A Method to Improve Photographing Function of Common Digital Camera to Small Flowers and Fruits

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to solve the problem of photographing small flowers and fruits with a common digital camera in field. [Method] Firstly, the photographic mode of a common digital camera was set as ＂macro＂ （or ＂soft snap＂ ） and ＂flash off＂. Secondly, the small flower or fruit was magnified with a magnifying glass, and then the magnified flower or fruit was automatically focused with the digital camera lens. After automatic focusing, the shutter button was pressed and the photograph finished. [Result] With this method, the clear inflo- rescence or floral photographs of Eragrostis pilosa （ Gramineae ） , Bidens biternata （Compositae） and Tribulus terrester （Zygophllaceae） were obtained in field. [ Conclusion] The optical system of a digital camera has been changed by the magnifying glass, which improves the photographic function of a common digital camera to small flowers and fruits, and also easily gets their clear photographs.

Revealing the F_actin Networks in Interphase Nuclei of Garlic Clove Cells by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The interphase nuclei of parenchyma cells and epidermal cells of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) clove were labelled with rabbit anti_actin antibody and FITC_conjugated goat anti_rabbit IgG antibody. The authors observed results with fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The nuclei showed prominent green_yellow fluorescence, indicating the presence of actin in the nuclei. Fluorescence examination with TRITC_phalloidin showed distinctive red fluorescence in the nuclei, indicating that F_actin is present in the nuclei. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated the presence of F_actin containing network structures in the nuclei, but the network structures were absent and the nuclei still showed red fluorescence when the cells were treated with cytochalasin D before fixation; the red fluorescence in the nuclei was hard to be observed when the cells were treated with unlabelled phalloidin before the cells were stained with TRITC_phalloidin. These results indicate that F_actin is in the nuclei and forms network structures in the nuclei of garlic cells.

Effects of the Antimicrobial Peptide OH-CATH on Escherichia coli

OH-CATH is a novel cathelicidin identified from king cobra. It showed strong antibacterial activity against various bacteria in the presence of 1% NaCl and no haemolytic activity toward human red blood cells even at a high concentration. OH-CATH might serve as model molecules for the development of antimicrobial drugs. Understanding the action mechanism of OH-CATH and the reason for its selectivity against microbes is very important for this purpose. The bactericidal effect of the king cobra antimicrobial peptide OH-CATH on Gram-negative Escherichia coli （ATCC 25922） is observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmitted electron microscopy （TEM）. The SEM and TEM results suggested that the bactericidal mechanism of OH-CATH against Escherichia coli happened in three steps. Firstly, OH-CATH attached to the negatively charged bacterial wall by positively charged amino acid residues. In the second step, the accumulated OH-CATH aggregated and damaged the bacteria membrane in a pore-forming manner. In the last step, with the damage of cell permeability, the contents of the cells were released and eventually cells died.

A 16×16 Micro Mirror Array for Optical Switches

This paper reports on the design, fabrication,and performance of a high-reflectivity large-rotation mirror array for MEMS （micro-electro-mechanical system） 16 × 16 optical switches. The mirror in the array can enlarge its rotation an- gles up to 90° and keep a steady state to steer the optical signal. According to the large-rotation behavior, an electro- mechanical model of the mirror is presented. By monolithic integration of fiber grooves and mirrors fabricated by a sur- face and bulk hybrid micromachining process, the coarse passive alignment of fiber-mirror-fiber can be achieved. The re- flectivity of the mirror is measured to be 93.1% ~96.3%. The switches demonstrate that the smallest fiber-mirror-fiber insertion loss is 2. ldB using OptiFocusTM collimating lensed fibers. Moreover,only about ＋- 0.01dB oscillating amplitude of insertion loss is provoked after the device is tested for 15min for 5-90Hz in the vertical vibration amplitude of 3mm.

Evaluation of magnifying colonoscopy in the diagnosis of serrated polyps

AIM:To elucidate the colonoscopic features of serrated lesions of the colorectum using magnifying colonoscopy.METHODS:Broad division of serrated lesions of the colorectum into hyperplastic polyps(HPs),traditional serrated adenomas(TSAs),and sessile serrated adenomas/polyps(SSA/Ps) has been proposed on the basis of recent molecular biological studies.However,few reports have examined the colonoscopic features of these divisions,including magnified colonoscopic findings.This study examined 118 lesions excised in our hospital as suspected serrated lesions after magnified observation between January 2008 and September 2011.Patient characteristics(sex,age),conventional colonoscopic findings(location,size,morphology,color,mucin) and magnified colonoscopic findings(pit pattern diagnosis) were interpreted by five colonoscopists with experience in over 1000 colonoscopies,and were compared with histopathological diagnoses.The pit patterns were categorized according to Kudo's classification,but a more detailed investigation was also performed using the subclassification [type Ⅱ-Open(type Ⅱ-O),type Ⅱ-Long(type Ⅱ-L),or type Ⅳ-Serrated(type Ⅳ-S)] proposed by Kimura T and Yamano H.RESULTS:Lesions comprised 23 HPs(23/118:19.5%),39 TSAs(39/118:33.1%:with cancer in one case),50 SSA/Ps(50/118:42.4%:complicated with cancer in three cases),and six others(6/118:5.1%).We excluded six others,including three regular adenomas,one hamartoma,one inflammatory polyp,and one juvenile polyp for further analysis.Conventional colonoscopy showed that SSA/Ps were characterized as larger in diameter than TSAs and HPs(SSA/P vs HP,13.62 ± 8.62 mm vs 7.74 ± 3.24 mm,P < 0.001;SSA/Ps vs TSA,13.62 ± 8.62 mm vs 9.89 ± 5.73 mm,P < 0.01);common in the right side of the colon [HPs,30.4%(7/23):TSAs,20.5%(8/39):SSA/P,84.0%(42/50),P < 0.001];flat-elevated lesion [HPs,30.4%(7/23):TSAs,5.1%(2/39):SSA/Ps,90.0%(45/50),P < 0.001];normal-colored or pale imucosa [HPs,34.8%(8/23):TSAs,10.3%(4/39):SSA/Ps,80%(40/50),P < 0.001];and with large amounts of mucin [HPs,21.7%(5/23):TSAs,17.9%(7/39):SSA/Ps,72.0%(36/50),P < 0.001].In magnified colonoscopic findings,17 lesions showed either type Ⅱ pit pattern alone or partial type Ⅱ pit pattern as the basic architecture,with 14 HPs(14/17,70.0%) and 3 SSA/Ps.Magnified colonoscopy showed the type Ⅱ-O pit pattern as characteristic of SSA/Ps [sensitivity 83.7%(41/49),specificity 85.7%(54/63)].Cancer was also present in three lesions,in all of which a type Ⅵ pit pattern was also present within the same lesion.There were four HPs and four TSAs each.The type Ⅳ-S pit pattern was characteristic of TSAs [sensitivity 96.7%(30/31),specificity 89.9%(72/81)].Cancer was present in one lesion,in which a type Ⅵ pit pattern was also present within the same lesion.In our study,serrated lesions of the colorectum also possessed the features described in previous reports of conventional colonoscopic findings.The pit pattern diagnosis using magnifying colonoscopy,particularly magnified colonoscopic findings using subclassifications of surface architecture,reflected the pathological characteristics of SSA/Ps and TSAs,and will be useful for colonoscopic diagnosis.CONCLUSION:We suggest that this system could be a good diagnostic tool for SSA/Ps using magnifying colonoscopy.

Mechanism of diarrhea in microscopic colitis

AIM： To search the pathophysiological mechanism of diarrhea based on daily stool weights, fecal electrolytes, osmotic gap and pH. METHODS： Seventy-six patients were included： 51 with microscopic colitis （MC） [40 with lymphocytic colitis （LC）; 11 with collagenous colitis （CC）], 7 with MC without diarrhea and 18 as a control group （CG）. They collected stool for 3 d. Sodium and potassium concentration were determined by flame photometry and chloride concentration by titration method of Schales. Fecal osmotic gap was calculated from the difference of osmolarity of fecal fluid and double sum of sodium and potassium concentration. RESULTS： Fecal fluid sodium concentration was significantly increased in LC 58.11±5.38 mmol/L （P〈0.01） and CC 54.14±8.42 mmol/L （P〈0.05） than in CG 34.28±2.98 mmol/L. Potassium concentration in LC 74.65±5.29 mmol/L （P〈0.01） and CC 75.53±8.78 mmol/L （P〈0.05） was significantly less compared to CG 92.67±2.99 mmol/L. Chloride concentration in CC 36.07±7.29 mmol/L was significantly higher than in CG 24.11±2.05 mmol/L（P〈0.05）. Forty-four （86.7%） patients had a secretory diarrhea compared to fecal osmotic gap. Seven （13.3%） patients had osmotic diarrhea. CONCLUSION： Diarrhea in MC mostly belongs to thesecretory type. The major pathophysiological mechanism in LC could be explained by a decrease of active sodium absorption. In CC, decreased CI/HCO3 exchange rate and increased chloride secretion are coexistent pathways.

Colonoscopic yield of colorectal neoplasia in daily clinical practice

AIM:To assess the prevalence and location of ad-vanced neoplasia in patients undergoing colonoscopy,and to compare the yield per indication.METHODS:In a multicenter colonoscopy survey (n = 18 hospitals) in the Amsterdam area (Northern Holland),data of all colonoscopies performed during a three month period in 2005 were analyzed. The location and the histological features of all colonic neoplasia were recorded. The prevalence and the distribution ofadvanced colorectal neoplasia and differences in yield between indication clusters were evaluated. Advanced neoplasm was defi ned as adenoma > 10 mm in size,with > 25% villous features or with high-grade dyspla-sia or cancer.RESULTS:A total of 4623 eligible patients underwent a total colonoscopy. The prevalence of advanced neo-plasia was 13%,with 281 (6%) adenocarcinomas and 342 (7%) advanced adenomas. Sixty-seven percent and 33% of advanced neoplasia were located in the distal and proximal colon,respectively. Of all patients with right-sided advanced neoplasia (n = 228),51% had a normal distal colon,whereas 27% had a syn-chronous distal adenoma. Ten percent of all colono-scopies were performed in asymptomatic patients,7% of whom had advanced neoplasia. In the respective procedure indication clusters,the prevalence of right-sided advanced neoplasia ranged from 11%-57%. CONCLUSION:One out of every 7-8 colonoscopies yielded an advanced colorectal neoplasm. Colonoscopy is warranted for the evaluation of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

Software for automated classification of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy videos of colorectal polyps

AIM:To support probe-based confocal laser endomi-croscopy (pCLE) diagnosis by designing software for the automated classification of colonic polyps. METHODS:Intravenous fluorescein pCLE imaging of colorectal lesions was performed on patients under-going screening and surveillance colonoscopies, followed by polypectomies. All resected specimens were reviewed by a reference gastrointestinal pathologist blinded to pCLE information. Histopathology was used as the criterion standard for the differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. The pCLE video sequences, recorded for each polyp, were analyzed off-line by 2 expert endoscopists who were blinded to the endoscopic characteristics and histopathology. These pCLE videos, along with their histopathology diagnosis, were used to train the automated classification software which is a content-based image retrieval technique followed by k-nearest neighbor classification. The performance of the off-line diagnosis of pCLE videos established by the 2 expert endoscopists was compared with that of automated pCLE software classification. All evaluations were performed using leave-one-patient- out cross-validation to avoid bias. RESULTS:Colorectal lesions (135) were imaged in 71 patients. Based on histopathology, 93 of these 135 lesions were neoplastic and 42 were non-neoplastic. The study found no statistical significance for the difference between the performance of automated pCLE software classification (accuracy 89.6%, sensitivity 92.5%, specificity 83.3%, using leave-one-patient-out cross-validation) and the performance of the off-line diagnosis of pCLE videos established by the 2 expert endoscopists (accuracy 89.6%, sensitivity 91.4%, specificity 85.7%). There was very low power (< 6%) to detect the observed differences. The 95% confidence intervals for equivalence testing were:-0.073 to 0.073 for accuracy, -0.068 to 0.089 for sensitivity and -0.18 to 0.13 for specificity. The classification software proposed in this study is not a "black box" but an informative tool based on the query by example model that produces, as intermediate results, visually similar annotated videos that are directly interpretable by the endoscopist. CONCLUSION:The proposed software for automated classification of pCLE videos of colonic polyps achieves high performance, comparable to that of off-line diagnosis of pCLE videos established by expert endoscopists.

Addition of senna improves quality of colonoscopy preparation with magnesium citrate

AIM: To prospectively investigate the effectiveness and patient’s tolerance of two low-cost bowel cleansing preparation protocols based on magnesium citrate only or the combination of magnesium citrate and senna. METHODS: A total of 342 patients who were referred for colonoscopy underwent a colon cleansing protocol with magnesium citrate alone (n = 160) or magnesium citrate and senna granules (n = 182). The colonoscopist rated the overall efficacy of colon cleansing using an established score on a 4-point scale. Patients were questioned before undergoing colonoscopy for side effects and symptoms during bowel preparation. RESULTS: The percentage of procedures rescheduled because ofinsufficient colon cleansing was 7% in the magnesium citrate group and 4% in the magnesium citrate/senna group (P = 0.44). Adequate visualization of the colonic mucosa was rated superior under the citramag/senna regimen (P = 0.004). Both regimens were well tolerated, and did not significantly differ in the occurrence of nausea, bloating or headache.However, abdominal cramps were observed more often under the senna protocol (29.2%) compared to the magnesium citrate only protocol (9.9%, P < 0.0003). CONCLUSION: The addition of senna to the bowel preparation protocol with magnesium citrate significantly improves the cleansing outcome.

New magnifying endoscopic classification for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

To assess the accuracy of a new magnifying endoscopy (ME) classification for predicting depth of invasion of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SESCC). METHODSThis study included a total of 70 lesions in 69 patients with SESCC who underwent ME with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) before resection from August 2010 to July 2016. Accuracy of ME-NBI for predicting depth of invasion of SESCC was analyzed by using a new ME classification proposed by the Japan Esophageal Society (JES), and interobserver agreement was assessed. RESULTSOverall accuracy of ME-NBI for estimating depth of invasion of SESCC was 78.6%. Sensitivity and specificity of type B1 for tumors limited to the epithelial layer (m1) or invading into the lamina propria (m2) were 71.4% and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of type B2 for tumors invading into the muscularis mucosa (m3) or superficial submucosa (≤ 200 μm, sm1) were 94.4% and 73.1%, respectively, while those of type B3 for tumors invading into the deep submucosa (> 200 μm, sm2) were 75.0% and 97.8%, respectively. Interobserver agreement was excellent (κ = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.76-0.95). CONCLUSIONThe recently developed JES ME classification is useful for predicting depth of invasion of SESCC, with reliable interobserver agreement.

Elastic band ligation of hemorrhoids:Flexible gastroscope or rigid proctoscope?

AIM： To compare dgid proctoscope and flexible endoscope for elastic band ligation of internal hemorrhoids. METHODS： Patients between 18 and 80 years old, with chronic complaints （blood loss, pain, itching or prolapse） of internal hemorrhoids of grade 1-91, were randomized to elastic band ligation by rigid proctoscope or flexible endoscope （preloaded with 7 bands）. Patients were retreated every 6 wk until the cessation of complaints. Evaluation by three-dimensional anal endosonography was performed. RESULTS： Forty-one patients were included （median age 52.0, range 27-79 years, 20 men）. Nineteen patients were treated with a rigid proctoscope and twenty two with a flexible endoscope. Twenty-nine patients had grade I hemorrhoids, 9 patients had grade 11 hemorrhoids and 3 patients had grade 91 hemorrhoids. All patients needed a minimum of 1 treatment and a maximum of 3 treatments. A median of 4.0 bands was used in the rigid proctoscope group and a median of 6.0 bands was used in the flexible endoscope group （P 〈 0.05）. Pain after ligation tended to be more frequent in patients treated with the flexible endoscope （first treatment： 3 vs 20 patients, P 〈 0.05）. Three- dimensional endosonography showed no sphincter defects or alterations in submucosal thickness. CONCLUSION： Both techniques are easy to perform, well tolerated and have a good and fast effect. It is easier to perform more ligations with the flexible endoscope. Additional advantages of the flexible scope are the maneuverability and photographic documentation. However, treatment with the flexible endoscope might be more painful and is more expensive.

Simultaneous laparoscopic multi-organ resection combined with colorectal cancer:Comparison with non-combined surgery

AIM: To access the short-term outcomes of simultaneous laparoscopic surgery combined with resection for synchronous lesions in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS: Between March 1996 and April 2010 prospectively collected data were reviewed from 93 consecutive patients who had colorectal cancer and underwent simultaneous multiple organ resection (combined group) and 1090 patients who underwent conventional laparoscopic right hemicolectomy or laparoscopic low/ anterior resection for colorectal cancer (non-combined group). In the combined group, there were nine gastric resections, three nephrectomies, nine adrenalectomies, 56 cholecystectomies, and 21 gynecologic resections. In addition, f ive patients underwent simultaneous laparoscopic resection for three organs. The patient demographics, intra-operative outcomes, surgical morbidity, and short-term outcomes were compared between thetwo groups (the combined and non-combined groups). RESULTS: There were no signifi cant differences in the clinicopathological variables between the two groups. The operating time was signifi cantly longer in the combined group than in the non-combined group, regardless of tumor location (laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and laparoscopic low/anterior resection groups; P = 0.048 and P < 0.001, respectively). The other intraoperative outcomes, such as the complications and open conversion rate, were similar in both groups. The rate of post-operative morbidity in the combined group was similar to the non-combined group (combined vs non-combined, 15.1% vs 13.5%, P = 0.667). Oncological safety for the colon and synchronous lesions were obtained in the combined group. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous laparoscopic multiple organ resection combined with colorectal cancer is a safe and feasible option in selected patients.

Compact Scanning Tunneling Microscope with Large Scale Searching Capability for Mmultidisciplinary Applications

We present the design and performance of a home-built scanning tunneling microscope （STM）, which is compact （66 mm tall and 25 mm in diameter）, yet equipped with a 3D atomic precision piezoelectric motor in which the Z coarse approach relies on a high simplic-ity friction-type walker （of our own invention） driven by an axially cut piezoelectric tube. The walker is vertically inserted in a piezoelectric scanner tube （PST） with its brim laying at on the PST end as the inertial slider （driven by the PST） for the XZ （sample plane） motion. The STM is designed to be capable of searching rare microscopic targets （defects, dopants, boundaries, nano-devices, etc.） in a macroscopic sample area （square millimeters） under extreme conditions （low temperatures, strong magnetic elds, etc.） in which it ts. It gives good atomic resolution images after scanning a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite sample in air at room temperature.

Application of novel magnified single balloon enteroscopy for a patient with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome

We present a case of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome(CCS) in which the entire intestine was observed using a prototype of magnifying single-balloon enteroscope(SIF Y-0007, Olympus). CCS is a rare, non-familial gastrointestinal polyposis with ectodermal abnormalities. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing magnified intestinal lesions of CCS. A 73-year-old female visited our hospital with complaints of diarrhea and dysgeusia. The blood test showed mild anemia and hypoalbuminemia. The esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy revealed diffuse and reddened sessile to semi-pedunculated polyps, resulting in the diagnosis of CCS. In addition to the findings of conventional balloon-assisted enteroscopy or capsule endoscopy, magnifying observation revealed tiny granular structures, non-uniformity of the villus, irregular caliber of the loop-like capillaries, scattered white spots in the villous tip, and patchy redness of the villus. Histologically, the scattered white spots and patchy redness of the villus reflect lymphangiectasia and bleeding to interstitium, respectively.

Prospective controlled study on the effects of polyethylene glycol in capsule endoscopy

AIM:To prospectively confirm whether a small amount of polyethylene glycol(PEG)ingested after swallowing endoscopy capsule improves image quality and completion rate.METHODS:Forty-four consecutive patients referred to us for capsule endoscopy(CE)were randomized to two groups.All patients were restricted to clear fluids for 12 h before the examination.Patients in group A(22 cases)received no additional preparation,while those in group B(20 cases)ingested 500 mL of PEG within a 2 h period starting 30 min after swallowing the capsule.Clear fluids and meals were allowed 2 h and 4 h after capsule ingestion,respectively.Image quality was assessed as the percentage of visualized bowel surface area as follows:1:<25%;2:25%-49%;3:50%-74%;4:75%-89%;5:>90%.The small bowel record was divided into five segments by time,and the score for each segment was evaluated.All CE examinations were performed with the Pillcam SB capsule endoscopy sys-tem(Given Imaging Co.Ltd.,Yoqnem).RESULTS:This study ended in December 2009,because sample size was considered large enough.A total of 44 patients were enrolled.Two patients in group B were excluded from the analysis because small bowel images could not be obtained from these patients;one had a full stomach,while the other presented with a massive gastric bleed.Thus,22 patients from group A and 20 patients from group B completed the study.There was no significant difference in age(P=0.22),sex(P=0.31),and indication for CE.No significant adverse events occurred in any of the study patients.In group A,image quality deteriorated as the capsule progressed distally.However,in group B,image quality was maintained to the distal small bowel.In each of the five segments,the visibility score was significantly higher in group B than in group A(segment 1:4.3± 0.7vs 4.7±0.5,P=0.03;segment 2:4.2±0.9vs 4.8 ±0.4,P=0.01;segment 3:4.0±1.0 vs 4.6±0.7,P =0.04;segment 4:3.6±1.1 vs 4.5±0.6,P=0.003;segment 5:2.7±1.0vs 4.4±0.8,P=0.00004).Thus,the use of PEG during CE examination significantly improved image quality in all time segments,and this effect was more pronounced in the distal ileum.The completion rate to the cecum was not significantly different between groups A and B(81.8%vs 85.0%,P =0.89).There was no difference in the gastric transit time between groups(36.2±35.0 min vs 54.0±56.6 min,P=0.23),but the small bowel transit time was significantly longer in group A than in group B(246.0± 107.0 minvs 171.0±104.0 min,P=0.04).CONCLUSION:The ingestion of a small amount of PEG after the swallowing of an endoscopy capsule significantly improved CE image quality,but did not enhance the completion rate to the cecum.

Narrow-band imaging endoscopy with and without magnification in diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia

AIM:To evaluate the diagnostic efficacies of narrowband imaging(NBI) endoscopy with and without high magnification in distinguishing neoplasia from nonneoplasia colorectal lesions.METHODS:A total of 118 patients with 123 colorectal lesions examined by NBI endoscopy in the Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from September 2008 to April 2010 were enrolled in this study.These lesions were classified by pit pattern and capillary pattern,and then assessed by histopathology.RESULTS:Ten lesions not meeting the diagnostic criteria were excuded,the overall diagnostic accuracy of NBI endoscopy in distinguishing neoplasia from non-neoplasia colorectal lesions was 91.2%(103/113),and that of NBI endoscopy with and without high magnification was 93.0%(40/43) and 90.0%(63/70),respectively.Both were significantly higher than that of conventional colonoscopy reported in the literature(P < 0.05),but there was no significant difference between the two groups(P > 0.05).CONCLUSION:Besides NBI magnifying endoscopy,NBI endoscopy without magnification may also be used to distinguish neoplasia from non-neoplasia colorectal lesions.

Preoperative intestinal stent decompression with primary laparoscopic surgery to treat left-sided colorectal cancer with obstruction: a report of 21 cases

Objective: This work aimed to study the safety and efficacy of preoperative intestinal stent decompression combined with laparoscopic surgery to treat left-sided colorectal cancer with obstruction (LCCO). Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on data obtained from 21 LCCO patients admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University during March 2008 and December 2011. To remove the intestinal obstruction, preoperative intestinal stent placement under colonoscopic guidance was performed. Approximately 7 to 10 days after the operation, laparoscopic radical surgery of colorectal cancer was conducted. Results: Among the 21 cases studied, laparoscopic surgery was successful in 20 patients. Emergent laparotomy was conducted in one patient because of tumor invasion in the ureter. The duration of the operation ranged from 180 to 320 min, and the average time was 220 min. The recovery time for bowel function ranged from 2 to 5 days with an average time of 3 days. Postoperative infection of the incision occurred in one case. No anastomotic leakage was observed in any of the cases. Conclusion: Preoperative intestinal stent decompression, combined with primary stage laparoscopic surgery, is a safe and effective method for the treatment of LCCO.

High Temperature Corrosion of Water Wall Materials T23 and T24 in Simulated Furnace Atmospheres

Candidate materials for water wall of supercritical and ultra-supercritical utility boilers,T23 and T24,were chosen as the experimental samples and exposed to oxidizing atmosphere,reducing atmosphere and oxidizing/reducing alternating atmosphere separately.The corrosion temperature was 450-550?C.The effects of oxygen con-tent and temperature on the corrosion in reducing atmosphere and alternating atmosphere were investigated.The scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) were used to examine the corroded samples.The results show that the corrosion kinetics of T23 and T24 can be described by the double logarithmic equation and parabolic equation respectively.To describe the corrosion of materials accurately it is not sufficient to analyze the macro-mass gain and the macro-thickness of the corroded layer only,but the EDS should be applied to examine the migration depth of corrosive elements O and S.It is revealed that the corrosion becomes more severe when H2S is present in the corrosive gas.S is more active than O,and Cr can reduce the migration of oxygen but not S.The combination corrosion of S and O and pure [S] has a stronger corrodibility than pure H2S.T24 suffers the most severe corrosion at oxygen content of 0.8%.Corrosion is aggravated when the corrosion temperature is above 450 ℃ in the alternating atmosphere.T23 has better corrosion resistance than T24 and W contributes a lot to the corrosion resistance of T23.

Two cases of adenocarcinoma occurring in sporadic fundic gland polyps observed by magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging

Gastric fundic gland polyps(FGPs) are common nonadenomatous gastric polyps arising from normal fundic mucosa without Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection. Although systemic FGPs associated with familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP) often have dysplasia, there are few reports of dysplasia occurring in sporadic F G P s, e s p e c i a l l y w h e n d e t e c t e d b y m a g n i f y i n g endoscopy with narrow band imaging(ME-NBI). We experienced two cases of adenocarcinoma occurring in sporadic FGPs, and their ME-NBI findings were very useful for differentiating FGP with cancer from nondysplastic FGP. A 68-year-old man and a 63-year-old woman were referred to our institution for medical checkup. H. pylori was negative in both patients. Endoscopic examination revealed a small reddishpolypoid lesion on the anterior wall of the upper gastric body and several FGPs. ME-NBI showed an irregular microvascular architecture composed of closed loop- or open loop-type vascular components, plus an irregular microsurface structure composed of oval-type surface components which was different from that of FGPs. FAP was denied because of the absence of colon polyps and no familial history of FAP. Pathological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma occurring in sporadic FGP.