This article reports on an empirical study investigating what and how two college-level American learners of Mandarin Chinese developed their own understanding of the Chinese complimenting speech act while participati...This article reports on an empirical study investigating what and how two college-level American learners of Mandarin Chinese developed their own understanding of the Chinese complimenting speech act while participating in a 7-week intensive language study abroad program. A case study approach was adopted with a focus on participants＇ self-reflection data supplemented with the researcher＇s observation data to unpack each participant＇s pragmatic developmental process throughout the program. Guided by sociocultural theory, the study uncovered the dynamic, complex and highly individualized developmental process each participant experienced. The findings revealed that Chinese people＇s special treatment of the two American students provided more constraints than opportunities for them to acquire Chinese complimenting. However, the learners＇ own motivation and approaches to learning also significantly shaped their learning process and outcomes. Pedagogical suggestions for Chinese pragmatic development in study abroad contexts are provided.展开更多
The standard of care for early or locally advanced rectal cancer is promoted by multiple clinical practice guidelines globally,but the considerable differences between the guidelines may cause confusion.We compared th...The standard of care for early or locally advanced rectal cancer is promoted by multiple clinical practice guidelines globally,but the considerable differences between the guidelines may cause confusion.We compared the latest updated clinical practice guidelines from five professional societies/authorities:National Comprehensive Cancer Network,American Society of Colorectal Surgeons,European Society of Medical Oncology,Chinese National Health Commission,and Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology.Key evidence is discussed for a better understanding of some seemingly contradictory recommendations.展开更多
文摘This article reports on an empirical study investigating what and how two college-level American learners of Mandarin Chinese developed their own understanding of the Chinese complimenting speech act while participating in a 7-week intensive language study abroad program. A case study approach was adopted with a focus on participants＇ self-reflection data supplemented with the researcher＇s observation data to unpack each participant＇s pragmatic developmental process throughout the program. Guided by sociocultural theory, the study uncovered the dynamic, complex and highly individualized developmental process each participant experienced. The findings revealed that Chinese people＇s special treatment of the two American students provided more constraints than opportunities for them to acquire Chinese complimenting. However, the learners＇ own motivation and approaches to learning also significantly shaped their learning process and outcomes. Pedagogical suggestions for Chinese pragmatic development in study abroad contexts are provided.
文摘The standard of care for early or locally advanced rectal cancer is promoted by multiple clinical practice guidelines globally,but the considerable differences between the guidelines may cause confusion.We compared the latest updated clinical practice guidelines from five professional societies/authorities:National Comprehensive Cancer Network,American Society of Colorectal Surgeons,European Society of Medical Oncology,Chinese National Health Commission,and Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology.Key evidence is discussed for a better understanding of some seemingly contradictory recommendations.
