This paper deals with a type of servicing machines model, which service station has a life time of the kth Er-langian distribution and can be repaired just like a new one. The cyclic time and the inefficiency quantiti...This paper deals with a type of servicing machines model, which service station has a life time of the kth Er-langian distribution and can be repaired just like a new one. The cyclic time and the inefficiency quantities of this system in equilibrium are obtained.展开更多
We studied distribution and site conditions of epiphytic orchids in a gradient of human interference in Kathmandu valley, central Nepal. The aim was to understand the recent distribution pattern of epiphytic orchids, ...We studied distribution and site conditions of epiphytic orchids in a gradient of human interference in Kathmandu valley, central Nepal. The aim was to understand the recent distribution pattern of epiphytic orchids, with respect to (i) the micro-site conditions and (ii) the type and intensity of land use. The occurrence of epiphytic orchids was recorded for a grid with 1.5 km cell size. The cells represent different types and intensities of human impact. Site factors such as bark rugosity, bark pH, diameter at breast height (dbh; 1.3 m) of host trees, exposure to wind and sunlight intensity were recorded. With regard to the species richness and abundance of epiphytic orchids, we compared different human impact categories from very strong human impact (settlement area) to very low human impact (national park). Remote sensing was used for a supervised classification of land cover. Ficus religiosa turned out to be the most important host species for orchids in urban areas, while Schima wallichii and Alnus nepalensis significantly host orchids in the other categories. Both species richness and abundance of epiphytic orchids were significantly higher under very low human impact (forest in national park) and also some remaining patches of primary forest than the other regions. Micro-climate is crucial for orchid populations. Host bark pH, bark rugosity, sunlight intensity and host exposure were significantly different for all human impact categories in order to harbour epiphytic orchid species. Habitats with a mixture of mature trees are suitable and essential for the conservation of viable populations of epiphytic orchids in settled areas. The study reveals that to improve the population size of orchids it is essential for future urban forestry to: (i) Protect old trees as carriers of existing epiphytic orchid diversity, (ii) protect medium old trees to ensure that they may become old trees, (iii) plant new host trees for the future, (iv) plant in groups instead of single isolate trees. Trees should especially be planted in areas where orchids still exist to provide more trees for orchid population enlargement (e.g. along riparian system). Native species should be favoured; the pool of such native host species is wide.展开更多
Slope aspect has significant effect on the development and distribution of montane forest, especially in arid and semiarid regions. This paper, using SPOT5 images and 1：5o,ooo DEM, digitally extracts and analyzes the...Slope aspect has significant effect on the development and distribution of montane forest, especially in arid and semiarid regions. This paper, using SPOT5 images and 1：5o,ooo DEM, digitally extracts and analyzes the spatial information of montane coniferous forest （mainly Qinghai spruce）, and thereby explores how the upper and lower limits and the altitudinal range of coniferous forest vary and how the area of coniferous forest is related with annual insolation with all aspects in the Helan Mountains. The results show that： 1） In the eastern flank, the lower limit of coniferous forest is between 1,6oo m and a,ooo m a.s.l., and the upper limit between 2,800 m and 3,ooo m a.s.1.; in the western flank, the lower limit of coniferous forest is between a,ooo m and 2,300 m a.s.l., and the upper limit between 9,80o m and 3,1oo m a.s.1.2） The altitudinal ranges of coniferous forest are 8o6-1,435 m, 438-1,14o m for eastern flank and western flank, respectively. 3） The area of coniferous forest takes on a normal distribution with aspect, and it has a close relationship with annual insolation. This distribution model developed in this paper quantitatively reveals the significant effect of slope aspect on the distribution of coniferous forest in arid and semi-arid land.展开更多
The proper determination of the curve number （CN） in the SCS-CN method reduces errors in predicting runoff volume. In this paper the variability of CN was studied for 5 Slovak and S Polish Carpathian catchments. Emp...The proper determination of the curve number （CN） in the SCS-CN method reduces errors in predicting runoff volume. In this paper the variability of CN was studied for 5 Slovak and S Polish Carpathian catchments. Empirical curve numbers were applied to the distribution fitting. Next, theoretical characteristics of CN were estimated. For loo-CN the Generalized Extreme Value （GEV） distribution was identified as the best fit in most of the catchments. An assessment of the differences between the characteristics estimated from theoretical distributions and the tabulated values of CN was performed. The comparison between the antecedent runoff conditions （ARC） of Hawkins and Hjelmfelt was also completed. The analysis was done for various magnitudes of rainfall. Confidence intervals （CI） were helpful in this evaluation. The studies revealed discordances between the tabulated and estimated CNs. The tabulated CNs were usually lower than estimated values; therefore, an application of the median value and the probabilistic ARC of Hjelmfelt for wet runoff conditions is advisable. For dry conditions the ARC of Hjelmfelt usually better estimated CN than ARC of Hawkins did, but in several catchments neither the ARC of Hawkins nor Hjelmfelt sufficiently depicted the variability in CN.展开更多
[Objective] To further improve the prediction and forecast and continuous control ability of broccoli clubroot disease. [Methods] The spatial distribution pattern of diseased or infected plants was analyzed using the ...[Objective] To further improve the prediction and forecast and continuous control ability of broccoli clubroot disease. [Methods] The spatial distribution pattern of diseased or infected plants was analyzed using the least square method, fre- quency distribution, aggregation index, m＊-m regression analysis and Taylor＇s pow- er law model. [Result] The field distribution of broccoli plants with clubroot disease tended to be aggregated distribution, m＇-m regression analysis showed that the el- ementary composition of the spatial distribution of diseased or infected plants was individual colony, the individuals attracted each other; the disease had obvious dis- ease focus in the field, and the individual colony showed uniform distribution pattern in the field. Taylor＇s power law showed that the spatial pattern of individual dis- eased or infected plant with clubroot disease tended to be uniform distribution with the increase of the density. On the basis of this, Iwao optimal theoretical sampling model and sequential sampling model were established, namely N =273.954 1/m- 59.698 5, To （N）=0.368 4N±1.926 8√N, respectively, it meant that when surveying N plants, if the accumulative incidence rate exceeded upper bound, the field can be set as control object; if the accumulative incidence rate didn＇t reach lower bound, it can be set as uncontrol field; if the accumulative incidence rate was between upper bound and lower bound, it should be surveyed continuously until the maximum sample size （mo=0.368 4） appeared, that was, the disease incidence was 15%, so the sampling number should be 684 plants. [Conclusion] The research results had very important instructive meaning for disease control.展开更多
Severe growth abnormalities including shoot stunting, leaf blade reduction and flower bud failure of Brussels sprout were observed in Poland. The presence of phytoplasma in diseased as well as in healthy looking plant...Severe growth abnormalities including shoot stunting, leaf blade reduction and flower bud failure of Brussels sprout were observed in Poland. The presence of phytoplasma in diseased as well as in healthy looking plants, was demonstrated by nested polymerase chain reaction assay employing phytoplasma universal rRNA primer pairs-P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. Products of PCR primed by R 16F2n/R 16R2 primer pair from naturally infected Brussels sprouts were sequenced. Comparison of the obtained 16S rDNAs revealed high nucleotide sequence identity between analyzed phytoplasma isolates （99.8%-100%）. They were also nearly identical with the sequences of other phytoplasmas isolates from sub-group 16SrI-B, and they were classified as members of ＂Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris＂.展开更多
A lot of individual electricity sources of small power common （called distributed generation） occurred in Polish power sector during the last period. Gradual increases of distributed generation will cover current an...A lot of individual electricity sources of small power common （called distributed generation） occurred in Polish power sector during the last period. Gradual increases of distributed generation will cover current and future demand of consumers as well as allow to keep essential reserves in distribution and transmission grids. Emphasizing on this problem can upgrade economic efficiency and grid significance of distributed generation for investors and distribution utilities in Poland.展开更多
Benford＇s law is logarithmic law for distribution of leading digits formulated by P[D=d]= log（1＋1/d） where d is leading digit or group of digits. It＇s named by Frank Albert Benford （1938） who formulated mathema...Benford＇s law is logarithmic law for distribution of leading digits formulated by P[D=d]= log（1＋1/d） where d is leading digit or group of digits. It＇s named by Frank Albert Benford （1938） who formulated mathematical model of this probability. Befbre him, the same observation was made by Simon Newcomb. This law has changed usual preasumption of equal probability of each digit on each position in number.The main characteristic properties of this law are base, scale, sum, inverse and product invariance. Base invariance means that logarithmic law is valid for any base. Inverse invariance means that logarithmic law for leading digits holds for inverse values in sample. Multiplication invariance means that if random variable X follows Benford＇s law and Y is arbitrary random variable with continuous density then XY follows Benford＇s law too. Sum invariance means that sums of significand are the same for any leading digit or group of digits. In this text method of testing sum invariance property is proposed.展开更多
Martin Luther＇s concept of ＂priesthood of all believers＂ implies that everyone who has been baptised not only becomes a Christian, but also becomes a consecrated priest. There is room for a logical extension of Lut...Martin Luther＇s concept of ＂priesthood of all believers＂ implies that everyone who has been baptised not only becomes a Christian, but also becomes a consecrated priest. There is room for a logical extension of Luther＇s concept. If every Christian is a consecrated priest and has the right to administer the sacraments for himself, is there any necessity to retain a professional priesthood for the Church？ While detailing how Luther＇s concept entailed the shift of clerical functions from a sacramental priesthood to a preaching ministry as occurred within the evolving Protestant Churches, this paper offers a clarification of what Luther actually meant by his formula.展开更多
TURKEY Police cordon off Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul on January 12 after a suicide explosion killed 10 people and injured 15 others.The Turkish Government said that the socal ed"Islamic State"group was be...TURKEY Police cordon off Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul on January 12 after a suicide explosion killed 10 people and injured 15 others.The Turkish Government said that the socal ed"Islamic State"group was behind the attackTHE UNITED STATES People walk past Macy’s flagship store in Manhattan,New York City,on January 12.展开更多
文摘This paper deals with a type of servicing machines model, which service station has a life time of the kth Er-langian distribution and can be repaired just like a new one. The cyclic time and the inefficiency quantities of this system in equilibrium are obtained.
文摘We studied distribution and site conditions of epiphytic orchids in a gradient of human interference in Kathmandu valley, central Nepal. The aim was to understand the recent distribution pattern of epiphytic orchids, with respect to (i) the micro-site conditions and (ii) the type and intensity of land use. The occurrence of epiphytic orchids was recorded for a grid with 1.5 km cell size. The cells represent different types and intensities of human impact. Site factors such as bark rugosity, bark pH, diameter at breast height (dbh; 1.3 m) of host trees, exposure to wind and sunlight intensity were recorded. With regard to the species richness and abundance of epiphytic orchids, we compared different human impact categories from very strong human impact (settlement area) to very low human impact (national park). Remote sensing was used for a supervised classification of land cover. Ficus religiosa turned out to be the most important host species for orchids in urban areas, while Schima wallichii and Alnus nepalensis significantly host orchids in the other categories. Both species richness and abundance of epiphytic orchids were significantly higher under very low human impact (forest in national park) and also some remaining patches of primary forest than the other regions. Micro-climate is crucial for orchid populations. Host bark pH, bark rugosity, sunlight intensity and host exposure were significantly different for all human impact categories in order to harbour epiphytic orchid species. Habitats with a mixture of mature trees are suitable and essential for the conservation of viable populations of epiphytic orchids in settled areas. The study reveals that to improve the population size of orchids it is essential for future urban forestry to: (i) Protect old trees as carriers of existing epiphytic orchid diversity, (ii) protect medium old trees to ensure that they may become old trees, (iii) plant new host trees for the future, (iv) plant in groups instead of single isolate trees. Trees should especially be planted in areas where orchids still exist to provide more trees for orchid population enlargement (e.g. along riparian system). Native species should be favoured; the pool of such native host species is wide.
基金supported by the Naional 973 project (2009CB421307) the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41030528 and 40971064)
文摘Slope aspect has significant effect on the development and distribution of montane forest, especially in arid and semiarid regions. This paper, using SPOT5 images and 1：5o,ooo DEM, digitally extracts and analyzes the spatial information of montane coniferous forest （mainly Qinghai spruce）, and thereby explores how the upper and lower limits and the altitudinal range of coniferous forest vary and how the area of coniferous forest is related with annual insolation with all aspects in the Helan Mountains. The results show that： 1） In the eastern flank, the lower limit of coniferous forest is between 1,6oo m and a,ooo m a.s.l., and the upper limit between 2,800 m and 3,ooo m a.s.1.; in the western flank, the lower limit of coniferous forest is between a,ooo m and 2,300 m a.s.l., and the upper limit between 9,80o m and 3,1oo m a.s.1.2） The altitudinal ranges of coniferous forest are 8o6-1,435 m, 438-1,14o m for eastern flank and western flank, respectively. 3） The area of coniferous forest takes on a normal distribution with aspect, and it has a close relationship with annual insolation. This distribution model developed in this paper quantitatively reveals the significant effect of slope aspect on the distribution of coniferous forest in arid and semi-arid land.
基金supported by the Slovak Grant Agency VEGA under Project No.1/0776/13 and Project No.1/0710/15Research Project No.N N305 396238 founded by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
文摘The proper determination of the curve number （CN） in the SCS-CN method reduces errors in predicting runoff volume. In this paper the variability of CN was studied for 5 Slovak and S Polish Carpathian catchments. Empirical curve numbers were applied to the distribution fitting. Next, theoretical characteristics of CN were estimated. For loo-CN the Generalized Extreme Value （GEV） distribution was identified as the best fit in most of the catchments. An assessment of the differences between the characteristics estimated from theoretical distributions and the tabulated values of CN was performed. The comparison between the antecedent runoff conditions （ARC） of Hawkins and Hjelmfelt was also completed. The analysis was done for various magnitudes of rainfall. Confidence intervals （CI） were helpful in this evaluation. The studies revealed discordances between the tabulated and estimated CNs. The tabulated CNs were usually lower than estimated values; therefore, an application of the median value and the probabilistic ARC of Hjelmfelt for wet runoff conditions is advisable. For dry conditions the ARC of Hjelmfelt usually better estimated CN than ARC of Hawkins did, but in several catchments neither the ARC of Hawkins nor Hjelmfelt sufficiently depicted the variability in CN.
基金Supported by Agricultural Key Projects of Science and Technology Program of Taizhou City in Zhejiang Province(121KY17)~~
文摘[Objective] To further improve the prediction and forecast and continuous control ability of broccoli clubroot disease. [Methods] The spatial distribution pattern of diseased or infected plants was analyzed using the least square method, fre- quency distribution, aggregation index, m＊-m regression analysis and Taylor＇s pow- er law model. [Result] The field distribution of broccoli plants with clubroot disease tended to be aggregated distribution, m＇-m regression analysis showed that the el- ementary composition of the spatial distribution of diseased or infected plants was individual colony, the individuals attracted each other; the disease had obvious dis- ease focus in the field, and the individual colony showed uniform distribution pattern in the field. Taylor＇s power law showed that the spatial pattern of individual dis- eased or infected plant with clubroot disease tended to be uniform distribution with the increase of the density. On the basis of this, Iwao optimal theoretical sampling model and sequential sampling model were established, namely N =273.954 1/m- 59.698 5, To （N）=0.368 4N±1.926 8√N, respectively, it meant that when surveying N plants, if the accumulative incidence rate exceeded upper bound, the field can be set as control object; if the accumulative incidence rate didn＇t reach lower bound, it can be set as uncontrol field; if the accumulative incidence rate was between upper bound and lower bound, it should be surveyed continuously until the maximum sample size （mo=0.368 4） appeared, that was, the disease incidence was 15%, so the sampling number should be 684 plants. [Conclusion] The research results had very important instructive meaning for disease control.
文摘Severe growth abnormalities including shoot stunting, leaf blade reduction and flower bud failure of Brussels sprout were observed in Poland. The presence of phytoplasma in diseased as well as in healthy looking plants, was demonstrated by nested polymerase chain reaction assay employing phytoplasma universal rRNA primer pairs-P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. Products of PCR primed by R 16F2n/R 16R2 primer pair from naturally infected Brussels sprouts were sequenced. Comparison of the obtained 16S rDNAs revealed high nucleotide sequence identity between analyzed phytoplasma isolates （99.8%-100%）. They were also nearly identical with the sequences of other phytoplasmas isolates from sub-group 16SrI-B, and they were classified as members of ＂Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris＂.
文摘A lot of individual electricity sources of small power common （called distributed generation） occurred in Polish power sector during the last period. Gradual increases of distributed generation will cover current and future demand of consumers as well as allow to keep essential reserves in distribution and transmission grids. Emphasizing on this problem can upgrade economic efficiency and grid significance of distributed generation for investors and distribution utilities in Poland.
文摘Benford＇s law is logarithmic law for distribution of leading digits formulated by P[D=d]= log（1＋1/d） where d is leading digit or group of digits. It＇s named by Frank Albert Benford （1938） who formulated mathematical model of this probability. Befbre him, the same observation was made by Simon Newcomb. This law has changed usual preasumption of equal probability of each digit on each position in number.The main characteristic properties of this law are base, scale, sum, inverse and product invariance. Base invariance means that logarithmic law is valid for any base. Inverse invariance means that logarithmic law for leading digits holds for inverse values in sample. Multiplication invariance means that if random variable X follows Benford＇s law and Y is arbitrary random variable with continuous density then XY follows Benford＇s law too. Sum invariance means that sums of significand are the same for any leading digit or group of digits. In this text method of testing sum invariance property is proposed.
文摘Martin Luther＇s concept of ＂priesthood of all believers＂ implies that everyone who has been baptised not only becomes a Christian, but also becomes a consecrated priest. There is room for a logical extension of Luther＇s concept. If every Christian is a consecrated priest and has the right to administer the sacraments for himself, is there any necessity to retain a professional priesthood for the Church？ While detailing how Luther＇s concept entailed the shift of clerical functions from a sacramental priesthood to a preaching ministry as occurred within the evolving Protestant Churches, this paper offers a clarification of what Luther actually meant by his formula.
文摘TURKEY Police cordon off Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul on January 12 after a suicide explosion killed 10 people and injured 15 others.The Turkish Government said that the socal ed"Islamic State"group was behind the attackTHE UNITED STATES People walk past Macy’s flagship store in Manhattan,New York City,on January 12.
