Arriving to the east African coast in the 16th century, Portuguese faced an important and well-structured commercial network dominated by Muslim merchants. Operating throughout the Indian Ocean and in articulation wit...Arriving to the east African coast in the 16th century, Portuguese faced an important and well-structured commercial network dominated by Muslim merchants. Operating throughout the Indian Ocean and in articulation with the inland African trade routes by way of the coastal settlements from Bazaruto up to the north of Mozambique, this network bustled luxury goods and basic goods benefiting either from a network of inter-personal relationships and kinship that supported the whole business, or from an ancestral knowledge on the techniques and particular procedures indispensable to navigating in the Indian Ocean. This trade made the prosperity of small southern ports, like Sofala or Mozambique long before the Portuguese arrival. However, this trade was so much dependent on the network＇s capacity of organisation and the supply demand relation of the goods involved, as well as on other factors such as the political stability of the African kingdoms, the environmental changes that shaped flows and trade routes or the actual knowledge of the region and of the different forms of organization of local communities. By focusing in the ports of Sofala and Mozambique and the information provided by the Portuguese documents we intend to analyse its evolution during the 16th century in order to understand its role in the Indian Ocean commercial network under Portuguese rule.展开更多
Currently, Brazilian buses are divided in three categories： city buses, intercity buses and coaches. That categorization results from the understanding that citizens only need to move around urban perimeters. However...Currently, Brazilian buses are divided in three categories： city buses, intercity buses and coaches. That categorization results from the understanding that citizens only need to move around urban perimeters. However, the current bus models available do not fully meet legal demands or cater for all of society＇s demands. Rural workers and students that live in rural areas also must be conveyed in buses and minibuses. Municipal and state directives prohibit employers to convey them in improper vehicles, such as trucks. Social demands, on the other hand, can be i[llustrated by federal and state programs that provide vehicles to transport students who dwell in rural settings. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new categorization of bus models available in the Brazilian market, which should account for the unique local operating conditions rural buses face, instead of only considering the type of service they provide. Further, a purpose-built vehicle is suggested i[n order to cater for the needs of rural workers and students. Rural students represent, in average, five million rural school bus riders.展开更多
On the basis of the first sociological survey of resident management organizations in commercially owned housing communities in urban China, this paper analyzes the major features of these newtype communities and thei...On the basis of the first sociological survey of resident management organizations in commercially owned housing communities in urban China, this paper analyzes the major features of these newtype communities and their owners, owners＇ views of community management and community residents＇ self-governing organizations, and the nature and characteristics of owners＇ committees, as well as owners＇ attitudes to and behavior in participation in community public affairs. It also suggests establishing a new-style community management system in line with market economy principles and energetically supporting and developing residents＇ capacity for democratic self-government.展开更多
This study explores the potential risks associated with the 65 U.S.-based commercial nuclear power plants and the distribution of those risks among the populations of both their respective host communities and of the ...This study explores the potential risks associated with the 65 U.S.-based commercial nuclear power plants and the distribution of those risks among the populations of both their respective host communities and of the communities located in outlying areas. First, it starts by examining the racial/ethnic composition of the host community populations, as well as the disparities in socioeconomic status that exist, if any, between the host communities and communities located in outlying areas.Second, it utilizes two independent-sample T tests to identify any differences in the sociodemographic compositions of the two areas. Third, it explores regional demographic trends by looking at the percent change in demographic variables in the host communities and communities located in outlying areas in 1990–2000 and2000–2010. Findings reveal that during the past two decades more people were exposed to the risks as population living in the host communities increased.展开更多
文摘Arriving to the east African coast in the 16th century, Portuguese faced an important and well-structured commercial network dominated by Muslim merchants. Operating throughout the Indian Ocean and in articulation with the inland African trade routes by way of the coastal settlements from Bazaruto up to the north of Mozambique, this network bustled luxury goods and basic goods benefiting either from a network of inter-personal relationships and kinship that supported the whole business, or from an ancestral knowledge on the techniques and particular procedures indispensable to navigating in the Indian Ocean. This trade made the prosperity of small southern ports, like Sofala or Mozambique long before the Portuguese arrival. However, this trade was so much dependent on the network＇s capacity of organisation and the supply demand relation of the goods involved, as well as on other factors such as the political stability of the African kingdoms, the environmental changes that shaped flows and trade routes or the actual knowledge of the region and of the different forms of organization of local communities. By focusing in the ports of Sofala and Mozambique and the information provided by the Portuguese documents we intend to analyse its evolution during the 16th century in order to understand its role in the Indian Ocean commercial network under Portuguese rule.
文摘Currently, Brazilian buses are divided in three categories： city buses, intercity buses and coaches. That categorization results from the understanding that citizens only need to move around urban perimeters. However, the current bus models available do not fully meet legal demands or cater for all of society＇s demands. Rural workers and students that live in rural areas also must be conveyed in buses and minibuses. Municipal and state directives prohibit employers to convey them in improper vehicles, such as trucks. Social demands, on the other hand, can be i[llustrated by federal and state programs that provide vehicles to transport students who dwell in rural settings. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new categorization of bus models available in the Brazilian market, which should account for the unique local operating conditions rural buses face, instead of only considering the type of service they provide. Further, a purpose-built vehicle is suggested i[n order to cater for the needs of rural workers and students. Rural students represent, in average, five million rural school bus riders.
文摘On the basis of the first sociological survey of resident management organizations in commercially owned housing communities in urban China, this paper analyzes the major features of these newtype communities and their owners, owners＇ views of community management and community residents＇ self-governing organizations, and the nature and characteristics of owners＇ committees, as well as owners＇ attitudes to and behavior in participation in community public affairs. It also suggests establishing a new-style community management system in line with market economy principles and energetically supporting and developing residents＇ capacity for democratic self-government.
文摘This study explores the potential risks associated with the 65 U.S.-based commercial nuclear power plants and the distribution of those risks among the populations of both their respective host communities and of the communities located in outlying areas. First, it starts by examining the racial/ethnic composition of the host community populations, as well as the disparities in socioeconomic status that exist, if any, between the host communities and communities located in outlying areas.Second, it utilizes two independent-sample T tests to identify any differences in the sociodemographic compositions of the two areas. Third, it explores regional demographic trends by looking at the percent change in demographic variables in the host communities and communities located in outlying areas in 1990–2000 and2000–2010. Findings reveal that during the past two decades more people were exposed to the risks as population living in the host communities increased.
