The spatial distribution and population dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz., Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Acer mono Maxim. were studied in three warm temperate deciduous forests in Dongling Mountain, Beijing....The spatial distribution and population dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz., Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Acer mono Maxim. were studied in three warm temperate deciduous forests in Dongling Mountain, Beijing. Clumped distributions appeared in most seedlings (≤0.4 m), short saplings (0.4-1 m) and tall saplings (1-2 m). Random distributions appeared in adults of Q. liaotungensis in Plot 1, F. rhynchophylla in Plot 3. The LSD method was used to discern the differences of different aged population. The class distribution of Q. liaotungensis was nearly a reverse-J shape for Plot 1 and Plot 3, suggesting that the population regenerates continuously. The age-structures of F. rhynchophylla and A. mono in Plot 1 and the test results indicated that they would increase continuously. In Plot 2, the class distribution and the test results showed that all populations would not regenerate continuously.展开更多
The greenness （SPAD） of uneven-aged leaves of dominant species in the Castanopsis carlessi forest at different altitude gradients in Lingshishan National Forest Park, Fujian Province, China were measured by using po...The greenness （SPAD） of uneven-aged leaves of dominant species in the Castanopsis carlessi forest at different altitude gradients in Lingshishan National Forest Park, Fujian Province, China were measured by using portable chlorophyll meter SPAD-502. In addition, the correlation between SPAD value and the concentration of chlorophyll and foliar nitrogen was also investigated. Significant variations in SPAD values were found between the uneven-aged leaves of different dominant species and different altitude gradients. Regression analysis showed that SPAD value was significantly correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll and the content of foliar nitrogen, indicating that SPAD value could be indicators for foliar chlorophyll and nitrogen. It is suggested that SPAD meter is a useful tool for forest assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient management programs.展开更多
For group-living primates, the information on postconflict management is crucial for understanding primate competition and cooperation. However, such information is poorly known for snub-nosed monkeys, especially for ...For group-living primates, the information on postconflict management is crucial for understanding primate competition and cooperation. However, such information is poorly known for snub-nosed monkeys, especially for wild populations. In this study, from September 2007 to June 2008, we investigated postconflict behavior among adult females Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in a wild, provisioned group in the Qinling Mountains of China by means of the time-rule method and the PC-MC method. We obtained a total of 81 PC-MC pairs and each individual was involved in only 0.004 aggressive behavior per observation hour. The first affiliative behavior was more likely to occur within the first minute after a conflict. The postconflict affiliative behaviors most often seen were contact-sit, embrace and grooming. The affiliative contacts between adult females occur due to selective attraction, i.e. reconciliation. The pattern of postconflict affiliation demonstrates that the R. roxellana belongs to a tolerant species.展开更多
Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments. Here, we report a lamina- controlled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary roc...Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments. Here, we report a lamina- controlled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary rocks （fine sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone） at the Dockyard and Qianceng Cliff areas of Lingshan Island, Qingdao, Shandong, China. Sets of up to 300 laminae are found in stratigraphic profiles in these areas. The laminae are generally less than 1 mm thick, with most being 0.3-0.4 mm thick and the thinnest being 〈0.1 ram. The dip angle of the imbricate structure varies widely, between 0° and 90°, with an av- erage dip angle of about 40°-50°, which is higher than that of imbricate riverbed gravels （about 34°）. The dip angle is a func- tion of the shape and sorting of the particles, as well as the hydrodynamic conditions under which these fine-grained sediments were deposited. Several profiles show well-developed multiscale, soft-sediment deformation structures. Flute casts, load casts, and groove casts are also common. Fragments of carbon remains occur widely and commonly constitute stringers several mil- limeters thick and up to 10 cm long, together with fine clasts. Vitrain lenticles are also common. Based on the imbricate struc- ture of the Lingshan Island deposits, it is shown that in addition to paleocurrent analysis, the imbricate structure can be used to infer information about fluid properties, transport characteristics, and sedimentary processes of the depositional environment. A near-bottom underflow, either of authigenic origin or derived from cold river water in winter in a delta interdistributary bay or delta-front environment, is inferred to have provided the hydrodynamic setting in which this imbricate structure formed. The imbricate structure, together with other sedimentary structures and features, shows that the sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Is- land were deposited in an inland, shallow-water environment, such as a delta, and not in a deep-water or submarine continen- tal-slope environment.展开更多
Plant leaf litter decomposition provides a source of energy and nutrients in forest ecosystems.In addition to traditional environmental factors,the degradation process of litter is also affected by plant functional tr...Plant leaf litter decomposition provides a source of energy and nutrients in forest ecosystems.In addition to traditional environmental factors,the degradation process of litter is also affected by plant functional traits and litter quality.However,at the community level,it is still unclear whether the relative importance of plant traits and litter quality on the litter decomposition rate is consistent.A year-long mixed leaf litter decomposition experiment in a similar environment was implemented by using the litterbag method in seven typical forest types in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,North China,including six monodominant communities dominated by Juglans mandshurica,Populus cathayana,Betula dahurica,Betula platyphylla,Pinus tabuliformis and Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii and one codominant community dominated by Fraxinus rhynchophylla,Quercus mongolica and Tilia mongolica.The results showed that there were considerable differences in the litter decomposition rate(k-rate)among the different forest types.The community weighted mean(CWM)traits of green leaves and litter quality explained 35.60%and 9.05%of the k-rate variations,respectively,and the interpretation rate of their interaction was 23.37%,indicating that the CWM traits and their interaction with litter quality are the main factors affecting the k-rate variations.In the recommended daily allowance,leaf nitrogen content,leaf dry matter content,leaf tannin content and specific leaf area were the main factors affecting the k-rate variations.Therefore,we suggest that future studies should focus on the effects of the CWM traits of green leaves on litter decomposition at the community level.展开更多
文摘The spatial distribution and population dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz., Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Acer mono Maxim. were studied in three warm temperate deciduous forests in Dongling Mountain, Beijing. Clumped distributions appeared in most seedlings (≤0.4 m), short saplings (0.4-1 m) and tall saplings (1-2 m). Random distributions appeared in adults of Q. liaotungensis in Plot 1, F. rhynchophylla in Plot 3. The LSD method was used to discern the differences of different aged population. The class distribution of Q. liaotungensis was nearly a reverse-J shape for Plot 1 and Plot 3, suggesting that the population regenerates continuously. The age-structures of F. rhynchophylla and A. mono in Plot 1 and the test results indicated that they would increase continuously. In Plot 2, the class distribution and the test results showed that all populations would not regenerate continuously.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 30671664)
文摘The greenness （SPAD） of uneven-aged leaves of dominant species in the Castanopsis carlessi forest at different altitude gradients in Lingshishan National Forest Park, Fujian Province, China were measured by using portable chlorophyll meter SPAD-502. In addition, the correlation between SPAD value and the concentration of chlorophyll and foliar nitrogen was also investigated. Significant variations in SPAD values were found between the uneven-aged leaves of different dominant species and different altitude gradients. Regression analysis showed that SPAD value was significantly correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll and the content of foliar nitrogen, indicating that SPAD value could be indicators for foliar chlorophyll and nitrogen. It is suggested that SPAD meter is a useful tool for forest assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient management programs.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30970444, No. 30770375, No. 30630016)the Cosmo Oil Eco Card Fund of Japan (2005-2010) support
文摘For group-living primates, the information on postconflict management is crucial for understanding primate competition and cooperation. However, such information is poorly known for snub-nosed monkeys, especially for wild populations. In this study, from September 2007 to June 2008, we investigated postconflict behavior among adult females Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in a wild, provisioned group in the Qinling Mountains of China by means of the time-rule method and the PC-MC method. We obtained a total of 81 PC-MC pairs and each individual was involved in only 0.004 aggressive behavior per observation hour. The first affiliative behavior was more likely to occur within the first minute after a conflict. The postconflict affiliative behaviors most often seen were contact-sit, embrace and grooming. The affiliative contacts between adult females occur due to selective attraction, i.e. reconciliation. The pattern of postconflict affiliation demonstrates that the R. roxellana belongs to a tolerant species.
基金financially supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant Nos. 20030425008, 20060425509)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41172093)Independent Innovation Foundation of China University of Petroleum (Grant No. R1301003A)
文摘Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments. Here, we report a lamina- controlled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary rocks （fine sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone） at the Dockyard and Qianceng Cliff areas of Lingshan Island, Qingdao, Shandong, China. Sets of up to 300 laminae are found in stratigraphic profiles in these areas. The laminae are generally less than 1 mm thick, with most being 0.3-0.4 mm thick and the thinnest being 〈0.1 ram. The dip angle of the imbricate structure varies widely, between 0° and 90°, with an av- erage dip angle of about 40°-50°, which is higher than that of imbricate riverbed gravels （about 34°）. The dip angle is a func- tion of the shape and sorting of the particles, as well as the hydrodynamic conditions under which these fine-grained sediments were deposited. Several profiles show well-developed multiscale, soft-sediment deformation structures. Flute casts, load casts, and groove casts are also common. Fragments of carbon remains occur widely and commonly constitute stringers several mil- limeters thick and up to 10 cm long, together with fine clasts. Vitrain lenticles are also common. Based on the imbricate struc- ture of the Lingshan Island deposits, it is shown that in addition to paleocurrent analysis, the imbricate structure can be used to infer information about fluid properties, transport characteristics, and sedimentary processes of the depositional environment. A near-bottom underflow, either of authigenic origin or derived from cold river water in winter in a delta interdistributary bay or delta-front environment, is inferred to have provided the hydrodynamic setting in which this imbricate structure formed. The imbricate structure, together with other sedimentary structures and features, shows that the sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Is- land were deposited in an inland, shallow-water environment, such as a delta, and not in a deep-water or submarine continen- tal-slope environment.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10300-210100218).
文摘Plant leaf litter decomposition provides a source of energy and nutrients in forest ecosystems.In addition to traditional environmental factors,the degradation process of litter is also affected by plant functional traits and litter quality.However,at the community level,it is still unclear whether the relative importance of plant traits and litter quality on the litter decomposition rate is consistent.A year-long mixed leaf litter decomposition experiment in a similar environment was implemented by using the litterbag method in seven typical forest types in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,North China,including six monodominant communities dominated by Juglans mandshurica,Populus cathayana,Betula dahurica,Betula platyphylla,Pinus tabuliformis and Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii and one codominant community dominated by Fraxinus rhynchophylla,Quercus mongolica and Tilia mongolica.The results showed that there were considerable differences in the litter decomposition rate(k-rate)among the different forest types.The community weighted mean(CWM)traits of green leaves and litter quality explained 35.60%and 9.05%of the k-rate variations,respectively,and the interpretation rate of their interaction was 23.37%,indicating that the CWM traits and their interaction with litter quality are the main factors affecting the k-rate variations.In the recommended daily allowance,leaf nitrogen content,leaf dry matter content,leaf tannin content and specific leaf area were the main factors affecting the k-rate variations.Therefore,we suggest that future studies should focus on the effects of the CWM traits of green leaves on litter decomposition at the community level.
