小说《山洪》的革命集体记忆建构

作为一部较早描写革命的作品,吴组缃小说《山洪》通过朴素的描写展现了农村的生活和农民的思想转变,体现了早期革命文学集体记忆建构的试验性特征。从《山洪》的创作出发,分析文本所建构的主要内容,可以管窥中国早期革命文学集体记忆建构的发展历程。

从《鸭嘴涝》到《山洪》的版本修改演化看吴组缃文学思想的发展

吴组缃的长篇小说《鸭嘴涝》于1943年3月初版,1946 年5月重版改名《山洪》,建国初期修改至1982年出版修改本《山洪》,其版本计有三种。从《鸭嘴涝》到《山洪》的版本的修改变化, 可以看出吴组缃文学思想的发展:他既有受当时政治文化思想影响而发生变化的一面,又有对原稿的重要的思想倾向“还它本来面目”的历史态度和坚守小说艺术精神的执拗的一面。

历史与文学:吴组缃《山洪》对安徽抗战传播的贡献

《山洪》作为抗战初期较早的一部长篇小说,文本内潜存历史写真与文学想象的复杂纠缠,呈现文学与历史紧密呼应的内在张力。小说中的真实地名,准确完整地呈现出日寇进犯皖南的路线和方位,不仅成为小说谋篇布局不可或缺的部分,并且使小说在表现抗战这一题材时烙下明显的安徽地理标签;历史事件潜在参与小说文本的建构,小说描写的广德、宁国遭轰炸和游击队开展的发动群众工作等场景,与相关历史事件具有明显的互文关系;小说对皖南农民众生相的刻画及其心灵觉醒的揭示,为抗战时期皖南民众经由战争而改造,也留下了富有历史意味的艺术写真。小说在历史之真与文学之真的艺术融合上尽管存在瑕疵,但客观上为安徽的抗战传播作出了积极的贡献。

吴组缃修改《山洪》考论

吴组缃的《山洪》建国初修改版与1946年星群版既呈现出文本间的连动和罅隙,亦牵系着作家本人的心迹与动机。吴组缃沿着建国后的文艺轨范进行修改,在章三官的形象塑造上刻意拔高其思想认知,简化人物心灵蜕变的曲折反复,遮蔽了星群版中对军民关系的反思;在剔除人物的动作细节、粗言秽语与日常陋习,美化乡村的同时,背离了自身的艺术创作惯例。小说原有的启蒙视角也被抛弃。种种症候,为现代乡土小说创作提供了诸多借镜与启迪。

论吴组缃的长篇小说《山洪》

文章对吴组缃唯一的长篇小说《山洪》进行评述 ,认为《山洪》从农民的视角写抗战 ,写他们如何克服自身保守自私的传统思维 ,由观望等待到主动投入 ,由消极逃避到积极参战 ,在抗战初期有极强的现实意义。该小说上半篇以农村生活为主 ,依然保留着作者短篇小说的艺术特色。而小说的下半篇主要写游击队政工干部进村 ,由于作者没有这方面的生活 ,概念化痕迹严重 ,在结构布局 ,人物形象以及语言对话等方面都存在缺陷 ,导致整部小说的不成功。

《山洪》:抗战初期民众觉醒的心灵史诗

吴组缃的长篇小说《山洪》是一部表现抗战初期民众觉醒的心灵史诗,主题开掘深邃,心理描写层次分明,细腻深刻,语言艺术生动传神,人物塑造栩栩如生,显示出吴组缃小说创作的艺术才情,是抗战小说的重要收获,也是反映抗日战争初期中国社会状态最有代表性的长篇小说。

Integrated Debris Flow Disaster Mitigation—A Comprehensive Method for Debris Flow Disaster Mitigation

Integrated disaster mitigation needs interpreting torrent catchment areas as complex landscape systems. The history of valley-evolution shows the influence of climate and vegetation on the valley-evolution. The energy-concept (energy dissipation concept including the idea of the energy-line) is used for a simple explanation of debris flow. Examples of heavy debris flow disasters in controlled torrents in the Alps and Pyrenees give hints, which expanding the time scale can show that side-effects restrict or counteract the mitigation measures. A pallet of different mitigation measures to avoid or to reduce some of the side-effects is shown. The comprehensive method of disaster mitigation also includes the effect of vegetation. The pallet includes: avoiding hazards (hazard mapping, warning and alarming), appropriate land use and avoiding disaster-enhancing measures in the landscape and technical measures, which take into account their side-effects. The energy line is used as simple design theory. The Jiu-Jitsu Principle is explained too. With this comprehensive method a more sustainable reduction of disasters seems possible.

Experimental Study of the Interaction between Building Clusters and Flash Floods

In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods.

Full 2D Hydrodynamic Modelling of Rainfall-induced Flash Floods

Mountain catchments are prone to flash flooding due to heavy rainfall. Enhanced understanding of the generation and evolution processes of flash floods is essential for effective flood risk management. However, traditional distributed hydrological models based on kinematic and diffusion wave approximations ignore certain physical mechanisms of flash floods and thus bear excessive uncertainty. Here a hydrodynamic model is presented for flash floods based on the full two-dimensional shallow water equations incorporating rainfall and infiltration. Laboratory experiments of overland flows were modelled to illustrate the capability of the model. Then the model was applied to resolve two observed flash floods of distinct magnitudes in the Lengkou catchment in Shanxi Province, China. The present model is shown to be able to reproduce the flood flows fairly well compared to the observed data. The spatial distribution of rainfall is shown to be crucial for the modelling of flash floods. Sensitivity analyses of the model parameters reveal that the stage and discharge hydrographs are more sensitive to the Manning roughness and initial water content in the catchment than to the Green-Ampt head. Most notably, as the flash flood augments due to heavier rainfall, the modelling results agree with observed data better, which clearly characterizes the paramount role of rainfall in dictating the floods. From practical perspectives, the proposed model is more appropriate for modelling large flash floods.

Modeling on Flash Flood Disaster Induced by Bed Load

Flash floods result from a complex interaction among hydro-meteorological, hydrological, and hydraulic processes across various spatial and temporal scales. Sichuan Province suffers flash floods frequently owing to mountain weather and topography. A flash flood and gravel bed load transport are two key relative problems in mountain river engineering. Bed materials are often encountered in alternate scouring and deposition in mountain fluvial processes during a flash flood. In this circumstance, CRS-1 bed load numerical model jointly with scale physical model is employed to predict water level and gravel bed scour and deposition for design of flood control dykes and flash flood disaster mitigation. A case study on the mechanism of a flash flood disaster induced by bed load transport for a hydropower station in Sichuan Province is conducted. Finally, suggestions to protect the hydropower station are proposed.

Surface Soil Moisture Simulation for a Typical Torrential Event with a Modified Noah LSM Coupling to the NWP Model

Surface soil moisture has great impact on both meso-and microscale atmospheric processes,especially on severe local convection processes and on the dynamics of short-lived torrential rains.To promote the performance of the land surface model (LSM) in surface soil moisture simulations,a hybrid hydrologic runoff parameterization scheme based upon the essential modeling theories of the Xin'anjiang model and Topography based hydrological Model (TOPMODEL) was developed in preference to the simple water balance model (SWB) in the Noah LSM.Using a strategy for coupling and integrating this modified Noah LSM to the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) analogous to that used with the standard Noah LSM,a simulation of atmosphere-land surface interactions for a torrential event during 2007 in Shandong was attempted.The results suggested that the surface,10-cm depth soil moisture simulated by GRAPES using the modified hydrologic approach agrees well with the observations.Improvements from the simulated results were found,especially over eastern Shandong.The simulated results,compared with the products of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) soil moisture datasets,indicated a consistent spatial pattern over all of China.The temporal variation of surface soil moisture was validated with the data at an observation station,also demonstrated that GRAPES with modified Noah LSM exhibits a more reasonable response to precipitation events,even though biases and systematic trends may still exist.

Solar Forcing on Makkah AI-Mukaramah Flash Floods

Severe solar events manifested by highly energetic X-Ray events accompanied by coronal mass ejections and proton flares caused flash floods in Makkah AI-Mukaramab, A1-Madinah AI-Munawarah and Jeddah. The responses can be prompt, delayed or prompt-delayed, suggesting that the protons entered the troposphere either through the opening of a direct gate in the magnetosphere to the location concer.led due to magnetic reconnection, through the polar gates or through those two paths respectively. The authors suggest that there is a magnetic anomaly in Makkah AI-Mukaramah area which makes it liable to be subjected to flash floods. The width of the solar streams determines the width of the gate opened in the magnetosphere via magnetic reconnection and thus narrow streams affect only one location of the three cities while extended width streams can cause flash floods in all of Makkah AI-Mukaramah AI-Madinah AI Munawarah and Jeddah. In addition, the November 24-26 Jeddah flash flood could be attributed to a prompt event due to a moderately fast solar stream that arrived the earth on those days.

Response of Flash Flood Early Warning Critical Rainfall to Storm Pattern in South Branch of Censhui Watershed

Critical rainfall estimation for early warning of rainstorm-induced flash flood is an inverse rainstorm-runoff process based on warning discharge threshold for a warning station of interest in a watershed. The key aspects of critical rainfall include rainfall amount and rainfall duration. Storm pattern affects highly the estimation of critical rainfall. Using hydrological modeling technique with detailed sub-basin delineation and manual for design rainstorm-runoff computation, this study first introduced basic concept and analysis methods on critical rainfall for flash flood early warning, then, investigated the responses of flash flood warning critical rainfall to storm pattern. Taking south branch of Censhui watershed in China as an example, critical rainfall in case of typical storm patterns for early warning of rainstorm-induced flash flood were estimated at 3 warning stations. This research illustrates that storm pattern plays important role in the estimation of critical rainfall and enough attention should also be paid to storm pattern when making a decision on whether a warning to be issued or not.

Hydrological Evaluation with SWAT Model and Numerical Weather Prediction for Flash Flood Warning System in Thailand

Flash floods are a natural disaster that occurs annually, especially in the mountainous terrain and steep slopes of northern Thailand. The current flood forecasting systems and tools are available but have low accuracy and efficiency. The numbers of rainfall and runoff stations are less, because the access to the station area is difficult. Additionally, the operation and maintenance costs are high. Hydrological modeling of a SWAT （Soil and Water Assessment Tool） was used in this study with the application of three days weather forecast from the NWP （numerical weather prediction）, which provided temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, sunshine and wind speed. The data from NWP and SWAT were used to simulate the runoff from the Nan River in the last 10 years （2000-2010）. It was found that the simulated flow rate for the main streams using data from NWP were higher than the observations. At the N64 and Nl stations, the ratios of the maximum simulated flow rate to the observations were equal to 108% and 118%, respectively. However, for the tributaries, it was found that the simulated flow rate using NWP data was lower than the observations, but, it was still within the acceptable range of not greater than 20%,6. At N65, D090201 and D090203 stations, the ratio of the maximum simulated flow rate were 90.0%, 83.0% and 86.0%, respectively. This was due to the rainfall from the NWP model being greater than the measured rainfall. The NWP rainfall was distributed all over the area while the rainfall data from the measurements were obtained from specific points. Therefore, the rain from the NWP model is very useful especially for the watershed areas without rain gauge stations. In summary, the data from the NWP can be used with the SWAT model and provides relatively sound results despite the value for the main river being slightly higher than the observed data. Consequently, the output can be used to create a flood map for flash flood warning in the area.

Design flood of ungauged basins based on DEM

In this paper,the northern mountainous area of Fuzhou City which is an ungauged basin has been taken for example to discuss the method of design flood calculation by means of combining the DEM(digital elevation model) and the Xin'anjiang Model(three components).The problem of estimating the parameters of the runoff model has been solved by using the parameters of the reference station.In the conflux calculation,the isochrones are obtained by DEM which helps to avoid the cumbersome work of drawing them on the map.With the establishment of the digital elevation model throughout the country,it is practically significant to use it in the hydrological estimation.

Extreme Weather Related Disasters： A Case Study of Two Flashfloods Hit Areas of Badrinath and Kedarnath Valleys, Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

Climate induced disasters such as cloudburst triggered flash floods, debris-flow, mass movements and landslides are very common phenomenon in the Himalaya. There are many instances in the recent past when these catastrophes caused heavy losses to lives and tremendous damage to property. One of the important characteristics of the Himalaya during the monsoon season is heavy downpour （cloudburst） which is due to extreme weather condition. Further, the landscape is very fragile and the human settlements are located either along the perennial streams of big rivers or on the unstable slopes. These perennial streams and big rivers are highly violent during the monsoon and whenever, the water level of these streams rises, it causes heavy loss to property and lives through destruction of the human settlements located along these courses. During the recent past, extreme changes in the climatic conditions have been seen largely due to the anthropogenic activities, i.e., population growth and large-scale deforestation. It has not only affected the climatic conditions but also affected the daily life of the inhabitants. This article examines the extreme weather related disasters in the Himalaya and gives a description of two deadly cloudburst triggered flashfloods that occurred in the Kedarnath and Badrinath valleys, which left the entire landscape devastated. This was followed by devastation of the settlements, agricultural fields, and thousands of lives were wiped out during this catastrophe. Rainfall data were collected to know about the changes in the climatic conditions and their impacts on the disaster in this part of the Himalaya.

A Potential Flood Hazard Caused by Tianchi Volcano Eruption in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

Geohazards appear to be increasing in frequency globally. It is of necessity to actively manage these natural hazards to minimize loss of life and property. From an early warning perspective, this paper stresses the potential fatal flood hazard represented by the huge volume of water in Tianchi Lake, the unique geography of Changbai Mountain, and the limited flood control ability in the upstream of the Songhua River. Northeast Asian countries should keep a watchful eye on the Changbai volcano cooperatively, and Chinese government especially needs to prepare plans for fighting a flood in advance.

Methodological Proposition of an Integrated System for Urban Floods Control

In the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, especially in the Itajai valley, there are records of accidents and disasters mainly associated to landslides and floods, which have caused significant damages and losses, including human lives. In order to make the coexistence with such natural disasters possible, most particularly with floods, a integration is required among the technical, political, environmental, and human knowledge. Measures that encompass integrated actions for the entire river basin, with the help from an updated technical cadastre and tools, such as the GIS, allow the development of planning tools that might effectively help the people to live with the water, or else to cope with floods in a more appropriate manner. This paper attempts to propose a methodology for urban flood control, based on the integration among the several public entities involved in the flood control, along with the CTM （Multipurpose Technical Cadastre） and GIS tool. In order to solve or minimize the problems, the model proposed here aims at promoting a balance between the agents involved, and enables to rank the degrees of importance assigned to the different needs, thus allowing to eliminate or to improve those areas and processes that are duplicated or superimposed.

Dam-break Modeling in Alpine Valleys

Dam-break analysis is of great importance in mountain environment,especially where reservoirs are located upstream of densely populated areas and hydraulic hazard should be assessed for land planning purposes.Accordingly,there is a need to identify suitable operative tools which may differ from the ones used in flat flood-prone areas.This paper shows the results provided by a 1D and a 2D model based on the Shallow Water Equations(SWE) for dam-break wave propagation in alpine regions.The 1D model takes advantage of a topographic toolkit that includes an algorithm for pre-processing the Digital Elevation Model(DEM) and of a novel criterion for the automatic cross-section space refinement.The 2D model is FLO-2D,a commercial software widely used for flood routing in mountain areas.In order to verify the predictive effectiveness of these numerical models,the test case of the Cancano dam-break has been recovered from the historical study of De Marchi(1945),which provides a unique laboratory data set concerning the consequences of the potential collapse of the former Cancano dam(Northern Italy).The measured discharge hydrograph at the dam also provides the data to test a simplified method recently proposed for the characterization of the hydrograph following a sudden dam-break.

“人活在世上就是口气”——为北京大学中文系吴组缃先生追思会作

我们非常尊敬的吴组缃先生,离开这个喧闹的人世,已经将近三个月了。 匆匆逝去的是时光。时光抹不去的是我们心中的悲与爱与无法弥补的怅惘感。这悲与爱,这怅惘,已经化成了内心的无尽的思念,化成了挖掘吴先生的精神力量和人格力量,发扬他一生劳苦坚韧的创造精神的强大压迫感。