文化记忆视角下的《大火》

《大火》是澳大利亚裔的美国作家雪莉·哈泽德创作的重要小说。此部小说中诸多内容是基于作家回忆的复现,因跨越爱、战争、政治和伦理边界,对二战后普通人的生活进行细致描写和悲情思考而获得广泛赞誉。基于文化记忆理论对《大火》进行解构,探析作家在个人情感记忆、二战跨文化记忆、中国旅行记忆的追述中,如何唤起女性的集体主义、倡导世界人文主义,同时也表现出其东方主义话语书写的局限性。

大火

一场大火,烧死了好友,烧裂了“我”的心。“我”和四毛的感情是从小培养起来的,是啃咸菜、吃番薯也算“大吃一顿”的兄弟。这种感情是纯真的,是无任何功利目的的,这也就是最长远的感情。文章对四毛着墨不多,却生动地把一个贫苦儿童的生活和不幸遭遇写了出来。作者为我国香港作家。

二战期间同盟国空军对德国城市的大轰炸及其历史书写与争论

在第二次世界大战期间,英、美等反法西斯同盟国空军对德国城市进行了大规模的轰炸,造成了众多平民伤亡和历史文化遗产损失。对于德国幸免于难的亲历者来说,这一大轰炸不啻一场噩梦,终生难忘;诉说沉冤,要求公道,现已成为一种相当强大的心底诉求。但在英、美史学界和舆论界,反侵略正义战争观念仍占主导地位,对于同盟国空军滥用暴力行为缺乏必要的反思。从人性和人道的立场出发,所有死于战争或遭受战争蹂躏的无辜平民都是受害者,都应当受到纪念和安慰。而按照现代正义战争理论,即使进行正义战争的一方,如果在战争中超越道德限制,采用了非正义的交战手段,也应当受到谴责。不能把反法西斯同盟国的过失与纳粹德国的犯罪行为相提并论,更不应当借此使纳粹罪行相对化、淡化,甚至否认希特勒和纳粹党的邪恶本质。同情德国民众在二战中遭受的苦难并非鼓励寻衅复仇,而是要敦促人们反省战争的残忍,认识暴力、报复、仇杀以及其他种种不道义、不公正行为的巨大危害,树立尊重他人、珍惜和平理念,共谋人类社会和谐、稳定、健康发展之道。

Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Zr-Nd alloy with large final rolling deformation

In this study,the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-χNd(χ=0,0.6)alloys were subjected to final rolling treatment with large deformation of 50%.The impact of annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated.The rolled Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 386 MPa,a yield strength of 361 MPa,and an elongation of 7.1%.Annealing at different temperatures resulted in reduced strength and obviously increased elongation for both alloys.Optimal mechanical properties for the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy were achieved after annealing at 200℃,with an ultimate tensile strength of 287 MPa,a yield strength of 235 MPa,and an elongation of 26.1%.The numerous deformed microstructures,twins,and precipitated phases in the rolled alloy could impede the deformation at room temperature and increase the work hardening rate.After annealing,a decrease in the work hardening effect and an increase in the dynamic recovery effect were obtained due to the formation of fine equiaxed grains,and the increased volume fraction of precipitated phases,which significantly improved the elongation of the alloy.Additionally,the addition of Nd element could enhance the annealing recrystallization rate,reduce the Schmid factor difference between basal and prismatic slip systems,facilitate multi-system slip initiation and improve the alloy plasticity.

Monitoring coal fires in Datong coalfield using multi-source remote sensing data

Numerous coal fires burn underneath the Datong coalfield because of indiscriminate mining.Landsat TM/ETM,unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV）,and infrared thermal imager were employed to monitor underground coal fires in the Majiliang mining area.The thermal field distributions of this area in 2000,2002,2006,2007,and 2009 were obtained using Landsat TM/ETM.The changes in the distribution were then analyzed to approximate the locations of the coal fires.Through UAV imagery employed at a very high resolution（0.2 m）,the texture information,linear features,and brightness of the ground fissures in the coal fire area were determined.All these data were combined to build a knowledge model of determining fissures and were used to support underground coal fire detection.An infrared thermal imager was used to map the thermal field distribution of areas where coal fire is serious.Results were analyzed to identify the hot spot trend and the depth of the burning point.

Landscape change on burned blanks in Daxing'an Mountains

Daxing抋n Mountains was one of the most important forest areas in China, but it was also an area which was prone to suffering forest fire. The catastrophic forest fire that occurred in Daxing抋n Mountains on May 6, 1987 devastated more than 1.33?06 hm2 of natural forests, which leaded to the formation of some mosaic areas with different burn intensities. Two forest farms of Tuqiang Forest Bureau (124?5-122?8E, 53?4-52?5N) were chosen as a typical area to analyze the post-fire landscape change by drawing and comparing the two digital forest stand maps of 1987 and 2000. The landscape lands of forest were classi-fied into 12 types: coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, needle-broadleaf mixed forest, shrub, nursery, harvested area, burned blanks, agricultural land, swamp, water, built-up, grass. The results showed that: 1) The burned blanks was almost restored, some of them mainly converted into broadleaf forest land during the process of natural restoration, and coniferous forest land by the artificial re-forestation, and the others almost changed into swamp or grass land; 2) The proportion of forest area increased from 47.6% in 1987 to 81.3% in 2002. Therefore, a few management countermeasures, such as the enhancing peoples consciousness of fire-proofing and constructing species diversity, were put forward for forest sustainable development.

Defect image segmentation using multilevel thresholding based on firefly algorithm with opposition-learning

To segment defects from the quad flat non-lead QFN package surface a multilevel Otsu thresholding method based on the firefly algorithm with opposition-learning is proposed. First the Otsu thresholding algorithm is expanded to a multilevel Otsu thresholding algorithm. Secondly a firefly algorithm with opposition-learning OFA is proposed.In the OFA opposite fireflies are generated to increase the diversity of the fireflies and improve the global search ability. Thirdly the OFA is applied to searching multilevel thresholds for image segmentation. Finally the proposed method is implemented to segment the QFN images with defects and the results are compared with three methods i.e. the exhaustive search method the multilevel Otsu thresholding method based on particle swarm optimization and the multilevel Otsu thresholding method based on the firefly algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method can segment QFN surface defects images more efficiently and at a greater speed than that of the other three methods.

Application of Large-Scale Systems Theory in Fire Control Systems

According the to the model of single tank fire control system, this paper makes use of decomposition-coordination theory of large-scale systems to discuss the shooting problem of multiple tank the control systems, and alalyzes specifically the three-tank the control systems and models.the process was imitated in computer, and the optimal shooting element of 3TS system was got. In addition, probability of hitting the target was calculated.

Novel hybrid optimal algorithm for broad-band Raman amplifier

A hybrid optimal algorithm, named the SAA-PA in brief, based on the simulated annealing algorithm （SAA） and the Powell algorithm （PA） is proposed. The proposed algorithm puts the random search strategy of the SAA into the PA, which can prevent optimizing courses from trapping in local optima. The SAA-PA can effectively solve multimodal optimization in the distributed multi-pump Raman amplifier （DMRA）. Optimal results show that, under the conditions of the on-off gain of 10 dB, the gain bandwidth of larger than 80 nm and the fiber length of 80 km, the gain ripple of less than 1.25 dB can be designed from the DMRA with only four backward pumps after the optimization of the proposed SAA-PA. Compared with the pure SAA, the SAA-PA can attain a lower gain ripple with the same number of pumps. Also, the relationship between the optimal signal bandwidth and the number of pumps can be simulated numerically with the SAA-PA.

Numerical simulation and disaster prevention for catastrophic fire airflow of main air-intake belt roadway in coal mine—A case study

Coal mine belt fire develops very rapidly and is difficult to control. If not suppressed quickly, a belt fire could easily lead to airflow disorder and undermine the ventilation system. However, belt fire can be prevented effectively by establishing fire airflow control system. In this work, the 5th belt roadway of Kongzhuang coal mine was taken as the object of investigation, where geometrical models of this roadway were established firstly. Then, based on mathematical model of fire smoke flow, the CO volume fraction, smoke density distribution, air temperature and pollutant velocity vector in the roadway before and after taking airflow control measures were simulated by using Fluent software. It can be known from the simulation that with the normal ventilation status in 5th belt roadway, the countercurrent of smoke does not happen when a fire occurs; the roadway's section is almost filled with CO at 10 m downstream from the fire source, and with air velocity getting stable gradually, the CO concentration reaches about 15 %. After taking airflow control measures, the effect range of temperature field which are harmful to the miners decreases from 69 m to 30 m; and the distance of the roadway fully filled with CO is 5 m farther than that before taking measures. Finally, according to the numerical simulation results and the actual condition of the belt roadway, the warning and automatic remote airflow control system with short-circuit method for the 5th belt roadway was designed to guarantee the safety production.

Combined effect of isothermal annealing and pre-compression on mechanical properties of Cu_(36)Zr_(48)Al_8Ag_8 bulk metallic glass

The combined effects of isothermal annealing and pre-compression on the mechanical properties of Cu36Zr48Al8Ag8 bulk metallic glass （BMG） were investigated. The as-cast specimens were first annealed at 743 K for 10 min, and then pre-compressed under 800 MPa for 1, 3, 5 and 10 h, respectively. The results indicated that annealing resulted in the formation of nanocrystals with a diameter of -10 nm in the amorphous matrix and a drastic decrease of the free volume, leading to complete loss of the plasticity of the BMG. Applying pre-compression under a stress of 800 MPa for a proper duration （5 h） resumed part of the lost free volume in the BMG matrix and therefore partially recovered the plasticity. A very long period of pre-compression （10 h） decreased the free volume again, which was caused by the excessive crystal growth.

Retrospect and Prospect of Excitation Systems of Large Size Turbogenerators

This paper briefs the developmental course, manufacturing and applications, as well as future prospect of excitation systems of large size turbogenerators in China, emphatically expounds the advantages of seif-excitation systems with potential source reetifiers and matters needing to be noted during dissemination and application of them.

Tree Planting:How Fast Can It Accelerate Post-fire Forest Restoration?——A Case Study in Northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China

In 1987,a catastrophic fire burned over 1330000 ha in the densely forested area of the Da Hinggan Mountains in the northeastern China.After the fire,intensive management including burned trunk harvesting and coniferous tree planting had been conducted to accelerate forest restoration.To study the long term effect of these activities on forest recovery,we used a simulation modeling approach to study long-term(300 years) forest dynamics under current planting and natural regeneration scenarios.Results indicate that under tree planting scenario in the severely burned area,the dominant species Dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii) can reach pre-fire level(60% of the area) within 20 years and the maximum abundance can reach nearly 90% within 100 years.While under natural regeneration scenario,it needs about 250 years to reach its pre-fire level.From the perspective of timber production,tree planting can bring twice as much timber volume as that under natural regeneration within 300 years,which is the average longevity of L.gmelinii.It needs about 70 years to reach the timber volume of pre-fire level under the planting scenario,whereas it requires at least 250 years to reach the timber volume of pre-fire level under natural regeneration scenario.Another dominant species Asian White birch(Betula platyphylla) responded negatively to the planting of coniferous species.In general,tree planting of coniferous species after fire can greatly accelerate forest restoration in terms of species abundance and target timber volume,with desirable ecological and economic returns.

Note on the Orchids of the Moutas Hunting Reserve--- Tlemcen （Western Algeria）

Through the Algerian orchid flora, several rare species remain endemic in the Maghreb. This note on the orchids will enrich the already existing data on the area of Tlemcen. Currently, the coexistence of orchids and species （such as Quercus faginea subsp. tlemcenensis （DC.） M., Lonicera implexa L. and Ruscus aculeatus L.） indicates an ecological environment of dominant forest. Nevertheless, the significant frequency of fires and human pressure is leading to erosion of this area orchids richness. This work enabled us to establish a complete inventory of the orchids species that exist, with an estimate of the populations and a taxon illustration for each of them. Fourteen species （14） were indexed, during the period of spring 2011 only, in this reserve and the scoured areas which do not exceed 2000 ha, representing 29% of the total Algerian orchids species. Among the rare taxa signed ourselves： Ophrys subfusca subsp. battandieri （Rchb.） Batt. and Dactylorhiza durandii （Boiss. and Reuter） M. Lainz in Oranie （O）＊

Combustion characteristics of Daqing oil shale and oil shale semi-cokes

Thermo-gravimetric-analysis(TGA) was used to analyze the combustion characteristics of an oil shale and semi-cokes prepared from it.The effect of prior pyrolysis and TGA heating rate on the combustion process was studied.Prior pyrolysis affects the initial temperature of mass loss and the ignition temperature.The ignition temperature increases as the volatile content of the sample decreases.TG/DTG curves obtained at different heating rates show that heating rate has little effect on ignition temperature.But the peak of combustion shifts to higher temperatures as the heating rate is increased.The Coats-Redfern integration method was employed to find the combustion-reaction kinetic parameters for the burning of oil shale and oil shale semi-coke.

Comparison of up ladder type and terraced type normalizing heat treatments of heavy cylinder

Because of the mixed grain and coarse grain structure, the long heat treatment cycle and large energy conservation in the heavy cylinder heat treatment process, the up ladder type and terraced type normalizing heat treatment of heavy cylinder after rolling were put forward. The microstructure and mechanical properties of 2.25Cr1Mo0.25 V steel after the up ladder type normalizing, terraced type normalizing and isothermal type normalizing were studied. Experimental results show that： 1） For the grain refinement, the twice terraced type normalizing is better than the up ladder type and isothermal type normalizing, and the average grain size is 18 μm; 2） The yield strength, tensile strength and-30℃ charpy impact energy after twice terraced type normalizing are 681 MPa, 768 MPa and 181 J, respectively, and the mechanical properties are better than those of the up ladder type and isothermal type normalizing; 3） Compared with the isothermal type normalizing, the holding time of terraced type normalizing can be shortened by 30%, which greatly reduces the energy consumption.

Integration of remotely sensed indices for land cover changes caused by the 2009 Victorian bushfires using Landsat TM imagery

In order to minimise the bushfires negative impacts on society, an efficient andreliable bushfire detection system was proposed to assess the devastated effects of the2009 Victorian bushfires.It is possible to utilise the repetitive capability of satellite remotesensing imagery to identify the location of change to the Earth's surface and integrate thedifferent remotely sensed indices.The results confirm that the procedure can offer essentialspatial information for bushfire assessment.

A preliminary study on ore-forming environments of Xianglushan-type iron deposit and the weathering mineralization of Emeishan basalt in Guizhou Province, China

Xianglushan-type iron deposits are one of the new types of iron deposits found in the Weining Area of Western Guizhou. The iron-bearing rock system is a paleo-weathered crustal sedimentary(or accumulating) stratum between the top of the Middle-Late Permian Emeishan basalt formation and the Late Permian Xuanwei formation. Iron ore is hosted in the Lower-Middle part of the rock system. In terms of the genesis of mineral deposit, this type of deposit should be a basalt paleo-weathering crustal redeposit type, very different from marine sedimentary iron deposits or continental weathering crust iron deposits. Based on field work and the analytical results of XRD Powder Diffraction, Electron Probe, Scanner Electron Microscope, etc., the geological setting of the ore-forming processes and the deposit features are illustrated in this paper. The ore-forming environment of the deposit and the Emeishan basalt weathering mineralization are also discussed in order to enhance the knowledge of the universality and diversity of mineralization of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP), which may be a considerable reference to further research for ELIP metallogenic theories, and geological research for iron deposits in the paleo-weathering crust areas of the Emeishan basalt,Southwestern, China.

A Study of Planetary Theory in the Great Expansion System(Dayan li大衍历,727 CE):The Case of Mars

The planetary theory in the Great Expansion System(Dayan li大衍历,727 CE)is investigated,with a detailed example of Mars.In ancient Chinese astrology,the position of one planet and the relative positions of different planets had important astrological significance.Thus,planetary theory is an important part of Chinese mathematical astronomy.The Great Expansion System,which was compiled by Yixing一行of the Tang唐dynasty(618–907 CE),provided many innovations in planetary theory.Based on the extant Treatises on Mathematical Harmonics and Astronomy(Lüli zhi律历志)in Chinese official histories,the Great Expansion System was the first Chinese astronomical system to include tables of the planetary equation of center and procedures for correcting the influence of the planetary equation of center on the position of a planet.It was also the first Chinese system to design a table of the planetary phases of motion for calculating the mean position of a planet,which was the basis for calculating the true position of the planet.In addition,Yixing proposed the concept of the precession of planetary perihelion and gave the values of the precession of planetary perihelion for the first time in ancient China.The innovations of the Great Expansion System regarding planetary theory established its important position in the history of Chinese astronomical systems.Mars is taken as a case study to investigate the planetary theory in the Great Expansion System,including the astronomical constants related to Mars,two important astronomical tables,namely the table of the equation of center and the table of the phase motion of Mars in one synodic period,and the procedures for calculating the position of Mars on any given day using the planetary and solar equations of center.Two questions are addressed.First,how did Yixing correct the influence of the equation of center of Mars on the time of mean conjunction and the mean position of Mars?Second,how did Yixing calculate the true position of Mars on any given day?The original text of the Great Expansion System is analyzed to show how Yixing developed the planetary theory in the Sui and early Tang periods and constructed a complete method for predicting the true positions of planets using the planetary and solar equations of center.

Episodes of subaerial Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) linked to late Turonian/late Maastrichtian deep incursion of sea on the Indian continental block

Late Cretaceous sea inundation of major continents, surprisingly did not affect Indian block except by two major subaerial events of Large Igneous Provinces （LIPs）. Marion hotspot induced LIP of Mahajanga Flood Basalt （ca. 92Ma） in Madagascar triggered high intensity earthquake along Narmada Lineament and permitted a short lived marine transgression during late Turonian with spectacular estuarine deposits of limited thickness, preserved as archive of “Greenhouse Climatic Record” ？ Reunion hotspot induced LIP of Deccan Flood Basalt, stretching from western to eastern India around Rajahmundry area attracted worldwide attention for the unique fauna and flora preserved in the intertrappean beds straddling Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. This massive subaerial LIP （ca. 66Ma） permitted fairly deep penetration of sea along collision facing Subathu-Dogadda Line-ament during late Maastrichtian-Danian, but due to thick vegetation cover, tectonic disturbance and scarce out-crops the evidence is less straightforward than along Narmada rift.