基于“能力建设”的《城市生态学》互动式教学与实践模式初探

《城市生态学》作为一门专业选修课程,受到课程学时的限制,实践环节不断减少或取消。本文通过构建基于"能力建设"的互动式教学与实践模式,探讨在无实践或少实践的情况下《城市生态学》课程的教学与实践模式。通过3届实际应用之后得出,该教学模式对《城市生态学》的教学与实践是行之有效的,尤其是对加强学生的能力建设有较好的促进作用,具有较高的可操作性。

以习近平生态文明思想指导《城市生态学》课程思政

目前,课程思政建设要求在所有高校、所有学科专业全面推进。通过梳理《城市生态学》教学内容与习近平生态文明思想的关系,论述了以习近平生态文明思想为指导,《城市生态学》课程思政教学改革的目的、内容和如何具体实施。

STUDY ON ECOLOGICAL SPACE OF URBAN AGGLOMERATION-Taking Wuxi City as an Example

From the angle of ecology,urban agg lomeration presents relevant types of landscape structure,which in-clude Patch,Corridor and Matrix.There are different landscape feature s and different problems in differen t development phases.This paper has put forward fi ve basic conditions for security pattern of landscape ecology of urban agglomeration,described quantitatively the featu res for landscape ecology in Wuxi,an d analyzed ecological background of spatial expan-sion and spatial organization of urb an development in Wuxi.From the angle of ecological land use and non-ecological land use,the paper has analyzed the featu res of land use and ecological distribution of land in the urban area.The s patial mod-el of cities and towns in Wuxi is composed of one metropolis,two urban zones and three development axes.This th esis has planned preliminarily ecologic al protection network at four levels in the urban region according to four layers.At last,combining landscape ecology with ur ban space,a tentative security pattern of landscape ecology has been pla nned in Wux-i,namely Source-Buffer Zone and Metropolis,Radiating Routes and Expan sion Direction of City,Strategic Point and Interac-tion between Cities and Towns,Inter-Source Linkage-Corridor of a Stabl e Landscape Structure.

Urban Green Space Planning Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and Landscape Ecology Principle:A Case Study of Liaoyang City,Northeast China

As a result of environmental degradation,urban green space has become a key issue for urban sustainable development.This paper takes Liaoyang City in Northeast China as an example to develop green space planning using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,landscape ecological principles and Geographical Information System (GIS).Based on the influencing factors of topography,building density and orientation,Shou Mountain,Longding Mountain and the Taizi River were selected as the urban ventilation paths to promote wind and oxygen circulation.Oxygen concentration around the green spaces gradually decreased with wind speed increase and wind direction change.There were obvious negative correlation relationships between the oxygen dispersion concentration and urban layout factors such as the building plot ratio and building density.Comparison with the field measurements found that there was significant correlation relationship between simulated oxygen concentration and field measurements (R 2=0.6415,p<0.001),moreover,simulation precision was higher than 92%,which indicated CFD model was effective for urban oxygen concentration simulation.Only less than 10% areas in Liaoyang City proper needed more green space urgently to improve oxygen concentration,mainly concentrated in Baitai and west Wensheng districts.Based on land-scape ecology principle,green space planning at different spatial scales were proposed to create a green space network system for Liaoyang City,including features such as green wedges,green belts and parks.Totally,about 2012 ha of green space need to be constructed as oxygen sources and ventilation paths.Compared with the current green space pattern,proposed green space planning could improve oxygen concentration obviously.The CFD model and research results in this paper could provide an effective way and theory support for sustainable development of urban green space.

The city color life under the concept of humanistic Ecology-- a case study of Clothing, food, shelter and transportation

With the continuous development of social economy, the quality of people＇ s life continuously upgrade, life content has been enriched, but with the development and construction, the city color has been polluted. This paper from the start of the design concept of humanistic ecology, especially current city life construction for example, clothing, food, shelter, transportation and other aspects are highlighted, then summarize and reflect the current construction in the development of city life for human ecology indifference and destruction and color design problems, in-depth study and explore how to make city life color more in line with the humanistic ecology and visual aesthetic demand, puts forward some suggestions and strategies to solve the problems existing, to do some good of the the current city life color design. At last create a more suitable city color environment for the development of human life .

The Spatio-temporal Evolution and Effect Factors of Cultivated Land Fragmentation in Jiangsu,China

Based on the land use change data obtained from the interpretation of remote sensing images in 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2008, the research applied principal component analysis, Markov chain and ESDA method, and took cultivated land patch as the basic unit of landscape. A comprehensive measure of the fragmentation of cultivated land was made in Jiangsu counties and its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and driving process from the perspective of landscape ecology were discussed. The results are as follows:(1)The overall fragmentation of cultivated land in Jiangsu Province presents that the eastern coastal areas are low, the interior of the west is high, the fragmentation of northern and southern Jiangsu is high, while the fragmentation of mid-Jiangsu is low.(2)The degree of fragmentation of cultivated land in most area of southern Jiangsu and midJiangsu showed an upward trend, while the fragmentation of cultivated land in northern Jiangsu showed a downward trend from 1985 to 2008. The degree of agglomeration of cultivated land is weakened continuously, the area of high value agglomeration is decreasing and the trend of "polarization" is weakening.(3) Topographic condition is the decisive factor for the formation of the difference pattern. The change of rural residential land, cultivated land and the scale of urban land use plays a role on the cultivated land fragmentation index, among them, the change of rural residential land scale has the most significant effect on cultivated land fragmentation.

Microbial Community and Urban Water Quality

Urbanization of China is substantial and growing, and water resources are crucial for both economic and social sustainable development. Unfortunately, the frequency and intensity of water contamination events are increasing at an unprecedented rate and often accompanied by increased pollutant loading due to human activities such as irreversible industrialization and urbanization. The impacts of human pollution are most evident and of greatest concern at the microbial level. The research of the Aquatic Ecohealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has been focusing mainly on aquatic microorganisms in the urban environment, from drinking water and landscape water to waste water. Its projects fall into three categories: biomonitoring and bioassessment, microbial ecology and diversity, ecotoxicology and environmental microbiology. Its scientif ic topics include the aquatic ecological safety and microbial food web.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Chinese Ecological and Environmental Research on Urbanization

Based on an urbanization research database,a bibliometric analysis of Chinese ecological environmental research on urbanization was conducted that examined output,focused fields,topics,theories and methods.Results show that research output in this field has been increasing since 2005.Land and industry fields in resource research,economics in ecological research,and climate and urban environments in environmental research have been studied from 1992–2011.Keywords analysis discovered that ＂Land Use＂ and ＂Heat Island Effect＂ were major keywords,making up 0.15% and 0.09% of the total frequency,respectively.＂Heat Island Effect＂ and ＂Climate Change＂ were the most recent popular keywords.Main theories were derived from ecology,mathematics,resource environmental economics and environmental science.Ecological footprint has been a core theory since 2002.The stochastic impacts by regression on population,affluence and technology model（STIRPAT）,Environmental Kuznets Curve（EKC）,and slope,land use map,excluded area,urban area,transportation map and hillside area model（SLEUTH） are the latest popular theories.During 1992–2011,the main research methods can be divided into four groups： statistics（65.17%）,systems（13.11%）,mechanisms（11.79%） and evaluation（9.93%）.Grey System Analysis from system methods and rescaled range（R/S） analysis from evaluation are the latest popular methods.Topics from macro subfields,including land use,heat island effects,water resources and the agricultural ecological environment received more attention than micro subfields such as urban environmental health problems.As urbanization problems evolve,resource environmental economic comprehensive models will advance with modeling progress and some models,such as STIRPAT and land use change simulation models,will be developed for evaluation and simulation of the ecological environmental impacts of Chinese urbanization.

Effect of atmospheric aerosol on surface ozone variation over the Pearl River Delta region

Our analysis of the surface aerosol and ultraviolet （UV） measurements in Pearl River Delta （PRD） region shows that the surface UV radiation is reduced by more than 50% due to high aerosol concentrations. This has important impacts on urban ecosystem and photochemistry, especially on ozone photochemical production over the region. The quantitative effect of aerosols on surface ozone is evaluated by analyzing surface observations （including ozone, ultraviolet radiation, aerosol radiative parameters） and by using radiative and chemical models. A case study shows that the aerosol concentrations and UV radiation are significantly correlated with ozone concentrations. The correlation coefficient between the aerosol optical depth （AOD） and the PM10 mass concentration is very high, with a maximum of 0.98, and the AOD and UV radiation/ozone is anti- correlated, with a correlation coefficient of-0.90. The analysis suggests that ozone productivity is significantly decreased due to the reduction of UV radiation. The noon-time ozone maximum is considerably depressed when AOD is 0.6, and is further decreased when AOD is up to 1.2 due to the reduction of ozone photochemical productivity. Because the occurring probability of aerosol optical depth for AOD550m≥0.6 and AOD340mm ≥1.0 is 47, and 55% respectively during the dry season （October, November, December, January）, this heavy aerosol condition explains the low ozone maximum that often occurs in the dry season over the Guangzhou region. The analysis also suggests that the value of single scattering albedo （SSA） is very sensitive to the aerosol radiative effect when the radiative and chemical models are applied, implying that the value of SSA needs to be carefully studied when the models are used in calculating ozone production.

Spatial restructuring and land consolidation of urban-rural settlement in mountainous areas based on ecological niche perspective

With the socio-economic development associated with urbanization, the urban-rural relationship has changed across the world. In China, due to the urban-rural dual structure, these changes turn out to be more complicated. Spatial restructuring are suggested as the main strategies and spatial supporting platforms for urban-rural development. However, the theory still lacks solid methodology and support from systematic empirical studies. This study seeks an adequate scientific methodology and discusses the difference of urban-rural transformation in plains and mountainous areas. A case in Shanghang County, China, demonstrates: 1) The compound ecological niche model can be a suitable approach in urban-rural restructuring, especially in mountainous areas. 2) The urban-rural development area with highly inappropriate, slightly appropriate, moderately appropriate, and highly appropriate areas are 1273.2 km2(44.69%); 906.1 km2(31.80%); 509.4 km2(17.88%); and 160.1 km2(5.62%), respectively. 3) The "deserting villages" in mountainous areas play positive synergistic roles in urbanization, in contrast to the "hollowing villages" common in plain areas. 4) The central town-village will become the most important settlement in mountainous areas. Therefore, we suggest more attention should be paid to environmental capacity in the construction of central town-villages. This study significantly extends the understanding of "hollowing village" theory and regional planning.

High-resolution urban land-cover mapping and landscape analysis of the 42 major cities in China using ZY-3 satellite images

Detailed and precise urban land-cover maps are crucial for urban-related studies. However, there are limited ways of mapping high-resolution urban land cover over large areas. In this paper, we propose an operational framework to map urban land cover on the basis of Ziyuan-3 satellite images. Based on this framework, we produced the first high-resolution(2 m) urban land-cover map(Hi-ULCM) covering the 42 major cities of China. The overall accuracy of the Hi-ULCM dataset is 88.55%, of which 14 cities have an overall accuracy of over 90%. Most of the producer’s accuracies and user’s accuracies of the land-cover classes exceed 85%. We further conducted a landscape pattern analysis in the 42 cities based on Hi-ULCM. In terms of the comparison between the 42 cities in China, we found that the difference in the land-cover composition of urban areas is related to the climatic characteristics and urbanization levels, e.g., cities with warm climates generally have higher proportions of green spaces. It is also interesting to find that cities with higher urbanization levels are more habitable, in general. From the landscape viewpoint, the geometric complexity of the landscape increases with the urbanization level.Compared with the existing medium-resolution land-cover/use datasets(at a 30-m resolution), HiULCM represents a significant advance in accurately depicting the detailed land-cover footprint within the urban areas of China, and will be of great use for studies of urban ecosystems.