大同方言语气词“哇”的探析

大同方言语气词“哇”的语音形式为[ʋa^(30)],句法位置不限于句子末尾,还可置于句中停顿处。从句子功能和表达语气看,它可用在疑问句、祈使句、陈述句和感叹句末尾,表示疑问语气、祈使语气、提醒语气等;它用在句子停顿处时,表示延宕语气。与普通话语气词“哇”不同的是,它可以与“么、哩、呀、呢”等其他语气词连用,组成“哇么、哩哇、呀哇、呢哇”等,表达新的语法意义。同时,大同方言语气词“哇”可出现在元音“u”后,还可出现在“i、n”等元音或辅音后,语音环境独特。探析大同方言语气词“哇”,可以帮助我们初步认识大同方言语气词的面貌。

山西定襄方言中的否定话语标记“起来哇”

晋语山西定襄方言中有一个特殊的表否定的话语标记“起来哇”,经考察发现,“起来哇”具有话语组织功能和凸显主观情态的功能。在话语标记化过程中,“起来哇”发生了去范畴化,失去了动词的部分典型特征,如不能受副词修饰、不能带宾语等。该标记的形成受到主观性与主观化、语义相宜与语境吸收、隐喻等因素的影响。

晋语疑问语气词“哇”——兼谈中古汉语的合音型疑问语气词

晋语疑问语气词“哇”并非“吧”的音变。文章探讨了中古汉语的两类新型疑问语气词,一类直接由句末否定词虚化而来,另一类由“句末否定词+疑问语气词”合音而来,并重点分析了中古汉语“麽(磨摩)”“婆”分别是“无_(1)+邪/耶/也”“不_(1)+邪/耶/也”合音形式。文章认为,晋语的“哇”为“无_(1)+邪/耶/也”的另一种演变路径,并通过音值构拟、文献用例、方言例证以及“哇”与“无_(2)”的功能比较进行论证。

Effects of ouabain on ultrastructure and function in rat heart

Objective: To investigate the ouabain's effects on the ultrastructure and function of the rat heart. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with ouabain and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were recorded weekly. After 4 weeks, echocardiography was performed, hemodynamic parameters were measured by invasive cardiac catheterization and changes in heart ultrastructure were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Results:After treated by ouabain for 4 weeks, there were no significant differences in the mean SBP of the two groups. However, cardiac systolic and diastolic performances were both worsened with ouabain treatment by echocardiography, left ventricular chamber diameters and wall thickness were significantly increased in the rats of ouabain group. Invasive monitoring indicated that left ventricular systolic pressures (LVSP), rate of pressure development (+dp/dt) and rate of pressure decay (-dp/dt) were significantly attenuated and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP) were increased in ouabain group (P<0. 05). Disorganization of myofilaments, mitochondrial swelling, disruption and vacuolation, hyperplastic collagen fibers were found in ouabain group by transmission electron microscopy. Conclusion:It is suggested that ouabain induces alterations in cardiac ultrastructure and function, and the effects happened before the increase of blood pressure, which indicates that ouabain might damage rat heart independent of blood pressure.

Estimates of potential new production in the Java-Sumatra upwelling system

The Java-Sumatra upwelling is one of the most important upwelling systems in the Indian Ocean, with maximum upwelling intensity in July through August. To estimate the nitrate supplied by upwelling, we developed a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to calculate the mean vertical speed and determine the depth of upwelling. We used in-situ vertical nitrate profiles to assess nitrate concentration in the upwelled waters, and calculated the nitrate supply as the product of nitrate concentration and vertical transport obtained from the numerical model. The calculated result represents potential new production generated in the upwelling region. We found that on the event time scale (monthly) of Java-Sumatra upwelling, water brought to the surface originated from locations 100-m deep, giving a nitrate supply of 93.77×10 3mol/s and potential new production of 1.02×10 14gC/a.

Landslide Hazard and Community-based Risk Reduction Effort in Karanganyar and the Surrounding Area,Central Java,Indonesia

Karanganyar and the surrounding area are situated in a dynamic volcanic arc region, where landslide frequently occurs during the rainy season. The rain-induced landslide disasters have been resulting in 65 fatalities and a substantial socioeconomical loss in last December 2007. Again, in early February 2009, 6 more people died, hundreds of people temporary evacuated and tens of houses damaged due to the rain-induced landslide. Accordingly, inter-disciplinary approach for geological, geotechnical and social investigations were undertaken with the goal for improving community resilience in the landslide vulnerable villages. Landslide hazard mapping and communitybased landslide mitigation were conducted to reduce the risk of landslides. The hazard mapping was carried out based on the susceptibility assessment with respect to the conditions of slope inclination, types and engineering properties of lithology/soil as well as the types of landuse. All of those parameters were analyzed by applying weighing and scoring system which were calculated by semi qualitative approach (Analytical Hierarchical Process). It was found that the weathered andesitic-steep slope (steeper than 30o) was identified as the highest susceptible slope for rapid landslide, whilst the gentle colluvial slope with inter-stratification of tuffaceous clay-silt was found to be the susceptible slope for creeping. Finally, a programme for landslide risk reduction and control were developed with special emphasize on community-based landslide mitigation and early warning system. It should be highlighted that the social approach needs to be properly addressed in order to guarantee the effectiveness of landslide risk reduction.

East Java Propolis Inhibits Cytokine Pro-inflammatory in Odontoblast-Like Cells Human Pulp

Inflammation in pulp tissue is caused by caries bacteria. Most bacteria found are Lactobacillus acidophilus. Propolis is a sticky resin material that is derived from the bees and the surrounding plants, which are reported to have several biological effects including anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study will prove the effectiveness of propolis against proinflammatory cytokines on odontoblast-like cells in human dental pulp. This study was performed on cultured odontoblast-like cells in pulp. Cell culture was derived from the pulp tissue of human M3 teeth that had been extracted. Odontoblast pulp culture was divided in three groups： group one, cultured cells with propolis; group two, cultured cells induced with inactive Lactobacillus acidophilus; group three, cultured cells induced with inactive Lactobacillus acidophilus and exposed to 3 μg/mL propolis. A measurement of TNF-α and TGF-β1 expression was done using the immunocytochemical technique to determine the effectiveness of propolis extracts from East Java Indonesia against proinfalmmatory cytokines. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance （ANOVA） test （P = 0.05）. Propolis extract can inhibit the expression of TNF-α and increase the expression of TGF-β1 on odontoblast-like cell in human dental pulp. Anti-inflammatory effects of East Java propolis extract are associated with cytokine modulation.

The Distribution of Agglutinated Foraminifera in Porong and Solo Deltas, East Java

Organisms of delta form unique ecosystem consist of organisms of endemic, ocean and transition waters. Both Porong and Solo Deltas of East Java have a unique morphological characteristic because they were formed by different sediments. During the study on foraminifera in the two deltas, agglutinated foraminifera were given special attention since there were so few records on the occurrence of this group from Indonesia. Agglutinated foraminifera characterized by their shell （test） formed materials that consisting of attachment of foreign materials and cemented by CaCO3 and SiO3. This study was conducted on November 2007 and showed the relatively similar result on Porong and Solo Deltas in term of species. But the number of collected specimens is significantly different, which was recorded more than doubled. Of the 15 stations studied in each delta, 19 species were collected from the Porong Delta and 21 species were in all 15 stations of the Solo Delta. The stations which located close to the mouth of the river contain more number of individuals than that away from it, especially Ammobaculites agglutinans and Textularia pseudogramen. Generally, the number of collected agglutinated foraminifera of Porong Delta was more abundant than Solo Delta.

A Case Study on Sustainability Analysis of Fisheries in Pangandaran, West Java Province

This research was to assess the sustainability of fisheries in Pangandaran, West Java. This fishery is an important one in the region, but is threatened by increasing over-exploitation which has led to a steady decrease in the production. In addition to over-exploitation problem, a record of tsunami disaster makes this fishery a unique case. This research, based on a set of primary and secondary data was carried out using the Rapfish analytical approach. Primary data were collected using a stratified cluster random sampling technique, where as many as 186 outboard fishing operators were selected. Meanwhile, relevant complementary data were solicited purposively from five employees of Pangandaran Marine and Fisheries Service. Following from the Rapfish approach, it was found through this research that sustainability levels of fisheries in Pangandaran fall into poor category. For all types of fisheries that exist in the region, almost all sustainability dimensions namely ecological, social, technological and ethical dimensions were scored below 50 of the 100 maximum values. This paper concludes with a suggestion, pointing out attributes that should receive government attention in order that the sustainability of the fisheries in the future.

Family Ownership Type and the Intemational Involvement of SMEs： Empirical Study of Agency Theory in East Java Indonesia

This paper briefly draws the dimension of small, micro and medium enterprises＇ （SMEs） behavior in terms of internationalization strategy based on the ownership structure among SMEs in East Java. The finding is very interesting when there is no ownership structure variation, so the decision to choose international involvement could not be supported. Also, the scale determination is not becoming constraint of SMEs in East Java to involve internationally, especially thought export strategy. However, several aspects are considered to control the export behavioral dimension which is research and development （R＆D） and sales, significantly. The result shows that there still are other elements except ownership type could impact internationalization strategy choices of SMEs in East Java.

Studies on Heteroses of Pei'ai 64S/Javanica Rice

Agronomic traits and heteroses of javanica varieties and the indica/javanica hybrids in Changsha are reported. Javanica rice exhibits long panicles, big grains, less panicles per plant, a long growth duration and high plant height in Changsha. The hybrid of Pei'ai 64S/javanica possesses positive heterobeltiosis in culm height, panicle length, panicles per plant, spikelets per panicle, grains per panicle, yield per plant, theoretic yield per hectare and actual yield per hectare; performs negative heterobeltiosis in days to flower, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. There are significant linear regression relations between culm height of the hybrid and panicle length of its male parent, panicle length of the hybrid and that of its male parent, spikelets per panicle of the hybrid and spikelets per panicle and panicle length of its male parent, grains per panicle of the hybrid and spikelets per panicle of its male parent, 1000-grain weight of the hybrid and spikelets per panicle of its male parent, respectively. In general, significant differences at 1% level are seen in most traits except grains per panicle and theoretic yield per hectare between the indica/javanica hybrid and Pei'ai 64S/Teqin (CK). Compared with the check, the indica/javanica hybrids have positive Standard heterosis in culm height, panicle length, spikelets per panicle, grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight but negative standard heterosis in days to flower, panicles per plant, seed setting rate, theoretic yield per hectare and actual yield per hectare. For the individuals, 11.1% hybrids possess > 40% standard heterosis in theoretic yield per hectare, 3.7% possess >40% standard heterosis in actual yield per hectare. The javanica restorer line 770 derives from a single cross of Pei'ai 64S/Moroberekan B-51-4-9-2. The hybrid 43S/770 possesses an elite plant type and strong heterosis.

Seismogram Analysis of Earthquake C060394F,South Java: S-wave Velocity Structure

The S wave velocity structure between the hypocenter of C060394F earthquake,South Java and a series of observatory stations located in Australia and South-East Asia have been investigated through seismogram analysis in the time domain and the three Cartesian components.The synthetic seismogram is constructed from the PREMAN global earth model.Seismogram comparison between the measured and synthetic seismograms shows large discrepancies.A correction to the S wave velocity structure is needed to solve these discrepancies.Seismogram analysis and fitting at the observatory stations located in Australia show a positive anomaly,whereas the stations in South-East Asia show a strong negative anomaly.Vertical anisotropy occurred in the upper mantle layer and earth mantle layers beneath it.The seismogram analysis in the time domain and the three components simultaneously provides a better picture of the earth model,compared to the analysis of the seismogram with arrival time,travel time difference and dispersion analysis.

Pseudomonas oryzihabitans Suppresses Damage Caused by Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato

Agricultural research made in recent years has found that many bacterial organisms act like biological control agents with minimal impact on the environment. These microorganisms and their toxic metabolites should be included in those which are acceptable to qualify a product as organic or integrated and enjoy all the benefits that entails. Hence, interest in the use of microorganisms as biological agents to protect crop plants against plant parasitic nematodes has been increasing. This study investigated the ability of.Pseudomonas oryzihabitans symbiotically associated with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema abbasi as a bioagent against plant parasitic nematodes which infected tomato crop. The bacterium is particularly effective against root-knot nematode in vitro affecting the behavior and mobility of root-knot nematode juveniles. Also, studies in planta demonstrated the efficacy of P. oryzihabitans by preventing tomato root system by invasion of juveniles of Meloidogynejavaniea when bacterial cells were applied to the root system before nematodes. This efficacy is dependent on bacterial cell concentration used and the time of the nematode exposure. However, a better nematode control might be achieved with multiple applications of the biocontrol agent. Furthermore, the results of this study provide evidence that the bacterium P. oryzihabitans produces metabolites, which have nematostatic effects.

Effects of ouabain and digoxin on gene expression of sodium pump α-subunit isoforms in rat myocardium

Objective To compare the effects of ouabain and digoxin on the gene expression of sodium pump α-subunit isoforms in the myocardium of rats.Methods Normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected with ouabain (20 μg· kg-1· d-1, i.p. ), digoxin (32 μg· kg-1· d-1, i.p. ) and normal saline (NS) once a day, respectively, and indirect systolic blood pressure was recorded once a week. Six weeks later, all of the rats were killed, and sodium pump α1-,α2-, and α3-subunit mRNA levels in the myocardium were detected with the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.Results The systolic blood pressure of the rats infused with ouabain increased significantly at the end of week 6 ( 132.6 ± 9.0 mm Hg vs 115.7 ± 8.2 mm Hg, P ＜ 0.01 ), while no difference in blood pressure was found between the digoxin group and the NS group. The expression of sodium pump α-subunit isoforms in the ventricular myocardium was regulated by either ouabain or digoxin. Both ouabain and digoxin stimulated expression of the α3-isoform, whereas o2 was uncharcged in those two groups. α1-isoform expression decreased in the ouabain group and was unchanged in the digoxin group.Conclusions These results suggest that both ouabain and digoxin could regulate sodium pump α-subunit isoform expression, which might be related to the physiological roles of endogenous ouabain and might be responsible for the difference in the pharmacological and toxicological effects of ouabain and digoxin,including their effects on blood pressure.

Triterpenoids from the stems of Casearia velutina Bl.

To investigate the chemical components from the stems of Casearia velutina Bl.,the constituents were isolated by repeated chromatography with silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and ODS columns.The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis.Eleven triterpenoids and its glycosides were isolated from the crude extract of C.velutina,and their structures were identified as friedelin-2,3-lactone（1）,friedelane（2）,epifriedelanol（3）,friedelin（4）,2α,3α,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（5）,2α,3β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（6）,2α,3α,23-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（7）,2α,3α,23-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid（8）,2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（9）,2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester（10）,and 3β,19α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside（11）.All the compounds described above were isolated from this species for the first time.Compound 1 is a rarely occurred seco-friedelolactone in Flacourtiaceae.