从小说到影视剧的艺术转换与审美拓展——重评经典《山间铃响马帮来》

白桦的小说《山间铃响马帮来》,经过几十年的岁月洗礼,先后被改编为同名电影与同名电视剧,已经成为文学史与影视剧史无法忽视的经典.在从小说到影视剧的艺术转化中,其政治视野、娱乐元素与民族风情均得到了扩展与深化.正是在这样的审美拓展中,《山间铃响马帮来》成为窥视中国民族政策与少数民族命运转折的窗口,显示了中国当代文化艺术深厚的现实主义人文情怀.重评经典《山间铃响马帮来》,具有重要的史学意义.

山间

罗阳的旧街道是青石板铺成的．路边是零星杂乱的摊子，有桥、有水，还有同样新鲜的空气。这里似乎具备了江南古镇的陈设，但却看不到一树一树的花开．听不到燕在梁间的呢喃，原来不在江南。

荒野中的精神家园——《山间夏日》的生态哲思解读

《山间夏日》是美国著名生态学家约翰.缪尔的一部独特的生态传记。文章运用细读法解读了书中蕴含的生态思想:自然共同体理念。缪尔认为万物同属自然共同体,人类是这个共同体中的一员,上帝存在于荒野中。缪尔在荒野中发现了上帝的存在,认为荒野显现着人类的希望,回归和保护荒野理念。缪尔批评了人类对大自然和荒野的功利性利用,肯定自然中的万物都有其价值,在寻求生存之道的某些方面甚至要高于人类。缪尔的这些自然思想促进了19世纪美国生态思潮的发展,也为其晚期一系列保护荒野行动奠定了思想基石。

一路风景一路歌——读江堤《山间庭院》

认识江堤是十数年前的事了，那时，他给人的印象是一介书生。作为新乡土诗派的代表，他发起中国新乡土诗歌运动，屡有新作。几年后，他突然“人间蒸发”了，原来是隐居于一座山间庭院，过着陶渊明那样的纯粹生活，“离文化很近，离世俗很远”，诗人的痴气一发真是了不得。这座山间庭院便是岳麓书院。

山间小路

海德堡古城临河,河对岸山坡上有条羊肠小径,蜿蜒数里,覆着野花或莓果,看季节变化,小路无人不知,因为历代哲学家歌德、亚斯培斯、黑格尔、韦伯、海德格尔……都曾经在此路上徘徊。从“哲学家小径”远眺,可以望见古城的石墙红瓦和渐行渐渺的河景。我到长沙,什么都不想看,只想去看一条小路,也是一条山中小径;在那条小径上,朱熹、张栻,王阳明,左宗棠,曾国藩……都曾经在此小径上徘徊。从小径远眺,可以望见古长沙郡的城池和波光潋滟的湘江。

山间小路

看不到开凿的痕迹也没有刻意设计起点和终点就在脚底 伴随山的起伏弯弯曲曲山到哪里就跟随到哪里

山间小景

下午，一片斜晖，映照河面，有如将河水镀了一层黄金。一群白鸭聚成三角形，最魁梧的一只做向导，最后的是一排瘦瘠的，在那镀金的水波上向前流去，向前游去。

Study on Efficient and Simplified Interplanting Cultivation Technology of Cotton Cultivar Yinshan 8

According to the severe drop in the planting area of cotton in recent years, cotton variety Yinshan 8 was intercropped with onions and watermelon by using efficient and simplified interplanting cultivation techniques, such as large-scale and intensive planting, mechanized intertillage, integrated management of water and fertilizer, etc. The application of the techniques could reduce production cost, improve the comprehensive benefit of cotton planting, increase farmers＇ income, and promote the sustainable development of rural economy.

共和国初期“民族兄弟”形象的文学建构——1950年代三部短篇小说再解读

1940年代末到1950年代,秉持新的民族观念、政治理想和国家设计思路,中华人民共和国政府在广大少数民族地区持续展开了大量的、多层次的工作。这堪称共和国建设和改造工程的重要部分,其过程或结果,或隐或显地呈现在了当时产生广泛影响的文学作品里。玛拉沁夫的《科尔沁草原的人们》、白桦的《山间铃响马帮来》、高缨的《达吉和她的父亲》这三部短篇小说,堪称此中典型。三部小说密切配合时政,分别涉及南北方少数民族在共和国发生的重要历史转折,以"喜闻乐见"的故事产生了持续的社会反响。它们特殊的话语构成、审美结构,与国家意志、政治话语和社会主义文化之间,实现了有效互动,进而成为共和国形象建构的特殊力量。

Spatial interpolation method based on integrated RBF neural networks for estimating heavy metals in soil of a mountain region

A novel spatial interpolation method based on integrated radial basis function artificial neural networks （IRBFANNs） is proposed to provide accurate and stable predictions of heavy metals concentrations in soil at un- sampled sites in a mountain region. The IRBFANNs hybridize the advantages of the artificial neural networks and the neural networks integration approach. Three experimental projects under different sampling densities are carried out to study the performance of the proposed IRBFANNs-based interpolation method. This novel method is compared with six peer spatial interpolation methods based on the root mean square error and visual evaluation of the distribution maps of Mn elements. The experimental results show that the proposed method performs better in accuracy and stability. Moreover, the proposed method can provide more details in the spatial distribution maps than the compared interpolation methods in the cases of sparse sampling density.

Morphotectonic and Lithostratigraphic Analysis of Intermontane Karewa Basin of Kashmir Himalayas,India

Morpho-tectonic study plays an important role in deciphering the effects of tectonic activity in the geomorphic evolution of the drainage basins.Romushi watershed forms one of the major watersheds of the intermontane Karewa Basin of Kashmir Valley.The Karewa sediments are characterized by glacio-fluvio-lacustrine deposits capped by the aeolian loess.The geomorphic,morphometric and lithostratigraphic studies of these cap deposits have been carried out to elucidate the effect of tectonics on the geomorphic evolution of Romushi Watershed.Geomorphic mapping was carried out using GPS measurements,DEM at 30m resolution,Topographic Position Index(TPI) model,topographic maps,LANDSAT TM Imagery and field data.Morphometric and morphotectonic analyses in GIS environment were used to calculate various geomorphic indices(Mountain Front Sinuosity Index,Bifurcation Ratio,Asymmetry Factor,River Profile,etc).These indices reveal that the tectonic uplift observed in the region due to Himalayan orogeny coupled with mass movement and aeolian deposition have dominated the landscape evolution of intermontane Karewa Basin of Kashmir throughout the Late Quaternary Period.Additional data from lithostratigraphic measurements were analyzed to understand the geomorphic evolution of intermontane Karewa Basin.The data revealed that the basin has experienced differential uplift and erosion rates from time to time in the geological past.This was corroborated by the results from the morphometric and morphotectonic analysis.

Topographic Controls on Alpine Treeline Patterns on Changbai Mountain,China

【Title】【Author】【Addresses】1 The control mechanisms of topography on alpine treeline pattern are critical to understanding treeline dynamics and future changes. These mechanisms have not been understood quite well enough because of increasing human disturbance and low data resolution. In this study, the relationship between the treeline pattern and topography was analyzed based on high spatial resolution remote sensing data and a digital elevation model in an area in Changbai Mountain with little human disturbance. Future treeline patterns were also predicted. The results showed that （a） aspects with high solar radiation and low snow cover have a high coverage rate of trees, （b） the peak coverage rate of trees switches from low slopes （〈5°） to medium slopes （5°~25°） as the elevation rises because of the extreme environment, （c） the coverage rate of trees is a function that depends on environmental factors controlled by topography, （d） the future treeline pattern is controlled by new temperature mechanisms, new environmental factors and the reallocation effect of topography. Our research implies that topography controls the treeline pattern and changes in the treeline pattern associated with global warming, due to the effect of global warming on environmental factors. This study may well explain the causes of heterogeneous changes in the treeline pattern in the horizontal direction as well as differences in treeline response to climate warming.

Spatial assessment of forest cover and land-use changes in the Hindu-Kush mountain ranges of northern Pakistan

Anthropogenic activities and natural processes are continuously altering the mountainous environment through deforestation, forest degradation and other land-use changes. It is highly important to assess, monitor and forecast forest cover and other land-use changes for the protection and conservation of mountainous environment. The present study deals with the assessment of forest cover and other land-use changes in the mountain ranges of Dir Kohistan in northern Pakistan, using high resolution multi-temporal SPOT-5 satellite images. The SPOT-5 satellite images of years 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013 were acquired and classified into land-cover units. In addition, forest cover and land-use change detection map was developed using the classified maps of 2004 and 2013. The classified maps were verified through random field samples and Google Earth imagery(Quick birds and SPOT-5). The results showed that during the period 2004 to 2013 the area of forest land decreased by 6.4%, however, area of range land and agriculture land have increased by 22.1% and 2.9%, respectively. Similarly, barren land increased by 1.1%, whereas, area of snow cover/glacier is significantly decreased by 21.3%. The findings from the study will be useful for forestry and landscape planning and can be utilized by the local, provincial and national forest departments; and REDD+ policy makers in Pakistan.

Research on Evaluation of Degree of Complexity of Mining Fault Network Based on GIS

A large number of spatial and attribute data are involved in coal resource evaluation. Database is a relatively advanced data management technology, but its Major defects are the poor graphic and spatial data functions, from which it is difficult to realize scientific management of evaluation data with spatial characteristics and evaluation result maps. On account of these deficiencies, the evaluation of degree of complexity of mining fault network, based on GIS, is proposed, which integrates management of spatial and attribute data. Fractal is an index which can reflect the comprehensive information of faults' number, density, size, composition and dynamics mechanism. Fractal dimension is used as the quantitative evaluation index. Evaluation software has been developed based on a component GIS-MapX, with which the degree of complexity of fault network is evaluated quantitatively using the quantitative index of fractal dimensions in Liuqiao No.2 coal mine as an example. Results show that it is effective in acquiring model parameters and enhancing the definition of data and evaluation results with the application of GIS technology. The fault network is a system with fractal structure and its complexity can be described reasonably and accurately by fractal dimension, which provides an effective method for coal resource evaluation.

ROLE OF INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY IN TOURIST DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT

Intervening opportunity is an important factor in spatial interaction, and has very important impacts on tourist destination development in a region. There are few literatures on this topic in tourist researches, and especially in China fewer tourist researchers pay attention to intervening opportunity theory. This article, taking Lin’an as a case study, aims to introduce intervening opportunity theory in tourist destination development by the comprehensive ana-lysis of some data including literatures, Internet information, longitudinal data and some tourist surveys. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are all used in this research. Firstly, the authors expatiate upon the definition of intervening opportunity, by reviewing the literatures in detail, take Lin’an of Zhejiang Province as a case study, and then analyze some necessary factors of intervening opportunity, such as regional tourist demands and supplies, tourist attractions, spatial distance and transportation, tourist images and costs, regional competition and cooperation in tourist destinations. Finally the impacts of intervening opportunity on Lin’an tourist development are analyzed in detail. The results show that intervening opportunity do not occur everywhere, and there must be some critical factors, and intervening opportunity surely plays important roles in tourist destination development. The tourist development in Lin’an is attributed to intervening opportunity of the spatial location between Hangzhou and Huangshan that are two famous tourist cities in China, and the occurrence of intervening opportunities in Lin’an is the integration of some external and internal factors.

Study on Dynamic Mechanism of Urban Expansion: A Case Study of Shandong Province

This paper aims at studying the dynamic mechanism of urban expansion and its role. Based on the economic model of urban spatial structure and applying panel data in Shandong Province, the paper concludes. Economic growth and transition of economic structure have played the most powerful role in urban expansion. An increase in population helps the core to extend. Increasing agricultural productivity can provide a countervailing force. An increase in transportation costs will limit urban expan- sion. An increase in the marginal productivity of land in housing production will increase urban expansion. Fiscal and taxation policies also have encouraged the extensive shift of cultivated land into build-up area. This paper also suggests that if high rate increasing GDP is needed, the urban core will continue to expand. The government should take measures to improve the rapid growth of the city.

Distribution of primary school based on spatial network comprehensive model in low-income mountainous cities： a case study in Wanyuan, China

Focusing on the peculiarities of urban construction resulting from specific mountain terrains, the purpose of this study is to find out a suitable method based on a Spatial Network Comprehensive Model(SNCM) to reasonably plan and distribute primary schools in low-income mountain cities. The construction principles and advantages of the SNCM method are proposed and the method tested in Wanyuan city of Qinba Mountain area(Southwest China) to verify its feasibility and optimization. Taking account of the mountain terrain and its influence on user behavior, we used the SNCM method to build a comprehensive model which integrates the road slope and the walking speed of pupils into the basic spatial model. The model is used to calculate a reasonable layout of the primary schools and to validate the rationale. The results show that the SNCM method can be effectively applied in low-income mountainous cities. It can not only improve the accessibility and service efficiency of primary schools using as little capital-investment as possible, but also help the city grow in an intensive and efficient way.

Spatial distribution of morphometric parameters of glacial cirques in the Central Pyrenees(Aran and Boí valleys)

Glacial cirques are typical landscape features of mid-latitude mountain environments like the Central Pyrenees. Their morphology as well as their spatial distribution provides insights about past glaciers and climates. In this study, we examine the distribution, morphometrical and topographical characteristics of glacial cirques in two U-shaped glacial valleys located in the Central Pyrenees – the Aran and the Boí valleys. They are located in different aspects of this mountain range(north vs south) under different climatic influences that promoted distinct glaciation patterns during the late Pleistocene. The spatial mapping of these landforms was carried out using high-resolution imagery and field observations. We analysed the data of the morphometrical and topographical variables of the glacial cirques by using different statistical and geospatial methods in order tounveil the factors controlling their formation and development. A total of 186 glacial cirques were mapped in the study area, including 119 in the Aran and 67 in the Boí valleys. The local topography and microclimate conditions lead to substantial differences in both areas in terms of the morphology and dimensions of the cirques. Glacial cirques in Boí are distributed at slightly higher elevations than in Aran and they are also larger, though their dimensions decrease with elevation in both valleys. Aran cirques are mostly oriented NE, while Boí landforms do not show any prevailing aspect. Even though lithology does not control the distribution of the glacial cirques, some specific lithological settings may favour the development of larger cirques. In general, glacial cirques in the Aran and the Boí valleys show morphometrical properties similar to those reported in other mid-latitude mountain ranges.

Summertime community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago,Shandong Province,China

The community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago(north of Shandong Peninsula,between Bohai Bay and the northern Yellow Sea) was examined based on samples collected from 14 stations in five transects in June 2007.Three stations corresponding to high,medium and low tidal areas were set up for each transect.A total of 68 macrobenthic species were found in the research region,most of which belonged to Mollusca and Crustacea.The average abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos was 1 383 ind./m2 and 372.41 g/m2,respectively.The use of an arbitrary similarity level of 20% resulted in identification of five groups among the 14 stations in the research region.There were remarkable differences in the biomass,abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the different sediments.Specifically,the order of biomass was rocky shores > gravel > mud-sand > coarse sand > stiff mud,while the order of abundance was rocky shores > coarse sand > mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud,and that of the diversity index was mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud > rocky shores > coarse sand.The above results revealed that the sediment type was the most important factor affecting the structure of the macrobenthic community of the intertidal zone.

Plant community composition and interspecific relationships among dominant species on a post-seismic landslide in Hongchun Gully, China

The 5.12 Earthquake in 2008 and 8.14 Debris Flow in 2010 resulted in large-scale landslides that disturbed vast areas of vegetation in the Hongchun Gully, Wenchuan County, China. To define the specific characteristics of vegetation restoration during natural recovery after catastrophic events,vegetation species composition and interspecific associations were investigated on this typical landslide. Field survey data selected from a total of 51 sample plots belonged to seven belt transects and were analysed by Schluter's variance ratio, pearson's chi-squared test, Spearman's correlation coefficients and ecological species groups. Plant communities on the landslide consisted of 78 species, 65 genera and52 families. Of the total of 78 species, 25 are identified as dominant species, among which Camptotheca acuminate, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Coriaria nepalensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Buddleja alternifolia, Anemone vitifolia and Nephrolepis auriculata play a constructive role during the natural afforestation. Moreover, according to environmental and ecological factors, these 25 dominant species could be divided into four ecological species groups.This study found that even though the landslide had frequently suffered from interference due to heavy rain, the vegetation succession processes are ongoing,and it is now at a shrub–herb community succession stage, which indicates that vegetation can naturally recover in the denuded sites. This study provides a useful insight into the ecological interactions and interdependence between plant species during the natural recovery of vegetation and provides valuable information on vegetation recovery modelling in the landslide area.