Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evid...Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evidence that nausea and vomiting can also be learned via classical （Pavlovian） conditioning and might occur in anticipation of the nauseogenic event. Classical conditioning of nausea can develop with chemotherapy in cancer patients. Initially, nausea and vomiting occur during and alter the administration of cytotoxic drugs （post-treatment nausea and vomiting） as unconditioned responses （UR）. In addition, 20%-30% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy report these side effects, despite antiemetic medication, when being re-exposed to the stimuli that usually signal the chemotherapy session and its drug infusion. These symptoms are called anticipatory nausea （AN） and/or anticipatory vomiting （ANV） and are explained by classical conditioning. Moreover, there is recent evidence for the assumption that post- chemotherapy nausea is at least partly influenced by learning. Alter summarizing the relevant assumptions of the conditioning model, revealing that a context can become a conditioned stimulus （CS）, the present paper summarizes data that nausea and/or vomiting is acquired by classical conditioning and, consequently, may be alleviated by conditioning techniques. Our own research has focussed on two aspects and is emphasized here. First, a conditioned nausea model was established in healthy humans using body rotation as the nausea- inducing treatment. The validity of this motion-sickness model to examine conditioning mechanisms in the acquisition and alleviation of conditioned nausea and associated endocrine and immunological responses is summarized. Results from the rotation-induced motion sickness model showed that gender is an important moderator variable to be considered in further studies. This paper concludes with a review of the application of the demonstrated conditioning principles as interventions to ameliorate distressing AN/ANV in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, which is the second focus of our work.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness of a holistic acupuncture approach on nausea, pain, bloating and electrogastrogram （EGG） parameters in patients with intractable symptoms.METHODS： Twelve patients with no or mild...AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness of a holistic acupuncture approach on nausea, pain, bloating and electrogastrogram （EGG） parameters in patients with intractable symptoms.METHODS： Twelve patients with no or mild nausea （those without nausea had bloating or pain） and 10 with a histool of moderate to severe nausea were referred for acupuncture. All underwent an EGG and were treated at acupuncture points PC6, SP4 and DU20. Visual analog scales （VAS） assessing severity of nausea, pain and bloating were obtained before and after acupuncture treatment. Nineteen patients received three and three patients received two treatments.RESULTS： VAS scores for nausea reflected the clinical assessment and differed significantly between mild and moderate/severe nausea groups. Acupuncture significantly improved severity of nausea in both groups with improved pre-treatment nausea between the first and third treatments in the moderate/severe nausea group. Pain scores improved with acupuncture in the mild nausea group only and bloating improved only with the first treatment in this group. Patients with bloating with VAS scores greater than 35 pre-treatment improved with acupuncture and over all VAS scores for pain improved with treatment. Acupuncture increased the power in the 2.7 to 3.5 cpm range in the EGG.CONCLUSION： In this uncontrolled clinical study, a holistic acupuncture approach significantly improved nausea in patients with refractory symptoms and increased the power in the 2,7-3,5 cpm component of the electrogastrogram, Bloating and pain VAS scores improved acutely with treatment, This study suggests that acupuncture may be effective in this refractory group of patients and further study using appropriate controls is warranted,展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of injecting recombinant mutant human tumor necrosis factor (rmhTNF) into pericardial cavity of carcinoma patients with malignant pericardial effusion. Methods: In 20 ca...Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of injecting recombinant mutant human tumor necrosis factor (rmhTNF) into pericardial cavity of carcinoma patients with malignant pericardial effusion. Methods: In 20 cases of malignant pericardial effusion, the intrapericardial catheter was inserted into pericardial cavity, and then rmhTNF of 1.5 × 107 U was infused. The infusion was repeated every 5-7 days with the total 4-6 times. If the effusion disappeared, rmhTNF was then used 2 more times and then the intrapericardial catheter was pulled out. Results: Of 20 patients, 14 were complete response (CR), 4 were partial response (PR) and 2 no change (NC). The disappearance of effusion in 6 cases lasted for more than 6 months. Conclusion: Injecting rmhTNF into pericardial cavity may be a better way to control malignant pericardial effusion and has mild side effects.展开更多
Background and aim:Progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)is one of the most common complementary and alternative therapies.Published systematic review unfolded that PMR has a positive impact on chemotherapy-induced nausea...Background and aim:Progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)is one of the most common complementary and alternative therapies.Published systematic review unfolded that PMR has a positive impact on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among adult cancer patients.However,the pooled findings were not reliable and valid because included trials have poor quality.It must be noted is that additional studies with good quality have been published recently.So,we design this updated systematic review to comprehensively establish the efficacy of PMR for the of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients.Methods:We will search PubMed,Cochrane Controlled Register of Trial(CENTRAL),Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL),China Biomedical Literature database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and Wanfang data to capture all potential items.Data extraction sheet will be used to extract all essential information,the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool will be utilized to appraise the risk of bias of eligible studies.Finally,a quantitative analysis will be performed if sufficient data were obtained.In contrast,a qualitative analysis will be used to summarize the results of all included studies.Ethics and dissemination:Ethics approval and patient written informed consent will not be required because all of the analyses in the present study will be performed based on data from published studies.We will submit our systematic review and network meta-analysis to a peer reviewed scientific journal for publication.展开更多
In his quest for spiritual fulfillment, Thomas Stearns Eliot conducts a meticulous religious study which teaches him distinctive interpretations of human existence and their various functions that they are supposed to...In his quest for spiritual fulfillment, Thomas Stearns Eliot conducts a meticulous religious study which teaches him distinctive interpretations of human existence and their various functions that they are supposed to assume in the world. Eliot＇s personal attachment to religious knowledge and his reflections of religious studies inevitably manifest themselves in his literary works; be it his dramas or poems, mostly in the forms of philosophical and psychoanalytical analysis of his characters and the detected problems observed in their relationships. The Cocktail Party, a play starting off as a drawing-room comedy soon converts to a serious analysis of human psychology and the nature of human interactions. While engaging with these particular points, the play offers possibilities to discuss several religious allusions, though dealt with subtly. Integrated with religion, characters＇ attitudes towards a given situation and their final decision position them in their quest either in ＂hypothetical＂ enlightenment or in a ＂supposed＂ repetition of a vicious circle. The enforcing power behind the play is interestingly a psychiatrist, who adds dynamism and mystery to the plot and has a special task in making the play a drama of conversion. The inner conflicts of the characters which ultimately lead to a series of problems in their relationships are the main concern which causes the characters search for different solutions. Accordingly, they make their own choices to cease their inner struggles. This paper aims to explore the concept of conversion in Eliot＇s The Cocktail Party with references to the playwright＇s religious journey in his literary career.展开更多
文摘Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evidence that nausea and vomiting can also be learned via classical （Pavlovian） conditioning and might occur in anticipation of the nauseogenic event. Classical conditioning of nausea can develop with chemotherapy in cancer patients. Initially, nausea and vomiting occur during and alter the administration of cytotoxic drugs （post-treatment nausea and vomiting） as unconditioned responses （UR）. In addition, 20%-30% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy report these side effects, despite antiemetic medication, when being re-exposed to the stimuli that usually signal the chemotherapy session and its drug infusion. These symptoms are called anticipatory nausea （AN） and/or anticipatory vomiting （ANV） and are explained by classical conditioning. Moreover, there is recent evidence for the assumption that post- chemotherapy nausea is at least partly influenced by learning. Alter summarizing the relevant assumptions of the conditioning model, revealing that a context can become a conditioned stimulus （CS）, the present paper summarizes data that nausea and/or vomiting is acquired by classical conditioning and, consequently, may be alleviated by conditioning techniques. Our own research has focussed on two aspects and is emphasized here. First, a conditioned nausea model was established in healthy humans using body rotation as the nausea- inducing treatment. The validity of this motion-sickness model to examine conditioning mechanisms in the acquisition and alleviation of conditioned nausea and associated endocrine and immunological responses is summarized. Results from the rotation-induced motion sickness model showed that gender is an important moderator variable to be considered in further studies. This paper concludes with a review of the application of the demonstrated conditioning principles as interventions to ameliorate distressing AN/ANV in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, which is the second focus of our work.
文摘AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness of a holistic acupuncture approach on nausea, pain, bloating and electrogastrogram （EGG） parameters in patients with intractable symptoms.METHODS： Twelve patients with no or mild nausea （those without nausea had bloating or pain） and 10 with a histool of moderate to severe nausea were referred for acupuncture. All underwent an EGG and were treated at acupuncture points PC6, SP4 and DU20. Visual analog scales （VAS） assessing severity of nausea, pain and bloating were obtained before and after acupuncture treatment. Nineteen patients received three and three patients received two treatments.RESULTS： VAS scores for nausea reflected the clinical assessment and differed significantly between mild and moderate/severe nausea groups. Acupuncture significantly improved severity of nausea in both groups with improved pre-treatment nausea between the first and third treatments in the moderate/severe nausea group. Pain scores improved with acupuncture in the mild nausea group only and bloating improved only with the first treatment in this group. Patients with bloating with VAS scores greater than 35 pre-treatment improved with acupuncture and over all VAS scores for pain improved with treatment. Acupuncture increased the power in the 2.7 to 3.5 cpm range in the EGG.CONCLUSION： In this uncontrolled clinical study, a holistic acupuncture approach significantly improved nausea in patients with refractory symptoms and increased the power in the 2,7-3,5 cpm component of the electrogastrogram, Bloating and pain VAS scores improved acutely with treatment, This study suggests that acupuncture may be effective in this refractory group of patients and further study using appropriate controls is warranted,
文摘Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of injecting recombinant mutant human tumor necrosis factor (rmhTNF) into pericardial cavity of carcinoma patients with malignant pericardial effusion. Methods: In 20 cases of malignant pericardial effusion, the intrapericardial catheter was inserted into pericardial cavity, and then rmhTNF of 1.5 × 107 U was infused. The infusion was repeated every 5-7 days with the total 4-6 times. If the effusion disappeared, rmhTNF was then used 2 more times and then the intrapericardial catheter was pulled out. Results: Of 20 patients, 14 were complete response (CR), 4 were partial response (PR) and 2 no change (NC). The disappearance of effusion in 6 cases lasted for more than 6 months. Conclusion: Injecting rmhTNF into pericardial cavity may be a better way to control malignant pericardial effusion and has mild side effects.
文摘Background and aim:Progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)is one of the most common complementary and alternative therapies.Published systematic review unfolded that PMR has a positive impact on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among adult cancer patients.However,the pooled findings were not reliable and valid because included trials have poor quality.It must be noted is that additional studies with good quality have been published recently.So,we design this updated systematic review to comprehensively establish the efficacy of PMR for the of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients.Methods:We will search PubMed,Cochrane Controlled Register of Trial(CENTRAL),Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL),China Biomedical Literature database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and Wanfang data to capture all potential items.Data extraction sheet will be used to extract all essential information,the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool will be utilized to appraise the risk of bias of eligible studies.Finally,a quantitative analysis will be performed if sufficient data were obtained.In contrast,a qualitative analysis will be used to summarize the results of all included studies.Ethics and dissemination:Ethics approval and patient written informed consent will not be required because all of the analyses in the present study will be performed based on data from published studies.We will submit our systematic review and network meta-analysis to a peer reviewed scientific journal for publication.
文摘In his quest for spiritual fulfillment, Thomas Stearns Eliot conducts a meticulous religious study which teaches him distinctive interpretations of human existence and their various functions that they are supposed to assume in the world. Eliot＇s personal attachment to religious knowledge and his reflections of religious studies inevitably manifest themselves in his literary works; be it his dramas or poems, mostly in the forms of philosophical and psychoanalytical analysis of his characters and the detected problems observed in their relationships. The Cocktail Party, a play starting off as a drawing-room comedy soon converts to a serious analysis of human psychology and the nature of human interactions. While engaging with these particular points, the play offers possibilities to discuss several religious allusions, though dealt with subtly. Integrated with religion, characters＇ attitudes towards a given situation and their final decision position them in their quest either in ＂hypothetical＂ enlightenment or in a ＂supposed＂ repetition of a vicious circle. The enforcing power behind the play is interestingly a psychiatrist, who adds dynamism and mystery to the plot and has a special task in making the play a drama of conversion. The inner conflicts of the characters which ultimately lead to a series of problems in their relationships are the main concern which causes the characters search for different solutions. Accordingly, they make their own choices to cease their inner struggles. This paper aims to explore the concept of conversion in Eliot＇s The Cocktail Party with references to the playwright＇s religious journey in his literary career.
