苏珊·桑塔格及其小说《恩人》

提起美国当代作家苏珊·桑塔格(Susan Sontag，1933-)，人们首先联想到的很可能是她的《反对阐释》。该文的发表，使桑塔格以理论研究而蜚声文坛。不过，想来人们也不会忘记她作为评论家和小说家的“两栖人”身份。事实上。

超现实的精神探索——论桑塔格的小说《恩人》

本文认为桑塔格的小说《恩人》一反传统现实主义的手法,对人的精神意识进行了实验性探索,在追求艺术形式方面与她60年代倡导的"反对阐释"的美学理念相呼应。然而,她的小说在追求超现实主义叙事模式的同时,却深刻表现了人的异化状态。

How Global can Global Public Reason Be？

Joshua Cohen has recently remodelled Rawls＇ account of public reason into an explicitly global enterprise designed to both engage and regulate human rights discourses. Cohen＇s model is interesting because of the manners in which Cohen attempts to answer the questions the model begs： how can individuals with fundamentally incommensurable world views actually engage in common acts of practical reason with each other about issues like human rights？ What common convictions or a common social imaginary must these individuals share？ I argue that articulating potential common grounds on which acts of global public reasoning can transpire involves engaging with rather than seeking to reason autonomously from （or transcend） the material, social, and cultural forces--most importantly the tradition of liberal secularism which Cohen＇s model takes its normative bearings from--that make such discourses what they are. Doing so enhances the ability of a liberal secular human rights proponent to elucidate meaningful sites of common ground with others. Such common ground emerges not simply through toleration but also through critically engaging the worldviews of other globally public reasoners.

On the Theory of Harmonious Co-existence between Man and Nature by Marx and Engels

Marx and Engles believed that man and nature develop harmoniously, when the activities of man constitute the content of nature, which is changed constantly because of the activities of man. Marx and Engles also pointed out the duality of the conquest, change and influence exerted on nature by man. On one hand, it can improve people’s living conditions and make people free from the enslavement of the nature. On the other hand, it may also lead to excessively snatching and wrecking nature, then make the deterioration of the environment and ecology out of balance. They also, from the technical angle of ecology, put forward the concrete measures to realize the harmonious symbiosis of man and nature in the development of economy. They also believed that only when socialism or communism is realized, can the conciliation of mankind and nature be realized finally. Marx and Engle’s theory of harmonious symbiosis of man and nature is of great theoretical directive significance for us to insist on the scientific development view.

No association of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated gene CTLA4 +49A/G polymorphisms with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Hungarian population samples

AIM： The goal of the current work was to analyse the prevalence of the ＋49A/G variant of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 gene （CTLA4） in Hungarian patients with Crohn＇s disease （CD） and ulcerative colitis （UC）. METHODS： A total of 130 unrelated subjects with CD and 150 with UC, and 170 matched controls were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP）. The genotypes were determined by using PCR/RFLP test. RESULTS： The G allele frequency and the prevalence of the GG genotype were 38.1% and 12.3% in the CD group, 40.6% and 18.6% in the UC patients, and 37.4% and 15.9% in the control group, respectively. CONCLUSION： The results of the current study show that carriage of the ＋49G SNP in heterozygous or in homozygous form does not confer risk either for CD or for UC in the Hungarian population.

Long-term natural history of Crohn’s disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory granulomatous process that usually involves different sites in the intestinal tract. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in its etiology and pathogenesis. The disorder has a heterogeneous clinical expression and data from tertiary care settings have documented its female predominance, occasional familial nature, and high rate of stricture formation and penetrating disease. It may appear from early childhood to late adulthood, although over 80% are currently diagnosed before age 40 years, usually with terminal ileal and colonic involvement. Several studies have now shown differences in phenotypic clinical expression depending on the initial age at diagnosis, with pediatric-onset disease being more severe and more extensive with more involvement of the upper gastrointestinal tract compared to adult-onset disease. In addition, long- term studies from these tertiary care settings have documented that the disorder may evolve with time into a more complex disease with stricture formation and penetrating disease complications (i.e. fistula and abscess). Although prolonged remission with no evidence of inflammatory disease may occur, discrete periods of symptomatic and active granulomatous inflammatory disease may re-appear over many decades. Long-term studies on the natural history have also suggested that discrete events (or agents) may precipitate this granulomatous inflammatory process.

恩人江隆基

在每个人的一生中，总有令你至死不能忘记的一些人。在这些人中。除了你的父母、子女和兄弟姐妹等直系亲属外，剩下的就必定是在你最困难的时候给了你最宝贵支持和帮助的人了。否则，将会随着时间的流逝而退出你的记忆。

Rates of hospitalization among African American and Caucasian American patients with Crohn’s disease seen at a tertiary care center

Background:There is equivocal evidence regarding differences in the clinical course and outcomes of Crohn’s disease(CD)among African Americans compared with Caucasian Americans.We sought to analyze whether African Americans with CD are more likely to be hospitalized for CD-related complications when compared with Caucasian Americans with CD.Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 909 African Americans and Caucasian Americans with CD who were seen at our tertiary care Inflammatory Bowel Disease(IBD)referral center between 2000 and 2013.We calculated the rate of hospitalization for CD-related complications among African Americans and Caucasian Americans separately.Zero-inflated Poisson regression models with robust variance estimates were used to estimate crude and multivariable adjusted rate ratios(RR)for CD-related hospitalizations.Multivariable adjusted models included adjustment for age,sex,duration of CD,smoking and CD therapy.Results:The cumulative rate of CD-related hospital admissions was higher among African American patients compared with Caucasian American patients(395.6/1000 person-years in African Americans vs.230.4/1000 person-years in Caucasian Americans).Unadjusted and multivariable adjusted rate ratios for CD-related hospitalization comparing African Americans and Caucasian Americans were 1.59(95%confidence interval[95%CI]:1.10–2.29;P=0.01)and 1.44(95%CI:1.02–2.03;P=0.04),respectively.Conclusions:African Americans with CD followed at a tertiary IBD-referral center had a higher rate for CD-related hospitalizations compared with Caucasian Americans.Future studies should examine whether socioeconomic status and biologic markers of disease status could explain the higher risk observed among African Americans.