In this study we document the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites （helminths and protozoans） found in fecal samples of populations of Alouatta palliata mexicana and ofA. pigra in Los Tuxtlas and in Palenque, so...In this study we document the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites （helminths and protozoans） found in fecal samples of populations of Alouatta palliata mexicana and ofA. pigra in Los Tuxtlas and in Palenque, southeast Mexico, and its re- lation to habitat condition, sex/age and season. Nineteen parasite morphotypes were detected in the fecal samples from populations of the two howler monkeys, of which 58% were shared by both species. When considering all parasite species, populations of the two howler species were more likely to be parasitized in fragmented habitat compared to continuous habitat. Individuals of both howler monkey species that lived in fragmented habitat had a higher prevalence of Controrchis biliophilus. A. p. mexicana individuals had a higher prevalence of Trypanoxyuris minutus than A. pigra, probably the result of the larger group sizes found in the former species, and T. minutus was more likely to be found in A. palliata individuals that lived in fragmented habitat. Adult A. p. mexicana males had a higher risk of being parasitized compared to adult females, but these differences were not detected in A. pigra, Parasite species such as Entamoeba sp., Nematoda sp. 28, Nematoda sp. B and Parabronema sp. where only found during the wet season in both howler monkey species. Populations of both howler monkey species had a higher prevalence of Nematoda sp. A in the wet season and Ascaridae eggs were only detected during the wet season in A. pigra. Other parasites detected displayed no clear seasonal pattern [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 375-383, 2012].展开更多
Aims Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats to biodiversity in tropical forests.Agroecosystems such as shaded cocoa plantations(SCP)provide refuge for tropical forest biota.However,it is poorly known whet...Aims Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats to biodiversity in tropical forests.Agroecosystems such as shaded cocoa plantations(SCP)provide refuge for tropical forest biota.However,it is poorly known whether the interspecific ecological interactions are also maintained in these transformed habitats.We evaluated the diversity,reproductive status and photosynthetic metabolism(CAM or C3)of the epiphytic orchid community,and their interactions with host trees(phorophytes)in SCP compared to tropical rainforest(TRF).Methods In southeastern Mexico,three sites each in TRF and SCP were studied,with four 400 m2 plots established at each site to record all orchids and their phorophytes.We determined the reproductive(adult)or non-reproductive(juvenile)status of each orchid individual in relation to the presence or absence,respectively,of flowers/fruits(or remnants),and assigned the photosynthetic pathway of each orchid species based in literature.We used true diversity and ecological networks approaches to analyze orchid diversity and orchid–phorophyte interactions,respectively.Important Findings In total,607 individuals belonging to 47 orchid species were recorded.Orchid diversity was higher in TRF(19 effective species)than in SCP(11 effective species)and only seven species were shared between the two habitats.CAM orchid species were more frequent in SCP(53%)than in TRF(14%).At the community level the proportion of non-reproductive and reproductive orchid species and the nested structure and specialization level of the TRF orchid–phorophyte network were maintained in SCP.However,only a subset of TRF epiphytic orchids remains in SCP,highlighting the importance of protecting TRF.Despite this difference,shaded agroecosystems such as SCP can maintain some of the diversity and functions of natural forests,since the SCP epiphytic orchid community,mainly composed of CAM species,and its phorophytes constitute a nested interaction network,which would confer robustness to disturbances.展开更多
文摘In this study we document the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites （helminths and protozoans） found in fecal samples of populations of Alouatta palliata mexicana and ofA. pigra in Los Tuxtlas and in Palenque, southeast Mexico, and its re- lation to habitat condition, sex/age and season. Nineteen parasite morphotypes were detected in the fecal samples from populations of the two howler monkeys, of which 58% were shared by both species. When considering all parasite species, populations of the two howler species were more likely to be parasitized in fragmented habitat compared to continuous habitat. Individuals of both howler monkey species that lived in fragmented habitat had a higher prevalence of Controrchis biliophilus. A. p. mexicana individuals had a higher prevalence of Trypanoxyuris minutus than A. pigra, probably the result of the larger group sizes found in the former species, and T. minutus was more likely to be found in A. palliata individuals that lived in fragmented habitat. Adult A. p. mexicana males had a higher risk of being parasitized compared to adult females, but these differences were not detected in A. pigra, Parasite species such as Entamoeba sp., Nematoda sp. 28, Nematoda sp. B and Parabronema sp. where only found during the wet season in both howler monkey species. Populations of both howler monkey species had a higher prevalence of Nematoda sp. A in the wet season and Ascaridae eggs were only detected during the wet season in A. pigra. Other parasites detected displayed no clear seasonal pattern [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 375-383, 2012].
基金supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología[fellowship 250340 to J.M.L]Instituto de Ecología,A.C.[20030-10144]This manuscript was written during the postdoctoral research of J.M.L.,supported by the Secretaría de Educación Pública-Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente[grant 511-6/17-8702].
文摘Aims Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats to biodiversity in tropical forests.Agroecosystems such as shaded cocoa plantations(SCP)provide refuge for tropical forest biota.However,it is poorly known whether the interspecific ecological interactions are also maintained in these transformed habitats.We evaluated the diversity,reproductive status and photosynthetic metabolism(CAM or C3)of the epiphytic orchid community,and their interactions with host trees(phorophytes)in SCP compared to tropical rainforest(TRF).Methods In southeastern Mexico,three sites each in TRF and SCP were studied,with four 400 m2 plots established at each site to record all orchids and their phorophytes.We determined the reproductive(adult)or non-reproductive(juvenile)status of each orchid individual in relation to the presence or absence,respectively,of flowers/fruits(or remnants),and assigned the photosynthetic pathway of each orchid species based in literature.We used true diversity and ecological networks approaches to analyze orchid diversity and orchid–phorophyte interactions,respectively.Important Findings In total,607 individuals belonging to 47 orchid species were recorded.Orchid diversity was higher in TRF(19 effective species)than in SCP(11 effective species)and only seven species were shared between the two habitats.CAM orchid species were more frequent in SCP(53%)than in TRF(14%).At the community level the proportion of non-reproductive and reproductive orchid species and the nested structure and specialization level of the TRF orchid–phorophyte network were maintained in SCP.However,only a subset of TRF epiphytic orchids remains in SCP,highlighting the importance of protecting TRF.Despite this difference,shaded agroecosystems such as SCP can maintain some of the diversity and functions of natural forests,since the SCP epiphytic orchid community,mainly composed of CAM species,and its phorophytes constitute a nested interaction network,which would confer robustness to disturbances.
