measured in order to find the relationship between leaf photosynthesis and yield. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf was calculated from P-n/T-r. It is suggested that relationship between photosynthetic rate and yield changed with the developing stages of wheat. High yield wheat cultivar Jingdong 8 (released in the 1990s) had a higher photosynthetic rate ( the maximal P-n increased by 77%) and transpiration rate (the maximal T-r increased by 69%), but a lower WUE than the low yield cultivar Yanda 1817 (released in the 1940s) during the day time at stem elongation stage. However; difference of P-n among the three cultivars changed with wheat growth process. Before 10 o'clock P-n in leaves of Jingdong 8 usually was the highest of the three cultivars, but P-n of Yanda 1817 was the highest after 10 o'clock. At dough ripe stage, P-n in leaves of Yanda. 1817 was the highest among the three cultivars during the whole day. The difference of changing trend of transpiration in three wheat cultivars was similar to P,, but WUE of Yanda 1817 was the highest in those three cultivars, indicating that the higher yield of Jingdong 8 was achieved via a greater consumption of water. Contrary to the cultivars released in the later period, midday depression of photosynthesis was small in Yanda 1817, which might suggest that Yanda 1817 was resistant to photoinhibition. It is possible that photosynthetic potential in leaves of wheat increased as wheat cultivars was improved over the past six decades. However, it became less resistant to photoinhibition.

The Influence of Climate Change on Winter Wheat during 2012-2100 under A2 and A1B Scenarios in China

By assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices in China, the influence of climate change on winter wheat is simulated using the corrected future climate projections under SRES A2 and A1B scenarios from 2012 to 2100, respectively. The results indicate that the growth of winter wheat would be strongly influenced by climate change in future. The average flowering and maturity dates of winter wheat would advance by 26 and 27 days under scenario A2, and by 23 and 24 days respectively under scenario A1B from 2012 to 2100. The simulated potential productivity of winter wheat shows a decrease of 14.3% and 12.5% for scenarios A2 and A1B respectively without the fertilization effect of CO2, while an increase of 1.3% and 0.6% with the fertilization effect of CO2. Additionally, for northern China, the simulated potential productivity would markedly decrease under both scenarios, independent with the fertilization effect of CO2, which indicates that the current planted winter wheat would be more vulnerable than that in southern China. The most likely reason is the current winter wheat varieties in northern China are winter varieties or strong winter varieties, which need some days of low temperature for dormancy. While in southern China, the winter wheat is spring or half winter varieties and can grow slowly during winter, thus, they would be affected slightly when winter temperature increases. The results of this study may have important implications for adaptation measures.

Screening Winter Wheat Germplasm for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance

58 winter wheat breeding lines and 4 widely popularized varieties in Huaihe River wheat production regions of Anhui were used to screen resistant germplasms to Fusarium head blight. Incidence, disease index, percentage of infected kernels and DON content in the kernels were measured for each variety or line following artificial inoculation of Fusarium spp. pathogens. Reactions of wheat to Fusarium infection varied among genotypes and different types of resistance. The incidence of infection for each variety or line highly correlated to the severity of colonization after infection. DON content was more correlated to the percentage of kernels infected than to the overall incidence or severity. The selected control varieties were all susceptible to FHB, while seven breeding lines demonstrated good resistant performance. New FHB resistant winter wheat varieties appealing to the actual needs are expected from them.

Korean Wave： Towards Regional Cultural Diffusion？

The aim of this paper is firstly to determine if the Korean television drama Winter Sonata and its spinoffs are contributing to contemporary cross-cultural diffusion in Japan. Secondly, if cross-cultural diffusion is occurring, is it contributing to a loss of local identity？ Winter Sonata is a small but significant part of the Korean Wave and in the vanguard of Korean television drama content viewed in Japan. There have been macro political changes in East Asia, largely driven by Korea, resulting in an easing of restrictions on cross-border media trade. These in turn have progressively created a new dynamic in content and volume. The methodology used for the study is triangulation including document analysis, audience analysis, and commercial outcomes. The convergent validation derived from the three parameters advances the proposition that Winter Sonata has contributed to cultural diffusion from a Japanese perspective but not to a loss of local identity. Arguably, the process is an enriching one in East Asia reinforced by multi-lateral media trade.

Study of the Potential Value of flex affinis （Aquifoliaceae） as a Novel Source for the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries

llex paraguariensis St. Hilaire （Aquifoliaceae） is processed industrially to produce the commercial product ＂yerba mate＂ which is used as a tea-like beverage. It is one of the most commercialized plants of South America. It is exported to the US, Europe and Asia as vegetal drug or extracts used in complementary and alternative medicine and in formulations for functional foods due to its properties as a CNS stimulant, diuretic, weight reducing, antioxidant and antihypercholesterolemic, among others, llex affinis grows in the same habitat and is used as substitute or adulterant ofI. paraguariensis. This species was never investigated before. The objective of this work was to assess the phytochemical composition and to determine the pharmacological activity, according with the major compounds present in it. The results showed small quantities of caffeine and theobromine, but a considerable amount of polyphenols, especially chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid. I. affinis extracts presented scavenging activity on free radical DPPH in a concentration-dependent manner. Antiproliferative action on lymphoma cell line exerting both cytostatic and cytotoxic activities was also demonstrated.

Effect of Some Bioproducts on Winter Mortality of Grafted Buds and the Number of Maiden Fruit Trees Produced in an Organic Nursery

In an organic nursery, various bioproducts were used to stimulate plant growth： Fertigo （granulated bovine manure）, Micosat, Humus UP （humic acids microbiologically enriched）, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM （beneficial microorganisms）, BioFeed Amin, BioFeed Quality, Tytanit, and Vinassa. One of the aims of the study was to determine the effect of these products on the ability of grafted buds of apple and sour cherry cultivars to survive the winter. Losses resulting from the freezing of buds during winter dormancy were calculated as the difference between the number of buds deemed to have taken in autumn and the number of live buds that began to develop properly in the spring of the following year. In autumn, the number of maiden trees obtained in each fertilization combination was also determined in the same nursery. The greatest tendency to die in winter was shown by apple and sour cherry buds in those combinations in which the rootstocks were supplied with a mineral fertilizer with NPK components, and the smallest where humic preparations （so-called vermiculites） were used. The type of fertilizer had an indirect influence not only on the number of grafted buds that died in winter as a result of freezing, but also on the final number of maiden trees obtained from a given area of the nursery.

Harmfulness of Leaf Miners （Agromyzidae） on Winter Wheat Plantations in Poland

The aim of the study was to determine the harmfulness of leaf miners and their species composition on winter wheat for the improvement of methods to control them. In order to determine the dates of the treatments, it was necessary to catch adult flies. The researchers used yellow 25 x 40 cm sticky traps placed on three control plots to catch the adults. Monitoring of cereal leaf miners flights in winter wheat was carried out in Babor6wko （greater Poland voivodeship）. Yellow traps were placed above the tops of wheat during vegetation period. The number of damaged wheat stems was recorded. Fluctuations in weather conditions during the research affected the dynamics of leaf miner flies considerably. The maximum flights of leaf miner flies on winter wheat crops in years of the studies took place in May. The dynamics of leaf miners flights were different in growing season 2008 and 2009. The most common species were： Chromatomyia nigra （Ztt.）, Chromatomyia fuscula （Ztt.） and Poemyza superciliosa （Ztt.）. It was also discovered that the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging the winter wheat, changes in particular years. The results differ from the results of the previous research, which the dominant species were Phytomyza nigra （Mg.） and Agromyza ambiqua （FII.）.

Optimization of Blanching Time, Sodium Metabisulphite （Na2S205） Concentration and Processing Time on Vitamin C Content, Microbial Quality and Sensory Characteristics during Canning of Green Pepper （Capsicum sinensis） Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design （CCRD） for K = 3 were used to investigate the combined effect of blanching time （0-1 min）, processing time （10-30 min） and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration （0%-2%） on vitamin C content, hardness （texture）, microbial count and color intensity of green pepper （Capsicum sinensis） during canning. Blanching, processing time and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration all had variable effects on the vitamin C, microbial quality and sensory characteristics of the canned green peppers. Significant （P 〈 0.05） interactions were noted between all the factors with high regression coefficients （78.7%-97.0%）. Increasing processing time caused significant decreases in vitamin C and microbial load of the product. However, salt concentration had only marginal and insignificant effect on the vitamin C content of the canned product. Sensory evaluation on the product showed that both the pre-processing conditions and of blanching and salt concentrations, and the processing time had varied effects on the color and hardness of the products. Hardness of the canned products generally decreased with increasing processing time and blanching time, while only minimal and insignificant effects were noted with blanching time. Increasing blanching time caused significant increasing retention of the dark green color of the peppers with only slight but insignificant increases noted with processing time, while increases in salt concentration consistently reduced the dark green color of the products. The optimum pre-processing and processing conditions that yielded products with high preference and consumer-acceptability were： blanching time of 0 min, processing time of 10 min and sodium metabisulphite concentration of 0.2%.

Eight-Regularity of Types of Crop Capacity Structure of Winter Wheat

The elements of crop capacity structure of 13 summer characteristics in 33 winter wheat varieties, qualitative three-regularity and quantitative eight-regularity are investigated through the application of systematic approach. The principle of triadness applied in a language, in a genetic code and other codes is used, i.e. the logic homology is employed. The purpose are （1） to show the use of a systematic approach to the analysis of elements of crop capacity structure of winter wheat; （2） to analyze efficiency, the years of harvests and winter hardiness; （3） to find the way of selection and varieties assessment in terms of the elements efficiency. The quantitative compatibility as the highest with the sign ＂＋＂ and the lowest with the sign ＂-＂ in terms of elements efficiency gives eight types of crop capacities. The type of crop capacity structure ＂＋＋＋＂ can serve as a full （higher） measure of a variety adaptableness and optimality of technologies. The triad of three characteristics as a type-＂＋＋＋＂ in which the first sign is the quantity of ears （QE）; the second is a quantity of grains （QG）; the third is the weight of grains （WG） creates the highest level of crop capacity.

Yielding of Winter Triticale Varieties in Different Protection Levels in Two Sequence Systems

Five-year trials （2011-2015） were accomplished in a continuous field experiment conducted at the Production and Research Station in Balcyny. The experiment was set up on a luvisol medium soil, derived from light loam with the objective of evaluating the response of two winter triticale varieties （Pigmej and Cyrkon） to cultivation without protection （O）, chemical weed control （H） and combined protection against weeds and fungi （HF）. Comparisons were made in two crop sequence systems： cultivation of winter triticale varieties in a 6-field crop rotation and cultivation in a 19-23-year-long monoculture. The results showed that the plant sequence system significantly differentiated the response of winter triticale varieties to the applied levels of field protection. Significantly higher grain yield gains of the winter triticale varieties in response to the application of herbicides or herbicides with fungicides were obtained in the monoculture than in the crop rotation. In the crop rotation, a higher increase in yields induced by the applied plant protection treatments was achieved by the variety Cyrkon. In the monoculture, the response of both varieties to the herbicides applied was nearly identical, while the combined application of herbicides and fungicides raised the yields of var. Pigmej higher than those of var. Cyrkon. Overall for the plant protection levels, var. Cyrkon yielded higher than var. Pigmej by 18.1% more in the crop rotation and by 26.9% in the monoculture. At the same time, var. Cyrkon demonstrated a weaker response to being grown in the monoculture than var. Pigmej did. The average yield of the former was reduced by 21.1%, whereas the latter yielded 26.6% less grain.

Viability of Stigmas of Pistils in Winter Rape： Peculiarity of Samples with Different Origins

The researches have been carried out in 2011-2012, in the experimental fields of Yuryev Plant Production Institute Kharkiv, Ukraine. The forms of ＂00＂ type （a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates） and self-pollinated lines--110M-10, 127M-10, 132M-10 were studied; the forms of＂0＋＂ type--selfed lines 124-10, 221-10, 305-10; the forms of＂＋0＂ type--cultivars Victor, Janus, Emerald; forms of ＂＋＋＂ type--cultivars Fyedorovskiy, Marens, Uspikh, as well as, self-incompatible forms 5C, 15C-10, 32C-10 and the original sterile form of mutant origin were used. Viability in stigmas of the pistil lasted 3-7 days, in the forms of ＂＋0＂, ＂＋＋＂ type, 7-15 days in the cultivars and forms of ＂0＋＂, ＂00＂ type, 14-21 days in the self-incompatible and sterile forms. A fast loss of sensitivity to pollen by pistil＇s stigma was observed in the forms of＂＋0＂ and ＂＋＋＂ types. On the contrary, in self-incompatible and sterile forms was observed a gradual increase of sensitivity of pistil＇s stigma to pollination and then its gradual fall. A maximum of sensitivity of a pistil＇s stigma to pollen in ＂00＂ and ＂0＋＂ forms was on the 3rd-6th day after castration.

Double-Cropping Pinto Bean after Winter Barley in Western Colorado USA

A double-cropping field study was conducted at the Colorado State University, Fruita. Colorado USA to evaluate an irrigated, double-cropping system of winter barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） followed by pinto bean （Phaseolus vutgaris L.） for the valley areas of western Colorado USA and other similar environments. Double-cropping pinto bean after winter barley was successful, but to use our double-cropping technology in commercial agriculture in adapted locations will likely require identifying or developing a winter barley cultivar that matures earlier than current cultivars but does not head and flower so early that it is susceptible to freeze damage. Double-cropping was more profitable in all three years than growing either pinto bean or winter barley as a sole crop.