“隔离”与“汉化”之外——满文在清前期公文系统中的使用与纠偏

清朝的多语种公文奏报系统中,尤以满文和汉文最为重要,经历了从满汉文并重到强化满文的过程,乾隆时期甚至发动复兴新清语的社会政治运动。皇帝在理念上追求满汉公文系统并行以达“同文之盛”的目标,但在实践过程中,满汉平等“无异视”与“首崇满洲”两种观念始终存在博弈与竞争。清朝统治者既未文化隔离,又积极避免汉化,在两者之间不断纠偏,寻求平衡,这种情形在清实录、宫廷满文寄信档与地方珲春副都统衙门满文档中都能得到充分印证。

A reconfigurable computing architecture for 5G communication

5G baseband signal processing places greater real-time and reliability requirements on hardware.Based on the architecture of the MaPU,a reconfigurable computing architecture is proposed according to the characteristics of the 5G baseband signal processing.A dedicated instruction set for 5G baseband signal processing is proposed.The corresponding functional units are designed for reuse of hardware resources.A redirected register file is proposed to address latency and power consumption issues in internetwork.A two-dimensional code compression scheme is proposed for cases in which the use ratio of instruction memory is low.The access mode of the data memory is extended,the performance is improved and the power consumption is reduced.The throughput of 5G baseband processing algorithm is one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of the TMS320C6670 with less power consumption.The silicon area evaluated by layout is 5.8 mm2,which is 1/6 of the MaPU’s.The average power consumption is 0.7 W,which is 1/5 of the MaPU’s.

G protein signalling involved in host recognition and mycoparasitism-related chitinase expression in Trichoderma atroviride

Mycoparasitic species of Trichoderma are commercially applied as biological control agents against various fungal pathogens. The mycoparasitic interaction is host specific and includes recognition, attack and subsequent penetration and killing of the host. Investigations on the underlying events revealed that Trichoderma responds to multiple signals from the host (e.g. lectins or other ligands such as low molecular weight components released from the host’s cell wall) and host attack is accompanied by morphological changes and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and antibiotics. Degradation of the cell wall of the host fungus is-besides glucanases and proteases-mainly achieved by chitinases. In vivo studies showed that the ech42 gene (encoding endochitinase 42) is expressed before physical contact of Trichoderma with its host, probably representing one of the earliest events in mycoparasitism, whereas Nag1 (N-acetylglucosaminidase) plays a key role in the general induction of the chitinolytic enzyme system of T. atroviride . Investigations on the responsible signal transduction pathways of T. atroviride led to the isolation of several genes encoding key components of the cAMP and MAP kinase signaling pathways, as alpha and β subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, adenylate cyclase, and three MAP kinases. Analysis of knockout mutants, generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, revealed that at least two alpha-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins are participating in mycoparasitism-related signal transduction. The Tga1 G alpha subunit was shown to be involved in mycoparasitism-related processes such as chitinase expression and overproduction of toxic secondary metabolites, whereas Tga3 was found to be completely avirulent showing defects in chitinase formation and host recognition.

Toll-like receptors,a double-edged sword in immunity to malaria

Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are a central component of innate immune system and play a major role as the initiator of the innate immune responses to defend against bacteria,viruses,parasite and other pathogens.During malaria infection,TLRs signaling pathways are initialed with the recognition of Plasmodium glycosylphosphatidylinositols(GPI) and hemozoin as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs).And then,activation of TLRs signaling induces specific biological responses against malaria parasites invasion.However,TLRs are also involved in malaria pathogenesis and enhancement of immune tolerance and evasion for malaria infection.Moreover,malaria parasites regulate selectively TLRs expression on immune cells.Thus,these evidences indicated that TLRs have contrary roles on malaria infection.Understanding the complicated roles of TLRs on malaria infection will contribute us to design more effective anti-malaria drugs or vaccines.

New Mode in Parasites Experimental Teaching --Application and Experience of Interactive Teaching with Digital Microscope System

In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of experimental teaching, integrating modem information technology into the parasite experimental teaching, gives full play to the students＇ learning enthusiasm, initiative and creativity and improves the quality of experimental teaching. And at the same time, it provides a basis for the microbiological and pathological experimental teaching reform.

一、小幽默

割草 老张和老李分别住在一条小河两岸。两个人耳朵听力都不好，但关系很好．也都很客气。一天，住在河西的老张看到住在河东的老李拿着把镰刀出门，就大声说：“你是去割草吗？”老李看到老张冲着他喊，知道是关心自己要去做什么，于是也大声说：“啊，不，我是去割草啊!”老张看到老李的样子，知道他是回答了自己，很有礼貌地说：“哦，是吗，我还以为你是去割草呢!”

Interkingdom signaling in plant-microbe interactions

The widespread communications between prokaryotes and eukaryotes via signaling molecules are believed to affect gene expression in both partners.During the communication process,the contacted organisms produce and release small molecules that establish communication channels between two kingdoms—this procedure is known as interkingdom signaling.Interkingdom communications are widespread between pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their host plants,with diversified outcomes depending on the specific chemical-triggered signaling pathways.Deciphering the signals or language of this interkingdom communication and uncovering the underlying mechanisms are major current challenges in this field.It is evident that diverse signaling molecules can be produced or derived from bacteria and plants,and researchers have sought to identify these signals and explore the mechanisms of the signaling pathways.The results of such studies will lead to the development of strategies to improve plant disease resistance through controlling interkingdom signals,rather than directly killing the pathogenic bacteria.Also,the identification of signals produced by beneficial bacteria will be useful for agricultural applications.In this review,we summarize the recent progress of cross-kingdom interactions between plant and bacteria,and how LuxR-family transcription factors in plant associated bacterial quorum sensing system are involved in the interkingdom signaling.

Recent advances in molecular basis for strigolactone action

Strigolactones （SLs） are a very special class of plant hormones, which act as endogenous signals to regulate shoot branching in plants, and also serve as rhizosphere signals to regulate interactions of host plants with heterologous organisms such as symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and parasitic weeds. In this short review, we give a brief description of novel discoveries in SL biosynthesis pathway, and mainly summarize the recent advances in SL perceotion and signal transduction.