两种不同风味的佳酿——《大年》、《年味正浓》比较谈

通过对《大年》、《年味正浓》两篇小说比较分析,简要阐明相同点如都以春节为创作题材,都借孩子视角观察认识事物,刻画人物,表达主题等。着重分析其不同点:作品思想内涵的侧重点不同,《大年》反映人们乐观、向上以及所具有的传统美德,揭示年节丰富的文化内涵,《年味正浓》着重反映普通百姓生活的困顿、无奈,艰辛的生存状况;情节繁简不同;语言特色不同。

郭守敬《授时历转神注式》新考

元代太史令郭守敬撰有《授时历转神注式》一书,流传过程中析分为《转神选择》、《上中下三历注式》二种,至明末已淹没不传。通过文献检索可以发现韩国首尔大学奎章阁藏有一册《转神法式》,此书当是《转神选择》的朝鲜刻本。又通过对序文、各册内容和体例的比较,判定今存明抄本《大统万年历》是明人改换《授时历转神注式》书名、内容而成的,保存了原书的框架结构和主要内容。《授时历转神注式》是元代官方颁定的注历书,结合出土的授时具注历残片,可以进一步确认该书的性质。

论生态环境损害赔偿司法确认制度的构建

现有制度体系下,生态环境损害赔偿磋商协议的执行保障依靠民事司法确认制度。生态环境利益的公益属性与民事权益的私益属性形成强烈反差,民事司法确认制度建构以私益为基础,难以满足生态环境利益救济的需要,基于现实需求,生态环境损害赔偿司法确认制度亟待建立。在制度构建过程中,要明确生态环境损害赔偿司法确认制度与民事司法确认制度的差异,把握住生态环境利益的公益属性,将更好地实现受损生态环境利益的救济作为根本追求,以专业性为依托,从申请方式、管辖法院等五个维度完成制度核心的构建,进而保证受损生态环境利益救济的质量与效率。

飞在火里的花格料子——读郭文斌的小说《撒谎的骨头》

郭文斌是宁夏文坛不可多得的优秀作家,其小说集《大年》在艺术上的成就值得我们深入研究。《大年》也许是让宁夏文学走向中国,并让文学爱好者与研究者开启宁夏文学的一把金钥匙。在该集中的《撒谎的骨头》一文带有浓厚宁夏文学氛围,也许对它的分析可以揭示出郭文斌小说的一种创作风格与特色。这是一颗星星,可以照亮一片夜空。

Study on the Characteristics of Florescence and Pollen in Lagerstroemia speciosa

[ Objective] To study the characteristics of florescence and pollen in Lagerstroemia speciosa. [ Method ] The process of flower opening and pollen tube germination of Lagerstroemia speciosa was observed and the pollen viability was determined through in vitro germination. [ Result] Sepals of L. speciosa started to diverge at 4：30 am, at 7： 00 am petals flatten up, anther diverged, and the stigma secreted a large number of mucus, it was the best time for artificial pollination. Boric acid and sucrose had a great effect on in vitro pollen germination of L. speciosa, the combination which made highest rate of pollen germination, was sucrose 150 g/L ＋ boric acid 20 mg/L ＋ CaCI2 10 mg/L. Through the fluorescence microscope, it was known that four hours after flowering, a lot of pollen grains germinated on the stigma, six hours after flowering, lots of pollen tubes entered the style and reached to 1/4 length of the style, 12 hours after flowering, pollen tubes concentrated into a beam forward, and reached to 1/2 length of the style, 24 hours after flowering, lots of pollen tubes entered the ovary in a beam and then fertilized and produced seeds. [ Conclusion] The results provide some basis for utilizing L. speciosa to breed.

Effects of Climatic Factors on Tree-ring Maximum Latewood Density of Picea schrenkiana in Xinjiang, China

Based on two tree-ring maximum latewood density （MXD） chronologies of Picea schrenkiana from the Manas River Basin, Xinjiang, the response characteristics of MXD to climate variation was discussed. Correlation analysis between MXD chronologies and instrumental records from Shihezi meteorological station showed that each chronology was significantly and positively correlated with the maximum monthly average temperature in July-August, and especially, the regional chronology （RC） was the most highly correlated variable （r=0.54, P〈0.001）. Afterwards, the maximum average temperature in July-August was reconstructed using RC. Comparison among reconstructed temperature, observed values, and the drought index （Is） confirmed that precipitation would affect MXD when the absolute value of Is is greater than 1.5σ （｜Is｜ 〉 2.5 during 1953-2008） or near to 1.5a over a 2-3 year period. The response characteristics are related to the semiarid climate of the study area. In dry years, lack of precipitation would limit the thickening of latewood cell walls and, as a result, impact MXD. Therefore, compared with relatively humid regions, the response of tree-ring MXD to air temperature similarly would be influenced by extreme moisture conditions in semiarid areas, and MXD, as a temperature proxy, should be used prudently on a limited scale.

High-efficiency Planting Techniques of Five Crops a Year for Fresh Edible "Faba Bean/Spring Mazie+Soybean-Autumn Maize/Autumn Soybean"

The high-efficiency planting mode for five crops a year of fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ was introduced, and its yield and economic benefits were compared with the planting mode of three crops a year of ＂faba bean-spring maize/red bean＂. The results showed that the planting method for fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ was much easier to operate with the input-output ratio of about185.6%, and its yield and economic benefits were 2.09 and 1.83 times of that of the planting mode for three crops a year, significantly improving the agricultural yield and income of farmers. In addition, the cropping index of the planting mode for fresh edible fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize ＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ reached up to 350%, and planting faba bean once a year and soybean twice a year could make the biological fixation amount of nitrogen increase 350-450kg/m^2, which equaled to up to 700 kg/m^2 of urea, showing significant ecological and social benefits. Based on the comparison results, the high-yield culture techniques of the planting mode of fresh edible ＂faba bean/spring maize＋soybean-autumn maize/autumn soybean＂ were summarized.

Intensive use of an intertidal mudflat by foraging adult American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus in the Great Bay estuary, New Hampshire

Although concerns about harvesting levels of the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus have prompted increased research into its ecology, current understanding of the species＇ foraging ecology is mostly limited to mid-Atlantic populations. This study elucidates the spatial and temporal pattern of Limulus foraging on an intertidal mudflat of a northern New Eng- land estuary. A novel survey method was used to monitor Limulus foraging activity without disturbing the sediment. A fixed 50 mx2 m transect was monitored with monthly surveys of the number of Limulus feeding pits from June to October 2009, May and June 2010. Snorkelling surveys were also carried out to observe individual behavior and examine the spatial scale of activity of individual animals. Results showed frequent and intensive use of the mudflat by foraging Limulus. Limulus were actively foraging within the survey area during all months surveyed. Foraging patterns exhibited a seasonal pattern with activity levels peaking in August 2009 and increased significantly towards the end of the study in June 2010. It was also shown that Limulus intertidal foraging persisted and peaked after the spring breeding season. Observations of foraging Limulus revealed that individual predators dig multiple pits within a single high tide, with little disturbance to the sediment in between. In addition to altering the perception of Limulus as a subtidal predator outside of the breeding season, findings from this study suggests a segregation of spawning and feeding habitats, thus underscoring the need to consider a wider range of critical habitats in the management of Limulus populations

柿广翅蜡蝉生物学特性及防治初报

柿广翅蜡蝉近十年来已成为湖北省主要果树害虫，寄主范围与为害程度有逐年扩大的趋势。成、若虫均吸汁为害多种果树；一年二代，以卵在寄主的枝条皮下越冬。在1～3龄若虫期用药剂防治，能有效控制柿广翅蜡蝉。

Is the interdecadal circumglobal teleconnection pattern excited by the Atlantic multidecadal Oscillation?

The interdecadal circumglobal teleconnection （ID-CGT） pattern is the dominant circulation mode over the NH during boreal summer on the interdecadal time scale. Its temporal evolution is synchronous with that of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation （AMO）. In this study, through analyzing the results of sensitivity experiments using five AGCMs driven by specified AMO-related SST anomalies （SSTAs） in the North Atlantic, the authors investigate whether the ID-CGT is excited by the AMO. Two out of the five models simulate the barotropic stationary wave pattern located along the westerly jet, suggesting that the ID-CGT pattern should be excited, at least partially, by the AMO- related SSTAs. Model results suggest that the ID-CGT pattern plays a role in linking the AMO and NH summer land SAT perturbations on the interdecadal time scale.

Glucose Metabolic and Gluconeogenic Pathways Disturbance in the Intrauterine Growth Restricted Adult Male Rats

Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of type 2 diabetes in intrauterine growth restricted adult rats through determination of blood glucose and expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in liver.Methods Male intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR) offspring induced by maternal protein-malnutrition and normal controls were studied.The body weights of offspring rats were weighted from birth to 12 weeks of age.Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were determined by glucose oxidase method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) respectively at 1 week,8 weeks,and 12 weeks.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α),phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK),and glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase) mRNA and protein levels in liver were measured by real time RT-PCR and Western blot in newborn rats(Week 1) and adult rats(Week 12).Results Birth weights of IUGR rats were significantly lower than those of controls until 4 weeks later,when IUGR rats caught up to controls.Between 8 and 12 weeks,the growth of IUGR rats surpassed that of controls.No significant differences were observed in blood glucose and insulin levels at newborn rats between the two groups.However,by the end of 8 weeks IUGR rats developed hyperinsulinemia and high insulin resistance index.At the age of 12 weeks,IUGR rats had mild fasting hyperglycemia.In addition,hepatic PGC-1α mRNA and protein levels as well as hepatic mRNA levels of PEPCK and G6Pase at Week 1 and Week 12 in IUGR rats were all significantly higher than those of controls(P<0.05).Conclusions As a result of intrauterine malnutrition,the expression of gluconeogenic genes is exaggerated in offspring.This change stays through adulthood and may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

Impact of age-related comorbidity on results of colorectal cancer surgery

AIM: To analyze the correlation between preexisting comorbidity and other clinicopathological features, short-term surgical outcome and long-term survival in elderly patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: According to age, 403 patients operated on for CRC in our department were divided into group A (< 70 years old) and group B (≥ 70 years old) and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Rectal localization prevailed in group A (31.6% vs 19.7%, P = 0.027), whereas the percentage of R0 resections was 77% in the two groups. Comorbidity rate was 46.2% and 69.1% for group A and B, respectively (P < 0.001), with a huge difference as regards cardiovascular diseases. Overall, postoperative morbidity was 16.9% and 20.8% in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.367), whereas mortality was limited to group B (4.5%, P = 0.001). In both groups, patients who suffered from postoperative complications had a higher overall comorbidity rate, with preexisting cardiovascular diseases prevailing in group B (P = 0.003). Overall 5-year survival rate was significantly betterfor group A (75.2% vs 55%, P = 0.006), whereas no signif icant difference was observed considering disease-specif ic survival (76.3% vs 76.9%, P = 0.674). CONCLUSION: In spite of an increase in postoperative mortality and a lower overall long-term survival for patients aged ≥ 70 years old, it should be considered that, even in the elderly group, a signif icant number of patients is alive 5 years after CRC resection.

Expression of estrogen receptor (ER) -α and -βtranscripts in the neonatal and adult rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb

In the present study expression of estrogen receptor subtype -alpha (ERalpha) and -beta (ERbeta) in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb was investigated and compared between neonatal (1 to approximately 3-days-old) and adult (250 to approximately 350 g) rats, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No ERalpha transcripts were detectable in the adult cerebellum and olfactory bulb, whereas very weak expression of ERalpha was present in the adult cerebral cortex. No significant difference in ERbeta transcripts was detectable between the neonatal and adult rats. While transcripts for both ER subtypes were co-expressed in these brain areas of neonatal rats, although ERalpha expression was significantly weaker than ERbeta. Even in the cerebral cortex known to contain both ER subtypes in adult rats, ERalpha transcripts in neonatal rats were much higher than in adult. These observations provide evidence for the existence of different expression patterns of ERalpha/ERbeta transcripts in these three brain areas between the neonatal and adult rats, suggesting that each ER subtype may play a distinct role in the regulation of differentiation, development, and functions of the brain by estrogen.

A Modelling Study of Inter-Annual Variation of Kuroshio Intrusion on the Shelf of East China Sea

Inter-annual variability of the Kuroshio water intrusion on the shelf of East China Sea (ECS) was simulated with a nested global and Northwest Pacific ocean circulation model.The model analysis reveals the influence of the variability of Kuroshio transport east of Taiwan on the intrusion to the northeast of Taiwan:high correlation (r=0.92) with the on-shore volume flux in the lower layer (50 200 m) ;low correlation (r=0.50) with the on-shore flux in the upper layer (0 50 m) .Spatial distribution of correlations between volume fluxes and sea surface height suggests that inter-annual variability of the Kuroshio flux east of Taiwan and its subsurface water intruding to the shelf lag behind the sea surface height anomalies in the central Pacific at 162 E by about 14 months,and could be related to wind-forced variation in the interior North Pacific that propagates westward as Rossby waves.The intrusion of Kuroshio surface water is also influenced by local winds.The intruding Kuroshio subsurface water causes variations of temperature and salinity of bottom waters on the southern ECS shelf.The influence of the intruding Kuroshio subsurface water extends widely from the shelf slope northeast of Taiwan northward to the central ECS near the 60 m isobath,and northeastward to the region near the 90 m isobath.

Effects of Dietary Stachyose on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities and Intestinal Morphology of Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L)

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary stachyose on the growth performance, digestive enzymes activities and intestinal structures of juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L). Five isonitrogenous(49.58% crude protein) and isolipidic(10.50% crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain 0(Control), 0.625%(S-0.625), 1.25%(S-1.25), 2.5%(S-2.5) and 5%(S-5) stachyose, respectively. With the increase of stachyose level, the growth performance and feed utilization of turbot, such as the specific growth rate, final mean body weight, weight gain rate and feed efficiency, increased significantly(P < 0.05) and then stabilized. The feed intake of fish fed S-5 was significantly higher(P < 0.05) than that of fish in other groups. The activities of trypsin, intestinal caseinolytic, stomach and intestinal amylase were significantly influenced by stachyose(P < 0.05). The highest values of trypsin and intestinal caseinolytic activities were observed in group S-1.25, while the highest activity of stomach amylase and the lowest activity of intestine amylase were observed in group S-5. No lesion or damage was found on the distal intestine structures of fish from all treatments, while the height of simple folds in the distal intestine was significantly increased(P< 0.05) when 1.25% or 2.5% stachyose was added in the diets. These results indicated that moderate level of stachyose(1.25%) improves the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and the distal intestine structures of juvenile turbot.

Role of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO) in winter intraseasonal variability over Ural

The modulation of winter intraseasonal variability(ISV)by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)is investigated through three sets of reanalysis data and numerical experiments with the NCEP’s atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM).Results show that the positive phase of the AMO tends to intensify ISV activity over the northern Atlantic and shift ISV activity over the Ural Mountains toward the south,causing weakened ISV activity at 200 hPa in the north to the Urals and intensified activity in the south.The modulation of ISV activity by the AMO over the Urals is then explored through comparison of the composite evolution of anomalous ISV cases for the different AMO phases.Fewer ISV cases are found in the AMO positive phase than the negative phase,but no substantial difference in the temporal evolution of anomalous ISV events between the two opposing phases of the AMO.Thus,the AMO exerts its modulation through influencing the occurrence frequency of ISV events,rather than their development or evolution processes.A similar result is seen in the AGCM sensitivity experiments.

Dietary Leucine Requirement for Juvenile Large Yellow Croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson,1846)

Dietary leucine requirement for juvenile large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson 1846 (initial body weight 6.0 g±0.1 g) was determined using dose-response method.Six isonitogenous (crude protein 43%) and isoenergetic (19 kJ g-1) practical diets containing six levels of leucine (Diets 1-6) ranging from 1.23% to 4.80% (dry matter) were made at about 0.7% increment of leucine.Equal amino acid nitrogen was maintained by replacing leucine with glutamic acid.Triplicate groups of 60 individuals were fed to apparent satiation by hand twice daily (05:00 and 17:30).The water temperature was 26-32℃, salinity 26-30 and dissolved oxygen approximately 7 mg L-1 during the experimental period.Final weight (FW) of large yellow croaker initially increased with increasing level of dietary leucine but then decreased at further higher level of leucine.The highest FW was obtained in fish fed diet with 3.30% Leucine (Diet 4).FW of fish fed the diet with 4.80% Leucine (Diet 6) was significantly lower than those fed Diet 4.However, no significant differences were observed between the other dietary treatments.Feed efficiency (FE) and whole body composition were independent of dietary leucine contents (P>0.05).The results indicated that leucine was essential for growth of juvenile large yellow croaker.On the basis of FW, the optimum dietary leucine requirement for juvenile large yellow croaker was estimated to be 2.92% of dry matter (6.79% of dietary protein).

Long-term variability of the sharp thermocline in the Yellow and East China Seas

Based on observed temperature data since the 1950s, long-term variability of the summer sharp thermocline in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） and East China Sea Cold Eddy （ECSCE） areas is examined. Relationships between the thermocline and atmospheric and oceanic forcing were investigated using multiyear wind, Kuroshio discharge and air temperature data. Results show that： 1） In the YSCWM area, thermocline strength shows about 4-year and 16-year period oscillations. There is high correlation between summer thermocline strength and local atmospheric temperature in summer and the previous winter; 2） In the ECSCE area, interannual oscillation of thermocline strength with about a 4-year period （stronger in El Nifio years） is strongly correlated with that of local wind stress. A transition from weak to strong thermocline during the mid 1970s is consistent with a 1976/1977 climate shift and Kuroshio volume transport; 3） Long-term changes of the thermocline in both regions are mainly determined by deep layer water, especially on the decadal timescale. However, surface water can modify the thermocline on an interannual timescale in the YSCWM area.

Status of two Coreius species in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which,in turn,cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir,from impoundment of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,China,may have affected native fish species. Thus,the status of two lotic freshwater fish species,Coreius heterodon and C.guichenoti,were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir,including fish abundance,individual composition,growth,condition,and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream,midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and,where available,from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance,slower growth,a less diversified age structure,poorer fish condition(indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore,after final impoundment,individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed,with young individuals becoming more abundant,while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.

Association of cardiovascular system medications with cognitive function and dementia in older adults living in nursing homes in Australia

Objective To examine associations between cardiovascular system medication use with cognition function and diagnosis of dementia in older adults living in nursing homes in Australia. Methods As part of a cross-sectional study of 17 Australian nursing homes examining quality of life and resource use, we examined the association between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular medication use （identified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification System） using general linear regression and logistic regression models. People who were receiving end of life care were excluded. Results Participants included 541 residents with a mean age of 85.5 years （± 8.5）, a mean Psychogeriatric Assessment Scale–Cognitive Impairment （PAS-Cog） score of 13.3 （± 7.7）, a prevalence of cardiovascular diseases of 44% and of hypertension of 47%. Sixty-four percent of participants had been diagnosed with dementia and 72% had received cardiovascular system medications within the previous 12 months. Regression models demonstrated the use of cardiovascular medications was associated with lower （better） PAS-Cog scores [Coefficient （β） = -3.7; 95% CI： -5.2 to -2.2; P 〈 0.0001] and a lower probability of a dementia diagnosis （OR = 0.44; 95% CI： 0.26 to 0.75, P = 0.0022）. Analysis by subgroups of medications showed cardiac therapy medications （C01）, beta blocking agents （C07）, and renin-angiotensin system agents （C09） were associated with lower PAS-Cog scores （better cognition） and lower dementia diagnosis probability. Conclusions This analysis has demonstrated an association between greater cardiovascular system medication use and better cognitive status among older adults living in nursing homes. In this population, there may be differential access to health care and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. This association warrants further investigation in large cohort studies.