The Making of Japanese Femininity： Women, Civilization, and War, from 1868 to 1945

This article traces the development of modem Japanese femininity from the Meiji Restoration （1868） to the end of the Asia Pacific War （1945）. It explores how modem Japanese femininity was constructed in relation to ＂civilization＂ （bunmei） and war. With the introduction of the Western notion of ＂civilization＂, the Meiji state tried to ＂civilize＂ its views on women to become on par with the West. As the status of women became a major national issue in the late 19th century, women began to regard themselves as important members of the nation through their involvement in patriotic activities. During the Second Sino-Japanese War and Asia Pacific War, women strengthened their ties to the nation by supporting the wars on the home front as mothers, wives, laborers, and members of women＇s association. This made patriotism, frugality, and selflessness essential to the definition of the Japanese woman. In addition to these qualities, chastity was central to the idealized image of the Japanese woman. Through the examination of the historical development of Japanese femininity, this article offers insight into the image of ＂good Japanese woman＂.

The Treaty of San Francisco From the Perspective of International Peace Movements in Early Twentieth-Century America

The leaders of the Meiji Restoration believed in their master, Yoshida Shoin （吉田松陰）, who claimed that in order for the islands of Japan not to be a colony of the powerful Western states, Japan had to conquer nearby countries. This led to Japan’s invasion of the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria, which ultimately led to the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Pacific War. Surprisingly, the subject and the timing of each and every one of these acts of war were in the same order of Yoshida Shoin’s proposal on preoccupancy. The Sino-Japanese war of 1894 was romanticized as clearing the barbaric culture by civilization, and the Russo-Japanese war of 1904 was romanticized as the realization of Eastern Peace. However, Japanese policies of aggressions were first deemed illegal by international law during the 1931 Manchurian Incident by the investigations of the League of Nations. The Japanese Empire received the recommendation by the League of Nations to restore to original state, but declined and exited from the League of Nations. Following their exit, they started the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War and eventually lost in 1945. The goal of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 was to punish Japan’s aggressions. However, as the Cold War between the East and the West started to arise in 1948, the punishment was eased, and their punishment for the aggressions on the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and Korea was nearly unasked for. This paper examines the issues of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in the views of the international law of the League of Nations, established by Manley O. Hudson of Harvard University and others in U.S. academia and judiciary.

Evolution of Regional Geopolitical Pattern and Its Impact on the Regional Resources Cooperation in Northeast Asia

Taking America＇s implementing the Asia-Pacific rebalancing strategy and China＇s building the Silk Road Belt as a backdrop, this research generalizes the basic concepts of geopolitics, geo-economy and geo-strategy, and then reviews the basic theories of geopolitics and its progress. Furthermore, based on the results of analyzing the features of changes of East Asia geopolitical environment, the paper summarizes the development trends of geopolitical environment of Sino-Mongolia and Sino-Russia, and considers that the geopolitical pattern and order of the South China Sea has been changed deeply with the strong involvement of USA. One of the most important changes is that China＇s interests are suffering stern challenge from Japan, Vietnam, Philippines and other countries. Afterwards, taking the energy market as an example, this research analyzes the impact of geopolitical changes of East Asia on the regional resources market. For China, the strategic conception of building the Silk Road Economic Belt is a countermeasure to counterbalance the adverse changing. At the same time, Russia was sanctioned by western countries and turned their eyes to Asia. So the stern geopolitical environment of both countries provides a good opportunity for China-Russia economic and trade cooperation. Because of the similar geopolitical situation and economic complementary, the energy cooperation between China and Russia is expected to be further enhanced in the future. Although Mongolia＇s economy relies heavily on China, its geopolitical strategic demand and strategic target have changed profoundly since the United States returns to Asia. The diplomatic priority of Mongolia is to strengthen exchanges with ＂the third neighbor＂ and to counterbalance its two neighbors＇ influences. Though the Sino-Mongolia geopolitical relations are mainly positive, America＇s involvement increased the uncertainty of Sino-Mongolia resources cooperation. For Japan and Korea being America＇s allies, the harsh regional geopolitical environment will decrease their share of resources market in northeast Asia in the future.

美如锦绣——京剧服装之靠

京剧中表现古代战争题材的剧目众多,气势磅礴的交战场面令人热血沸腾,激情澎湃。两军交战,锣鼓雷动,将帅身披靠甲,背扎靠旗,头戴翎羽,足蹬厚底,威风凛凛,刀枪剑戟,上下翻飞,势如'金戈铁马,气吞万里'。传统京剧舞台没有丰富的布景、灯光,于是运用靠服、道具塑造出不同身份、性格各异的将帅形象,演绎出千军万马冲锋陷阵,气势恢宏的战场景象。

艺德善美 为人师表——忆著名京剧教育家贯大元先生

贯大元先生应工须生,宗谭(鑫培)派。1919年,他跟随梅兰芳东渡日本,演出了《空城计》《乌龙院》等剧,颇受好评。据著名学者朱家溍、丁汝芹合编的《清代内廷演剧始末考》等书籍记述,1922年,清末代皇帝溥仪大婚,紫禁城连演三天大戏,盛况空前,阵容强大。引人关注的是,须生名家贯大元先生演出的《汾河湾》和《搜孤救孤》等戏精彩纷呈,所得赏银数额颇丰。

Making Accommodations

Government makes a positive gesture to overseas NGOs Global medical NGO Project HOPE was founded in 1958 by Dr.William B.Walsh,who once served as a medical officer in the South Pacific during World War II.