论清华简《子产》篇的法政思想及其学派归属

清华简《子产》篇是一篇抄录于战国中期的古文献,主要记载郑国执政子产的道德修养、施政业绩及法政思想。简文围绕“得民”这一核心观点展开论说,内容涉及“修身”“为政”“任贤”“制法”等多个层面;其法政思想的基本理念可以概括为“政在得民”“得民以信”“取处于身”“固身谨信”“求贤用法”。通览全文,《子产》篇整体上表现出明显的传统儒家“效法先王”“为政在人”“以身治国”的政治治理模式,与黄老之学所主张的“效法天地”“政在道法”“以法治国”的政治治理模式明显不同。因此,虽不能确证其为传统儒家的早期文献,但其思想倾向应是以传统儒家思想为主。

清華簡《子産》所見國野分治與鄭國統治思想

清華簡《子産》反映了子産以國野分治之法頒布、實施“令”“刑”,將“鄭令”“野令”“鄭刑”“野刑”收攝於禮儀型等級社會框架之中,藉此維護“王權—貴族”社會秩序。子産的施政理念及思維模式并不是出禮入刑、禮法結合或引禮入法,也非建構重令型國家統治的觀念起源,而是以舊、新之“禮”組織、管理社會各階層,重構貴賤、尊卑、親疏、長幼、上下有序的等級差序。

子产生平、辞令及思想新探——以清华简《子产》《良臣》等为中心

子产是"前子学时代"著名的政治家、思想家和文学家,以往学者对其虽有研究,然仍有未及。本文以清华简《子产》《良臣》等新材料为出发点,重考子产当生于公元前585年前后,他精通"六艺"之学,熟悉春秋时代各诸侯国掌故,又深谙治术,被晋人称为博学君子。除受家学影响之外,据清华简新材料,子产之博学与其曾转益多师有很大关系。子产深通"文章经世"之道,在为政中亦擅长文章写作和辞令。他在处理内政外交重大事务时,留下了多篇内容上鞭辟入里,文辞上精彩华丽的"书"体与辞令,为春秋时晋国的叔向等人特别称赞。另外,清华简本《子产》所载子产为政注意取法先王及三代,与《列子·杨朱》中子产礼法并举思想可相互印证。孔子特别倾慕子产,其一生功业受子产影响颇深。这些方面亦可由简本《子产》之面世而得其详情。

清华简《子产》与子产学派

清华简《子产》应是子产学派的产物。《左传》等文献给我们提供了大量的史实来解读该文本的概括性文字。《子产》中相当部分内容属于郑国高等贵族接触的机密;它回避了人们对子产的批评声音,明显是在树立典范;并且受周代“德”“礼”的影响较多,“出礼入刑”的内容并不是主要内容。该文本表现出弥补“礼乐刑政之所不及者”的色彩,应完成于子产及其同僚的门人之手,通过承告等官方制度传到鲁国,又经孔子之手传播开来。这一文字可视为官学与私学间的过渡环节,其作者可能与古人所谓“搢绅先生”为同一类人物。

对读《子产》篇与《大戴礼记》:兼论先秦儒家思想的两条路径

《清华大学藏战国竹简(陆)》收录《子产》篇所述内容与儒家思想密不可分。通过对《子产》篇部分简文与《大戴礼》部分篇章的对读及阐释,可以理出儒家内外分殊的两条思想进路,即注重上下相通、内外求索的儒家思想倾向;同时,《子产》篇反映出的重法明刑的儒学路径,与《荀子》诸篇颇多相合,使我们可以从子产到荀子,梳理出一条迥异于叔向、孟子的儒学思想脉络,这对深入挖掘先秦儒学思想脉络、重估子产在先秦儒学系统的地位,不无裨益。

子产不毁乡校 《左传》

郑人游于乡校，以论执政。然明谓子产日：“毁乡校，何如？”子产日：“何为？夫人朝夕退而游焉。以议执政之善否。其所善者，吾则行之；其所恶者，吾则改之，是吾师也，若之何毁之？我闻忠善以损怨，不闻作威以防怨。岂不遽止？然犹防川：大决所犯，伤人必多，吾不克救也；不如小决使道，不如吾闻而药之也。”

阅读训练九：子产坏晋馆垣

公薨之月，子产相郑伯以如晋，晋侯以我丧故未之见也。子产使尽坏其馆之垣而纳车马焉。士文伯让之，曰：“敝邑以政刑之不修，寇盗充斥，无若诸侯之属辱在寡君者何？是以令吏人完客所馆，高其闹闳，厚其墙垣，以无忧客使。今吾子坏之，虽从者能戒，其若异客何？以敝邑之为盟主，缮完葺墙，以待宾客。若皆毁之，其何以共命？寡君使訇请命。”

Investigating the charge transfer mechanism of ZnSe QD/COF S-scheme photocatalyst for H_(2)O_(2) production by using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy

Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))has gained widespread attention as a versatile oxidant and a mild disin-fectant.Here,an electrostatic self-assembly method is applied to couple ZnSe quantum dots(QDs)with a flower-like covalent organic framework(COF)to form a step-scheme(S-scheme)photocata-lyst for H_(2)O_(2)production.The as-prepared S-scheme photocatalyst exhibits a broad light absorption range with an edge at 810 nm owing to the synergistic effect between the ZnSe QDs and COF.The S-scheme charge-carrier transfer mechanism is validated by performing Fermi level calculations and in-situ X-ray photoelectron and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopies.Photolumi-nescence,time-resolved photoluminescence,photocurrent response,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and electron paramagnetic resonance results show that the S-scheme heterojunction not only promotes charge carrier separation but also boosts the redox ability,resulting in enhanced photocatalytic performance.Remarkably,a 10%-ZnSe QD/COF has excellent photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)-production activity,and the optimal S-scheme composite with ethanol as the hole scavenger yields a H_(2)O_(2)-production rate of 1895 mol g^(-1)h^(-1).This study presents an example of a high-performance organic/inorganic S-scheme photocatalyst for H_(2)O_(2)production.

The Effect of the Novel "light fertilizer" on the Environment Factor in High Tunnel and Growth of Brassica Chinensis

[Objective] The aim was to study the properties of novel ＂light fertilizer＂, photo-conversion film, in order to evaluate its effect on the environmental factors and morphogenetic process of crops in the high tunnel. [Method] Photo-conversion film and Iongevous anti-dropping film were compared in terms of light, air and soil temperature utilizing the Facilities of leafy agriculture high tunnel intelligent monitoring system. Verifying the results by farmland experiment. [Result] Photo- conversion film indeed improved the light quality of high tunnel compared with the Iongevous anti- dripping film. The air and soil temperature was raised several degrees. Results of farmland experiment show that the average value of brassica chinensis fresh weight increased 19.15% compared to the control. [Conclusion] Photo-conversion film promotes more crop growth than Iongevous anti-dropping film due to improvement of light quality, air and soil temperature.

MODELING AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ONBOARD MOLECULAR SIEVE OXYGEN GENERATION SYSTEM

A mathematical model for simulating concentric-bed and other components of molecular sieve oxygen concentrator is established. In the model, the binary Langmuir equilibrium adsorption equation is adopted to describe the adsorption performance of the adsorbent, the linear driving force (LDF) model is used to describe the mass transfer rate, and the thermal effect during adsorption is considered. The finite difference method is used in simulation and comparison. Numerical results have a reasonable agreement with the experimental research.

Highly efficient Z-scheme WO_(3-x) quantum dots/TiO_2 for photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Z-scheme semiconductors are a promising class of photocatalysts for hydrogen generation.In this work,Z-scheme semiconductors composed of WO3-x quantum dots supported on TiO2（WO3-xQDS/TiO2） were fabricated by solvothermal and hydrogen-reduction methods.Characterization by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that the amount and size of the WO3-x QDs could be tuned by modulating the addition of the W precursor.Evidence from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy suggested that the hydrogen reduction of the composite induced the formation of oxygen vacancy（W^5＋/Vo） defects in WO3.These defects led to ohmic contact between WO3-x and TiO2,which altered the charge-transfer pathway from type Ⅱ heterojunction to Z-scheme,and maintained the highly reductive and oxidative ability of TiO2 and WO3-x,respectively.Therefore,the Z-scheme sample showed 1.3-fold higher photoactivity than pure TiO2 in hydrogen generation.These results suggest that the formation of W^5＋/Vo defects at the interface is highly beneficial for the fabrication of Z-scheme photocatalysts.

Effects of Different Tillage Techniques on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Broomcorn Millet

[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material, the effects of deep tillage, traditional tillage and no tillage and rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were investi- gated. [Result] Dry matter accumulation rate and accumulated amount were signifi- cantly higher in the deep tillage, no tillage and rotary tillage treatments than in the conventional tillage treatment, and the highest in the deep tillage treatment. The soil water content of the deep tillage treatment at 0-100 cm was higher than those of other tillage techniques, deep tillage also exhibited the highest soil water storage, and water use efficiency values were in order of deep tillage〉rotary tillage〉no tillage〉conventional tillage. The deep tillage treatment also showed the highest grain weight per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, while conventional tillage exhibited the lowest values, indicating that deep tillage is most beneficial to improvement of yield and water use efficiency of broomcom millet. [Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for water use efficiency of broomcorh millet in its main producing areas.

Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg-Ti rotating friction welding process

An innovative physical simulation apparatus, including high speed camera, red thermal imaging system, and mechanical quantity sensor, was used to investigate the friction heat generation and atom diffusion behavior during Mg-Ti friction welding process. The results show that the friction coefficient mainly experiences two steady stages. The first steady stage corresponds to the Coulomb friction with material abrasion. The second steady stage corresponds to the stick friction with fully plastic flow. Moreover, the increasing rates of axial displacement, temperature and friction coefficient are obviously enhanced with the increase of rotation speed and axial pressure. It can also be found that the there exists rapid diffusion phenomenon in the Mg-Ti friction welding system. The large deformation activated diffusion coefficient is about 105 higher than that activated by thermal.

Comparison of Rapeseed Cultivars in Saline Soils

[Objective] The aim was to screen out high-quality, high-yield and salt-tol- erant rapeseed varieties suitable for cultivating in saline soils. [Method] Comparison test of rapeseed variety was conducted on Jiangsu coastal beach during 2013- 2014, involving overwintering traits, biological characters, yield components and ion content under moderate saline soil environment. [Result] Suxinyou series varieties had strong growth potential and more branches in saline soils, and yield was significantly higher than that of the rest; K＋ content in root, stem and leaf of Suxinyou 141 and Suxinyou 703 were significantly higher; Na＋ and Cl- contents in root, stem and leaf of Suxinyiu 141 were significantly higher. [Conclusion] Suxinyou series vari- eties are salt tolerant and suitable for growth in saline soil, especially for Suxinyou 141.

Effect of Fulvic Acid on Growth and Yield Components of Direct Seeding Rice

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effect of fulvic acid on the growth and yield components of direct seeding rice （Nanjing 44）. MethodThe rice seeds were soaked in 0 （water as a control）, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/L fulvic acid （FA） before sowed. Then, the rice morphological indices, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthesis parameters, root activity and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in the following field studies. ResultCompared with the control, the leaf area index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter weight and some fluorescence parameters such as the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II （PSII） （Fv/Fm）, excitation energy capture efficiency of opened PSII reaction center （Fv’/Fm’） and efficiency of the open reaction centre （ΦPS II） increased by different levels at both jointing stage and heading stage of direct seeding rice, whose seeds were soaked by FA with different concentrations. High FA concentration （4-6 g/L） significantly increased the cultivated rice leaf area index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and dry matter weight by 10.32% -22.88% , 5.88% -13.11% , 12.16% -26.84% , 11.43% -88.46% , 10.63% -21.63% , 18.49% -19.68% , respectively, thereby improving the physiological function and light energy transform efficiency of rice at the growth stage. With FA concentration increasing, the yield, effective panicles, grain number per panicle and seed setting rate were increased significantly compared with the control by 17.52%-18.71%, 3.46%-3.85%, 6.30%- 6.51% and 7.82%-8.69% respectively. ConclusionSoaking rice seed with FA could be considered as an effective way to improve the rice competitiveness at early growth stage.

QTL Mapping of Yield and Yield Components for Elite Hybrid Derived-RILs in Upland Cotton

A population of 180 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） was developed by single seed descended from the cross of high yield Upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） varieties Zhongmiansuo12 （ZMSI2） and 8891, the two parents of Xiangzamian2 （XZM2）. A genetic linkage map consisting of 132 loci and covering 865.20 cM was constructed using the RIL population chiefly with SSR markers. Yield and yield components were investigated for RILs in three environments in China. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the relationship between yield and its components and to map QTL for yield and yield components in cotton. QTL were tagged with data sets from single environment （separate analysis） and a set of data from means of the three environments （joint analysis）. A total of 34 QTL for yield and yield components were independently detected in three environments, whereas fifteen QTL were found in joint analysis. Notably, a stable lint percentage QTL qLP-A10-1 was detected both in joint analysis and in two environments of separate analysis, which might be of special value for marker-assisted selection. The QTL detected in the present study provide new information on improving yield and yield components. Results of path analysis showed that bolls/plant had the largest contribution to lint yield, which is consistent with the mid-parent heterosis value in F1. Accordingly, in cotton breeding, bolls/plant can be considered first and other yield components measured as a whole to implement variety enhancement and hybrid selection of cotton.

Nutrient Limiting Factor and Agronomic Efficiency of Wheat in Fluvo-aquic Soil District in Northwest of Shandong Province

[Objective] This study aimed to provide basis for rational fertilizer application of wheat in fluvo-aquic soil in the northwest of Shandong Province.[Method] In this paper,the treatments of reduced N,P and K were set in order to explore the effects of fertilizer recommendation based on ASI systematic approach on wheat yield,agronomic efficiency and recovery rate of nutrients.[Result] Nitrogen was the main limiting factor for wheat production in that area,followed by phosphorus,and the third was potassium.Compared with the optimum treatment （OPT）,the reduction of N,P and K reduced the grain yield obviously,which came up to 22.4％,14.4％ and 13.4％ respectively.There were no obvious differences in grain yield among Farmer＇s Fertilization Practice （FP）,60％ OPT-N and OPT treatment.[Conclusion] Agronomic efficiency of N,P and K was 6.3,12.9 and 10 kg/kg respectively.The recovery rates of N,P and K in wheat season were 16.41％,17.27％ and 27.27％ respectively.

Effects of Specific Gravity-based Seed Grading on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence and Grain Yield of Hybrid Rice

Using the commercial seeds of two hybrid rice varieties including Lu- liangyou 996 and Liangyoupeijiu as the materials, four specific gravity-based seed grading treatments, Le., the specific gravity of 〈1.0 （T1）, 1.0-1.09 （T2）, 1.1-1.19（T3） and ≥1.2 （T4）, by selection with different saline solutions, and the control without seed grading （CK） were designed to study the effects of seed grading on seed germination, seedling emergence, seedling quality and grain yield. The results showed that the treatments of T2, T3 and T4 had higher or significantly higher seed germination rate, germination index and vigor index, seedling emergence rate and adult seedling rate than the CK, while T1 had significantly lower values of these traits than the CK. Compared with the CK, the number of spikelets per pani- cle was found to be the main reason for the yield increase of these treatments with high seed viability.

Effects of Water-permeability Plastic Film Mulching plus Bunch Planting on Root and Yield of Foxtail Millet

Effects of water-permeability plastic film plus bunch planting on root growth and development and yield of foxtail millet were studied by randomized block design. The results showed that water-permeability plastic film mulching plus bunch planting had a significant promoting effect on root growth and development and yield of foxtail millet. Compared with the CK, the total root length, total surface area, total root volume and number of. root tips increased by 51.30%, 47.89%, 48.39% and 41.63%, respectively. The yield increased by 48.57%, and there was significant positive correlation between root length, total surface area, total volume, number of root tips and dry matter weight of roots with yield. Developed roots are the main reason for the yield increasing effect of water-permeability plastic film mulching plus bunch planting.

Correlation Analysis of Meteorological Factors with Yield and Yield Components of Rapeseed

[Objective] The aim was to research relationship of meteorological factors with rapeseed yield and yield components. [Method] A field test was carried out, with meteorological information collected from local Meteorological Administration. The data were then through statistical work and regression analysis was made on correlation of meteorological factors with yield and yield components supported by DPS. [Result] The number of pod per plant is closely related to meteorological fac- tors in seedling stage. Specifically, the number is of positive correlation with precipi- tation in seedling stage and of negative correlation with average temperature and sunshine hour. The number of grain per pod is of positive correlation with precipita- tion in seedling stage and negative correlation with temperature in seedling stage and sunshine hour in anthesis. Thousand-seed weight is of positive correlation with sunshine hour in seedling stage and negative correlation with precipitation in seedling stage. [Conclusion] Moisture of soils should be guaranteed by surface cov- erage in order to promote seedling growth, maintain ventilation in fields and reduce effects of rainfall on rapeseed flowering.