《学語編》的汉字与片假名的关系

《学語編》是日本名画9年(1772年)由著名学者大典顕常编写的一部类书。本文以《学語編》为研究对象,考察汉字词与其读法(片假名)之间的关系,以及古今片假名使用方法差异,进而深入探究中国汉字给日本带来的影响。研究表明,汉字是在日本学习语言的过程中不可或缺的一环,日本显然受到中国文化的影响。具体来看,汉字和片假名之间的关系可以分为“音读”和“训读”。汉字词旁片假名标记频率越多的类型,采用训读表示的情况就越多。从阅读方法来看,现代日语中一般多用平假名而非片假名来标记阅读方法。但本类书中全部使用片假名来标记。其原因是片假名较平假名更强调表音性,因此,类书不受规则的影响和标记习惯的约束,片假名在该类书中被广泛使用。而且,从古代和现代的片假名使用方法差异来看,词语使用误差次数为670次。其误差类型大致可分为4种。即使是具有相同读音的词语、使用方式相似的词语、形态相似的词语,但是因为其标注形式不同,也会表现出完全不同的意思,须注意标记。虽然借用意义并不局限于汉语和日语,但在日语中所见的汉字借用意义与训读之间存在的密切关系。

Development of a Sourcebook Using Neuro-Linguistic Programming Technique in Teaching English as a Second Language

This paper is an analysis of a sourcebook using Neuro-Linguistic Programming technique. The main objective is to determine the effectiveness of the sourcebook in teaching English as a second language. Specifically, it aimed to know the visual materials, aural presentations, and semi-abstract thoughts that would encourage the learners to actively participate in classroom discussions; the methods to be adapted; and the steps involved in the preparation of the sourcebook. It was found that most student-respondents strongly react to pictures, to feelings and sensations, and to ideas. The sourcebook must be prepared in the form of a content-based instructional material. It must include drills that would give ample approaches to develop among the learners good sense of collaborative learning, integrative global language proficiency, and contextual communicative competence in meaningful situations. Moreover, the sourcebook must use both print and non-print teaching aids as supporting materials.

Sources of Otto Jespersen＇s Sound Symbolism From Various Disciplines： A Case of Linguistic Historiography

Despite its role in literature, especially in poetics, sound symbolism does not traditionally enjoy a high esteem in linguistics. Ever since the scientific study of language was revolutionized by the Swiss structuralist pioneer Ferdinand de Saussure, sound symbolism tended to be restricted to some peripheral linguistic phenomena. The present essay is an interpretation of first-hand texts. It explores the development of the linguistic idea of sound symbolism scattered in the both linguistic and non-linguistic texts published in German, French, English and other languages. These texts are found to suggest that Saussure was not the only scholar interested in this sound-sense relationship in his age, nor was his idea of arbitrariness the final word on it. The author concludes that a study on the history of sound symbolism has to be accomplished with a trans-disciplinary perspective and the support of multi-lingual texts.

Being a Woman... Possessing Herself

In the English Restoration, the female body was a sexual object for male consumption. As De Lauretis （1987, p. 5） argued, the construction of gender is the product of its representation so that the construction of woman＇s body followed those canons which encouraged patriarchal binary thought, where the feminine pole has always been regarded as the negative one. In The Rover Part I （1677） and II （1681）, Aphra Behn stressed the ideological construction of＂docile bodies＂ （Foucault, 1979, p. 137）, forcing man to recognize the lady cavalier as a thinking agent. In these plays, woman rejects male＇s stereotypes, turning over the man＇s discursive constructions. The author＇s analysis has not the pretension to solve the many contradictions of a contradictory era but it will inspect female figures in The Rover Part I （1677） and II （168 l）, in which emerges a ~＇woman irreducible to the masculine subject＂ （Irigaray, 2000, p. 125）

Transfer learning with deep sparse auto-encoder for speech emotion recognition

In order to improve the efficiency of speech emotion recognition across corpora,a speech emotion transfer learning method based on the deep sparse auto-encoder is proposed.The algorithm first reconstructs a small amount of data in the target domain by training the deep sparse auto-encoder,so that the encoder can learn the low-dimensional structural representation of the target domain data.Then,the source domain data and the target domain data are coded by the trained deep sparse auto-encoder to obtain the reconstruction data of the low-dimensional structural representation close to the target domain.Finally,a part of the reconstructed tagged target domain data is mixed with the reconstructed source domain data to jointly train the classifier.This part of the target domain data is used to guide the source domain data.Experiments on the CASIA,SoutheastLab corpus show that the model recognition rate after a small amount of data transferred reached 89.2%and 72.4%on the DNN.Compared to the training results of the complete original corpus,it only decreased by 2%in the CASIA corpus,and only 3.4%in the SoutheastLab corpus.Experiments show that the algorithm can achieve the effect of labeling all data in the extreme case that the data set has only a small amount of data tagged.

A Review of Studies on Bilingual Children＇s Word Awareness Development

Bilingual children＇ s word awareness can reflect the impact of bilingualism on language cognition from the aspect of psycholinguistics. The current studies on bilingual children＇s word awareness both at home and abroad show that there exist quite opposite points of views： bilingual disadvantage and bilingual advantage. The interpretation mechanisms of interference effect, word frequency, and mutual exclusivity constraint are used to support the bilingual disadvantage; while the interpretation mechanisms of bilingual advantage include sound coding, short-term memory, and inhibitory control. In effect, there is no negative impact of bilingualism on children＇s word awareness, and the so-called negative effects only exist on the theoretical aspect of research. The development of children＇s word awareness is influenced by many factors including age of acquisition, learning environment, and bilingual proficiency, etc.

On the Principles for Compiling Maritime English Textbooks

With the development of maritime English teaching, there is a greater demand of high quality maritime English textbooks. This is a reflection of the diversification of new generation maritime English textbooks. But it also brings forth the principles for the textbook compilation. Maritime English textbook construction should adhere to the principle of the cultivation in students＇ listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation and incorporate the linguistic theories, teaching concepts and the understanding of classroom teaching and students＇ learning, so that the students will continue to improve their English levels in the process of learning the special knowledge. Therefore, the problem we faced with is to make the scientific and rational principles and compile textbooks that suit the practice of maritime English teaching and learning.

Writing Haiku in a Second Language： Perceptions, Attitudes, and Emotions of Second Language Learners

The aim of the current study is to discuss the value of poetry writing in an L2 （second language） by investigating perceptions, attitudes, and emotions of 20 EFL （English as a Foreign Language） college freshmen regarding writing Japanese poetry, haiku in English. This paper first discussed issues and uses of literature in L2 contexts and addressed the current empirical inquiry into L2 haiku writing as a method for L2 learning. The study was designed as a qualitative research which investigated the participants＇ reflection on writing L2 haikus for six weeks in an EFL college writing course. The data obtained was analyzed by using the coding system and showed that writing haiku in the target language was a challenging but valuable task for L2 learning among the EFL students. Especially haiku composition allowed them to develop their L2 linguistic awareness

Neologism in News English

Neologism is an important part of News English whose analysis and studying is of great significance to English learning. It covers a wide range of topics varying from politics, economy, culture, war, science, and technology, with diverse genres ranging from news story, editorial to features, and review. This paper discusses the formation of neologisms in News English： abbreviation, compounding, derivation, loan words, analogy, and meaning transfer in the context of English news with the aim of facilitating language learners in learning English and better understanding world news as well as cultivating their cross cultural communication ability.

URI Online Judge： A New Interactive Learning Approach

The URI online judge is a new online tool created with the main purpose of making programming practice more dynamic, interesting and stimulating for those who have just entered into the art of programming. The URI online judge allows problem corrections in real time, interactivity between users, besides it allows flexibility in the choice of the programming language and it makes some supporting materials available. During the short time in which the tool has being used we have observed that it is a very good tool for self-study. As users of programming portals, the authors noticed some details that would be important to be implemented in a new tool, such as the separation of problems by categories. Another fundamental detail is the fact that this tool is available in two languages （Portuguese and English）. This might facilitate the learning process for beginners, both locally and globally.

Practice on bilingual education and exam reform of vocational computer programming

The application of bilingual teaching in vocational colleges is necessary choice of acting on international standards, promoting education reform, improving the competitive advantage of profession. As computer programming languages are developed in America with native English, it is of great significance for vocational college to promote bilingual education in computer programming courses. This paper analyzes the current teaching situation in vocational programming courses, describes the practice of bilingual teaching vocational programming from three aspects such as teaching resources, teaching methods and assessment methods to improve students＇ programming ability, and to promote development of bilingual education on vocational programming courses.

ON THE APPLICATION OF THE STUDENT-CENTERED & TOPIC-BASED TEACHING APPROACH IN NEW COLLEGE ENGLISH

The series textbook, New College English, compiled by some experts and teachers of Zhejiang University, embodies a reader-oriented notion, which gives its prominence to the student-centered & topic-based approach. By this means, a variety of activities can be successfully arranged and carried out. This paper analyses and probes into the great significance for improvement of the teaching quality by the application of the pattern.

COMMENTS ON NEW COLLEGE ENGLISH AND THE LEARNER-CENTERED TOPIC-BASED TEACHING

Based on a brief discussion of some basic criteria of textbook evaluation and from user's point of view, the paper makes objective comments on New College English and 'the learner-centered, topic-based teaching approach' with the hope to exchange ideas and to make better use of the textbook