散文《射象》的文体学分析

本文从词汇、句法、篇章、修辞手法四个方面对英国著名小说家和散文家乔治·奥威尔的自传体散文《射象》进行文体学分析。通过细致的文本分析,本研究认为,《射象》一文体现了奥威尔散文简洁明晰、准确客观的文体风格和反殖民主义的主题。对《射象》的文体学分析可以加深读者对奥威尔散文文体特征的理解和艺术魅力的欣赏。

评价理论在乔治·奥威尔《射象》文本分析中的运用

通过分析《射象》一文中"I was…"句式的分布,发现该句式形成一种螺旋状前进的方式,凸显了"我"在射杀大象前后的思想、态度等的变化,充满意义潜势。从态度和评价资源具体分析了该句式的词汇和语法意义,突出了"我"的矛盾心理,暗示了其解脱困境的无奈。该句式既是理解文本意义的线索,也显示了作者创作意图。通过射杀大象这件事情",我"对殖民政策的态度从一开始的软弱反抗渐渐演变成了乐意接受,表明殖民政策对"我"的麻醉和伤害的程度日益加深。

两难境地的困惑——浅析《射象》

乔治·奥威尔的散文《射象》是一篇纪实性作品。奥威尔在整篇文章中不仅通过情感反应表露了他内心的矛盾冲突,还揭露了英国殖民主义的罪恶。从良心和责任、给予同情和受到抵制以及愿望与实际结果之间三个方面来分析主人公表现出来的一系列内心矛盾冲突,不难看出他那高尚的不可战胜的良知和反殖民主义思想。

大与小生与死:两战期间英国文学作品中的动物意象探析

在诗歌中被灵活运用的“意象”现已在多类文学作品中被广为使用。尤其是在以动物描写为主题的文学作品中,对动物本体及其意象的深度挖掘更是理解该类作品不可或缺的组成部分。两战期间,世界纷乱复杂,英国著名的作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫和乔治·奥威尔也迎来了他们文学创作的高峰期。碍于当时的社会境况,他们不约而同地选择了动物主题。依托他们的作品,以《飞蛾之死》和《射象》为例,梳理并解读两战期间英国文学作品中的动物主题及其意象,可以发现,作家们透过对“小”昆虫与“大”动物的“生”“死”描述,抒写了两战期间人们对生命及社会的看法与观点,并借助其动物意象的力量充分表达了他们内心对自由平等和人性解放的渴望,以及他们对当时混乱的社会秩序和暴力的国家机器的挑战与反抗。

Advances in the Theory of Conjugation for Reflecting Prisms in China

The achievements made in China in the field of the theory of conjugation for reflecting prisms are outlined which mainly includes 6 theorems, 2 corollaries, over 30 formulae, 4 matric operators, 20 characteristic parameters, a new principle for dassification, and a new system of graphical tabulation for reflecting prisms. As an approach to developing the theory, an imaginary physical model called 'rigid body's kinematics model' has been creatively initiated to simulate the real physical phenomena of both image formation and image motion for reflecting prisms. Such a method of treatment has been successfully making the evolving theory more complete, more systematic, more generalized, and unique as well.

Estimation of Illuminant Direction and Albedo from Shading

Assuming uniform albedo and Lambertian surface for the imaging model, a new robust method for estimation of illuminant direction and albedo from shading is presented. If there is a singular point with maximum intensity in an image, the method use shading information of the singular point and its neighbors to estimate directly the elevation of illuminant direction, surface albedo, and the bias brightness. Some experiment results on synthetic images are given to illustrate the new approach is accurate and robust.

Influence of stress birefringence on the performance of a FBG pressure sensor

The effects of using overall affix and two-spot affix between the FBG and underlay on the characteristics of the pressure sensors are compared both experimentally and theoretically.It is found that overall affix can produce large nonlinear effect on the characteristics of output of the sensors.The nonlinear effect caused by the expanded spectral width mainly due to the stress birefringence and the stress grads etc.The experimental result shows that the spectral width caused by using overall affix is 0.28 nm and the linearity can have up to 1.89% of increasing by using two-spot affix.The method of two-spot affix can improve response characteristics of the sensor which is benefit to achieve wavelength demodulation and to improve measurement precision.

Variable refractive index in environment matte

Environment matting and compositing is a technique to extract a foreground object, including color, opacity, reflec- tive and refractive properties, from a real-world scene, and synthesize new images by placing it into new environments. The description of the captured object is named environment matte. Recent matting and compositing techniques can produce quite realistic images for objects with complex optical properties. This paper presents an approximate method to transform the matte by simulating variation of the foreground object’s refractive index. Our algorithms can deal with achromatous-and-transparent ob- jects and the experimental results are visually acceptable. Our idea and method can be applied to produce some special video effects, which could be very useful in film making, compared with the extreme difficulty of physically changing an object’s refractive index.

Location algorithm for seal imprints on Chinese bank-checks based on region growing

The paper focuses on location of seal imprints on Chinese bank-checks based on region growing.Region growing method can be applied to searching and locating connection region in an image.A seal imprint,however,is generally composed of various connection regions which are unconnected to each other.In order to locate the seal imprint,these connection regions must be fused together.In the paper,an algorithm for locating seal imprints on Chinese bankchecks based on region growing is proposed, of which a fusion criterion for connection regions in a seal imprint is put forth based on the image feature of Chinese bankcheck,and a center-rays model is proposed to find the topological relationship between connection regions,for which externally-tangent rectangle of region is used as the mark of location of region.The location experiment is achieved with a false-acceptance rate of 7.1% and a false-rejection rate of 0% on Chinese bankcheck.

Novel measurement scheme of peak separation of side-hole fiber grating

There are two peaks of different polarizations in the reflection spectrum of the side-hole fiber grating and their separation interval has a linear variation along with the pressure changing while it is insensitive to the temperature.We have proposed a novel measurement scheme based on polarization detection.The detection of peak separation is achieved by measuring the two peaks’ center wavelengths separately with all polarization maintaining fiber system.The side-hole fiber grating pressure sensing within the range of 0～3.5 MPa is realized successfully with the new scheme.

Validation and intercomparison of HY-2A/MetOp-A/Oceansat-2 scatterometer wind products

Sea surface winds are of great significance in scientific research. In the last few years,three series of scatterometers were launched to measure these winds,including the Advanced Scatterometer(ASCAT) aboard Meteorological Operational Satellite A(Met Op-A) and Met Op-B,Oceansat-2 Scatterometer(OSCAT),and HY-2A Scatterometer(HY-2A SCAT). Based on buoy wind data,validation and intercomparison of these scatterometers were performed. Scatterometer-derived wind and buoy wind data were collected only if the spatial difference was less than 0.1 degree and temporal difference less than 5 min. After discarding wind direction data outside five times the standard deviation,ASCAT wind products showed high accuracy in both wind speed and direction,with root-mean-square error(RMSE) 0.86 m/s and 17.97 degrees,respectively. HY-2A SCAT nearly meets the mission requirement,with RMSE for wind speed 1.23 m/s and 22.85 degrees for wind direction. OSCAT had poor performance when compared with the others. RMSE for wind speed was 1.54 m/s and 39.86 degrees for wind direction,which greatly exceeds the mission requirement of 20 degrees. In addition,the RMSE for wind direction shows a high-low pattern on buoy wind speed. However,a wind speed range from 14 to 15 m/s was found to be abnormal,and the reason remains unclear. There was no systematic dependency of both wind speed and direction residuals on buoy wind speed and cross-track location of the wind vector cells across the entire range. No seasonal variation was found for any scatterometer.

Resolution of a photorefractive incoherent-to-coherent optical converter

In this paper,we calculate the resolution of a photorefractive incoherent-to-coherent optical converter on the image plane for small diffraction efficiency by taking into account the optical imaging characteristics of the imaging lens.For a thin grating,we obtain a high resolution,which is comparable with the experimental results.

Parallel Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Non-Scattering Object Imaging

The parallel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography（PSDOCT） is described for highspeed optical coherence tomography（OCT） without lateral scanning. In this setup, the self-elimination of auto-correlation（AC） interference algorithm was used for eradicating the AC interference and ghost images. However, when performed in free space OCT, this algorithm still generated a weak DC component. The algorithm was improved by adding the background intensity part to compensate for the mutual interference between object and reference arms. The results demonstrate that the DC component can be eradicated. Compared with conventional QCT and complex Fourier-domain optical coherence to- mography, the advantages of PSDOCT with the improved algorithm in free space are that it has no moving parts to generate consecutive phase shift, the structure of the object can be reconstructed immediately and automatically, and the speed is approximately 16 times faster than those of the other two in the same case.

SAW reflection and scattering by electrodes

A rigorous analysis of surface acoustic wave (SAW) reflection and scattering by electrodes is of paramount impor- tance in the design of SAW identification tags and sensors. In this paper, a new method based on Green’s function concept is used to study reflection and scattering coefficients. By this method the reflection coefficient with its phase angle, transmission coeffi- cient, and bulk wave scattering coefficient, can be obtained rapidly and accurately. To get precise result, the influence of static charge must be taken into account. In the work, we successfully cancelled out the effect of static charge and the validity of the results was checked. As an example, the reflection, transmission and scattering coefficients of a single grounded electrode on 128° YX LiNbO3 is shown.

Advances in alimentary tract imaging

in imaging techniques are changing the way radiologists undertake imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and their ability to answer questions posed by surgeons. In this paper we discuss the technological improvements of imaging studies that have occurred in the last few years and how these help to better diagnosing alimentary tract disease.

High light-extraction-efficiency OLED based on photonic crystal slab structures with taper unit cells

To improve the light-extraction-efficiency of OLED,we introduced PCS (Photonic Crystal Slab) structures into the interface of ITO layer and glass substrate.PCS structures with Taper unit cells are proved to be effective in reducing the energy of guided wave trapped in high refractive index material,and an increase of light-extraction-efficiency to 95.26% is gained.This enhancement is much greater than the traditional PCS with cylinder unit cells (60%-70%).Physical mechanisms of light-extraction-efficiency enhancement in these structures are further discussed.

Composite cone-beam filtered backprojection algorithm based on nutating line

The FDK algorithm is the most popular cone beam algorithm in the medical and industrial imaging field. Due to data insufficiency acquired from a circular trajectory, the images reconstructed by the FDK algorithm suffer from the intensity droping with increasing cone angle. To overcome the drawback,a modified FDK algorithm is presented by convert the 1D ramp filtering direction from along the horizontal lines to along the nutating lines based on the result of Turbell. Unlike Turbell＇s method,there is no need for our algorithm to rebin the cone-beam data into 3D parallel-beam data before reconstructing. Moreover pre-weighting of the projection data is corrected by compensating for the cone angle effect. In addition,another correction term derived from the result of Hu is also induced into our algorithm. The simulation experiments demonstrate that the final algorithm can SUDDress the intensity droD associated with the FDK algorithm.

Shrek:a dynamic object-oriented programming language

From a perspective of theoretical study, there are some faults in the models of the existing object-oriented programming languages. For example, C# does not support metaclasses, the primitive types of Java and C# are not objects, etc. So, this paper designs a programming language, Shrek, which integrates many language features and constructions in a compact and consistent model. The Shrek language is a class-based purely object-oriented language. It has a dynamical strong type system, and adopts a single-inheritance mechanism with Mixin as its complement. It has a consistent class instantiation and inheritance structure, and the ability of intercessive structural computational reflection, which enables it to support safe metaclass programming. It also supports multi-thread programming and automatic garbage collection, and enforces its expressive power by adopting a native method mechanism. The prototype system of the Shrek language is implemented and anticipated design goals are achieved.

Experimental Research on the Double-peak Characteristic of Underwater Radiated Noise in the Near Field on Top of a Submarine

The double-peak characteristic of underwater radiated noise in the near field on top of the target submarine was analyzed in depth on the basis of submarine test data on the sea. The contribution of three major noise sources to the radiated noise of a submarine were compared and analyzed, and emphasis was put on the original source, production mechanism, and their correlative characteristics. On the basis of analysis on underwater tracking and pass through characteristics of the target submarine, the double-peak phenomenon was reasonably interpreted. Furthermore, the correctness of the theoretical interpretation was verified adequately in real submarine tests. The double-peak phenomenon indicates that the space distributing character on submarine radiated noise are both asymmetrical with time and space, whereas that is provided with directivity. Studying the double-peak phenomenon in depth has important reference value and meaning in engineering practice for understanding the underwater radiated noise field of submarines.

Measurement method and experimental research on flame emissivity in coal-fired furnaces

The combustion condition in coal-fired furnaces of the large power station boiler is very complex and the flame emissivity is one of the important combustion parameters. A measurement method of the flame emissivity based on the blackbody furnace calibration of CCD （Charge Coupled Device） cameras and the color image processing techniques of computer was introduced. The experimental research on the flame emissivity in a 200 MW boiler furnace and a 300 MW boiler furnace was conducted respectively through the several CCD cameras installed at different height in furnace. The measurement results show： the flame emissivity increases with the increase of the unit load, the flame emissivity of the burner areas in furnace is the highest and the flame emissivity decrease with the increase of height of furnace above the burners area.