明天,报纸将隔离年轻读者?

27岁的艾米·罗伊斯特是考克斯新闻报业公司旗下<每日镜报>的一位特写版编辑,<每日镜报>是一份面向格林维尔市民的报纸.格林维尔市旺盛的消费能力使罗伊斯特感觉到,年龄在18岁到24岁之间的人群中存在商机.于是,罗伊斯特开始向考克斯公司的每一个愿意听她诉说的人讲道,她认为公司应当办一份以青年人为传播对象的出版物.

Comparison of Fe^(2+) oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in rotating-drum and stirred-tank reactors

Fe2＋ oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans（At.ferrooxidans） under different solid contents by adding inert Al2O3 powder was examined in rotating-drum and stirred-tank reactors.The results show that the bioactivity of At.ferrooxidans in the stirred-tank is higher than that in the rotating-drum in the absence of Al2O3 powder,but the biooxidation rate of Fe2＋ decreases markedly from 0.23 g/（L·h） to 0.025 g/（L·h） with increasing the content of Al2O3 powder from 0 to 50%（mass fraction） in the stirred-tank probably due to the deactivation of At.ferrooxidans resulting from the collision and friction of solid particles.The increase in Al2O3 content has a little adverse effect on the bioactivity of At.ferrooxidans in the rotating-drum due to different mixing mechanisms of the two reactors.The biooxidation rate of Fe2＋ in the rotating-drum is higher than that in the stirred-tank at the same content of Al2O3 powder,especially at high solid content.The higher bioactivity of At.ferrooxidans can be maintained for allowing high solid content in the rotating-drum reactor,but its application potential still needs to be verified further by the sulfide bioleaching for the property differences of Al2O3 powder and sulfide minerals.

CFD Simulation of Hydrodynamic Characteristics in Stirred Reactors Equipped with Standard Rushton or 45°-Upward PBT Impeller

The hydrodynamic characteristics generated by the standard Rushton or 45°-upward pitched-blade-turbine (PBT) impellers in a baffled reactor are numerically simulated for different off-bottom clearances (C= 1/3H and 1/2H) and agitator speeds (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300r·min^-1) by using FLUENT code (Version 5.4). The results are compared with the experimental and simulated data in the published papers and good agreement is observed. The shapes of the profile of mean velocities seem independent to the speed of agitators under the experimental conditions (100-300r·min^-1).

Mixing time in stirred vessels: A review of experimental techniques

Mixing time is de fined as the time required for achieving a certain degree of homogeneity of injected tracer in a unit operation vessel. It has been used as a key parameter for assessing the performance of a mixing system. From an experimental standpoint, several techniques have been developed for measuring the mixing time. Based on the disturbances to fl ow, they can be classi fied into two groups: non-intrusive and intrusive. However, depending on the type of data generated, they can be also classi fied into direct measurements and indirect measurements(Eulerian and Lagrangian). Since the techniques available for measuring mixing times in an agitated tank do not provide the same information, its choice depends on several factors, namely: accuracy, reproducibility,suitability, cost, sampling speed, type of data, and processing time. A review of the experimental techniques reported in the literature in the last 50 years for the measurement of mixing time in stirred vessels under single and gas–liquid fl ow conditions with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fl uids in the laminar and turbulent regime is made, and a comparison between these techniques is also presented.

Gas–liquid hydrodynamics in a vessel stirred by dual dislocated-blade Rushton impellers

Towards the objective of improving the gas dispersion performance, the dislocated-blade Rushton impeller was applied to the gas-liquid mixing in a baffled stirred vessel. The flow field, gas hold-up, dissolved oxygen, power consumption before and after gassing were studied using the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） technique. Dispersion of gas in the liquid was modelled using the Eulerian-Eulerian approach along with the dispersed k-e turbulent model. Rotation of the impeller was simulated with the multiple reference frame method. A modified drag coefficient which includes the effect of turbulence was used to account for the momentum exchange. The predictions were compared with their counterparts of the standard Rushton impeller and were validated with the experimental results. It is concluded that the dislocated-blade Rushton impeller is superior to the standard Rushton impeller in the gas-liquid mixing operation, and the findings obtained here lay the basis of its application in process industries.

Transfer Characteristics in Mechanically Stirred Airlift Loop Reactors with or without Static Mixers

The mechanically stirred internal loop airlift reactors equipped with or without static mixers are devised for intensification of gas-liquid mass transfer rate. The influences of superficial gas velocity, agitation or static mixers on gas hold-up, mixing time, liquid circulating velocity and volumetric mass transfer coefficient have been investigated with tap water and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that mechanical agitation is more efficacious than static mixer in highly viscous media for improving mass transfer in airlift reactors. The empirical correlation of volumetric mass transfer coefficient with apparent viscosity, and energy consumption for mechanical agitation and aeration is developed.

Reactor Network Synthesis Based on Instantaneous Objective Function Characteristic Curves

It is believed that whether the instantaneous objective function curves of plug-flow-reactor (PFR) and continuous-stirred-tank-reactor (CSTR) overlap or not, they have a consistent changing trend for complex reactions (steady state, isothermal and constant volume). As a result of the relation of the objective functions (selectivity or yield) to the instantaneous objective functions (instantaneous selectivity or instantaneous reaction rate), the optimal reactor network configuration can be determined according to the changing trend of the instantaneous objective function curves. Further, a recent partition strategy for the reactor network synthesis based on the instantaneous objective function characteristic curves is proposed by extending the attainable region partition strategy from the concentration space to the instantaneous objective function-unreacted fraction of key reactant space. In this paper, the instantaneous objective function is closed to be the instantaneous selectivity and several samples are examined to illustrate the proposed method. The comparison with the previous work indicates it is a very convenient and practical systematic tool of the reactor network synthesis and seems also promising for overcoming the dimension limit of the attainable region partition strategy in the concentration space.

Development of Linearizing Feedback Control with a Variable Structure Observer for Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors

This paper deals with the design of an observer-based nonlinear control for continuous stirred tank reactors(CSTR).A variable structure observer is constructed to estimate the whole process state variables.This observer is basically the conventional Luenberger observer with an additional switching term used to guarantee the robustness against modeling errors.The observer is coupled with a nonlinear controller,designed based on input-output linearization for controlling the reactor temperature.The asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system is shown by the Lyapunov stability theorem.Finally,computer simulations are developed for showing the performance of the proposed approach.

Effects of bubbly flow on bending moment acting on the shaft of a gas sparged vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine

The bending moment acting on the overhung shaft of a gas-sparged vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine,as one of the results of fluid and structure interactions in stirred vessels,was measured using a moment sensor equipped with digital telemetry.An analysis of the shaft bending moment amplitude shows that the amplitude distribution of the bending moment,which indicates the elasticity nature of shaft material against bending deformation,follows the Weibull distribution.The trends of amplitude mean,standard deviation and peak deviation characteristics manifest an "S" shape versus gas flow.The "S" trend of the relative mean bending moment over gas flow rate,depending on the flow regime in gas-liquid stirred vessels,resulted from the competition among the nonuniformity of bubbly flow around the impeller,the formation of gas cavities behind the blades,and the gas direct impact on the impeller when gas is introduced.A further analysis of the bending moment power spectral density shows that the rather low frequency and speed frequency are evident.The low-frequency contribution to bending moment fluctuation peaks in the complete dispersion regime.

Power demand and mixing performance of coaxial mixers in a stirred tank with CMC solution

Experimental investigation was carried out in an elliptical based stirred tank with a diameter of 0.48 m to explore the power demand and mixing performance of coaxial mixers.Syrup and CMC solution(sodium carboxy methyl cellulose)were used as the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids,respectively.Four different coaxial mixers were combined with either CBY or Pfaudler impeller as the inner one,and anchor or helical ribbon(HR)as the outer one.Results show that Pfaudler-HR is the optimized combination among four coaxial mixers in this work,which provides the shortest mixing time given the same power consumption.Compared with the syrup solution,the increase of power input can make the mixing time decreasing more obviously in the CMC solution.The quantitative correlations for both syrup and CMC solutions were established to calculate the power draw and the mixing time of four coaxial mixers.

Sparse Kernel Locality Preserving Projection and Its Application in Nonlinear Process Fault Detection

Locality preserving projection (LPP) is a newly emerging fault detection method which can discover local manifold structure of a data set to be analyzed, but its linear assumption may lead to monitoring performance degradation for complicated nonlinear industrial processes. In this paper, an improved LPP method, referred to as sparse kernel locality preserving projection (SKLPP) is proposed for nonlinear process fault detection. Based on the LPP model, kernel trick is applied to construct nonlinear kernel model. Furthermore, for reducing the computational complexity of kernel model, feature samples selection technique is adopted to make the kernel LPP model sparse. Lastly, two monitoring statistics of SKLPP model are built to detect process faults. Simulations on a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system show that SKLPP is more effective than LPP in terms of fault detection performance.

Mass transfer in gas–liquid stirred reactor with various triple-impeller combinations

The gassed power demand and volumetric mass transfer coefficient （kca） were investigated in a fully baffled, dished-base stirred vessel with a diameter of 0.30 m agitated by five triple-impeller combinations. Six types of impellers （six-half-elliptical-blade disk turbine （HEDT）, four-wide-blade hydrofoil impeller （WH） pumping down （D） and pumping up （U）, parabolic-blade disk turbine （PDT）, and CBY narrow blade （N） and wide blade （W）） were used to form five combinations identified by PDT ＋ 2CBYN, PDT ＋ 2CBYw, PDT ＋ 2WHD, HEDT ＋ 2WHD and HEDT ＋ 2WHo, respectively. The results show that the relative power demand of HEDT ＋ 2WHu is higher than that of other four impeller combinations under all operating conditions. At low superficial gas velocity （uc）, kLa differences among impeller combinations are not obvious. However when UG iS high, PDT ＋ 2WHD shows the best mass transfer performance and HEDT ＋ 2WHu shows the worst mass trans- fer performance under all operating conditions. At high uc and a given power input, the impeller combinations with high agitation speed and big projection cross-sectional area lead to relatively high values of kLa. Based on the experimental data, the regressed correlations of gassed power number with Froude number and gas flow number, and kLa with power consumption and superficial gas velocity are obtained for five different impeller combinations, which could be used as guidance for industrial design.

Nonlinear model predictive control based on hyper chaotic diagonal recurrent neural network

Nonlinear model predictive controllers(NMPC)can predict the future behavior of the under-controlled system using a nonlinear predictive model.Here,an array of hyper chaotic diagonal recurrent neural network(HCDRNN)was proposed for modeling and predicting the behavior of the under-controller nonlinear system in a moving forward window.In order to improve the convergence of the parameters of the HCDRNN to improve system’s modeling,the extent of chaos is adjusted using a logistic map in the hidden layer.A novel NMPC based on the HCDRNN array(HCDRNN-NMPC)was proposed that the control signal with the help of an improved gradient descent method was obtained.The controller was used to control a continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR)with hard-nonlinearities and input constraints,in the presence of uncertainties including external disturbance.The results of the simulations show the superior performance of the proposed method in trajectory tracking and disturbance rejection.Parameter convergence and neglectable prediction error of the neural network(NN),guaranteed stability and high tracking performance are the most significant advantages of the proposed scheme.

Modeling and Simulation of Ethylene Polymerization in Industrial Slurry Reactor Series

A five-site comprehensive mathematical model was developed to simulate the steady-state behavior of industrial slurry polymerization of ethylene in multistage continuous stirred tank reactors. More specifically, the effects of various operating conditions (i.e., inflow rates of catalyst, hydrogen and comonomer) on the molecular structure and properties of polyethylene (i.e.,Mw,Mn, polydispersity index (IPD), melt index, density, etc.) are fully assessed. It is shown that the proposed comprehensive model is capable of simulating the steady-state operation of an industrial slurry stirred tank reactor series. It is demonstrated that changing the catalyst flow rate, changes simultaneously the mean residence-time in both reactors, which plays a significant role on the establishment of polyethylene architecture properties such as molecular mass and IPD. The melt index and density of polyethylene are mainly controlled by hydrogen and comonomer concentration, respectively.

Effect of Stirring on Oil-Water Separation in Rare Earth Mixer-Settler

Oil-water separation is critical to solvent extraction process of rare earth, which can directly affect the yield and quality of the product. The experiments measure the two-phase separation time in a beaker, mixing uniformity of two phases in the mixer and the oil phase entrainment at oil exit by the Karl Fischer method and numerical simulation for the mixersettler to study the combined effect of gravity and stirring. Experimental results show that relative to the static situation, the separation efficiency resulted from low-speed stirring is increased by 25%. The water content in the oil is a minimum at an offset distance L of 10 cm and the clearance off the tank bottom z of 10 cm is as low as 0.49%. Distribution images of oilwater separation at 2 s indicates that stirring is very conducive to the separation of the oil-water phase.

Adaptive Local Outlier Probability for Dynamic Process Monitoring

Complex industrial processes often have multiple operating modes and present time-varying behavior. The data in one mode may follow specific Gaussian or non-Gaussian distributions. In this paper, a numerically efficient movingwindow local outlier probability algorithm is proposed, lies key feature is the capability to handle complex data distributions and incursive operating condition changes including slow dynamic variations and instant mode shifts. First, a two-step adaption approach is introduced and some designed updating rules are applied to keep the monitoring model up-to-date. Then, a semi-supervised monitoring strategy is developed with an updating switch rule to deal with mode changes. Based on local probability models, the algorithm has a superior ability in detecting faulty conditions and fast adapting to slow variations and new operating modes. Finally, the utility of the proposed method is demonstrated with a numerical example and a non-isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor.

Temperature fault-tolerant control system of CSTR with coil and jacket heat exchanger based on dual control and fault diagnosis

For the characteristics of the continuous stirred-tank reactor(CSTR) with coil and jacket cooling system,a CSTR temperature dual control solution based on the analysis of the CSTR exothermic reaction control characteristic was proposed for an organic material polymerization production.The control solution has passive fault-tolerant ability for the jacket cooling water cutting off fault and active fault-tolerant potential for the coil cooling water cutting off fault,and it has good control ability,high saving energy and reducing consumption performance.Fault detection and diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategy are designed for the coil cooling fault to achieve the active fault-tolerant control function.The CSTR temperature dual control,process fault detection and diagnosis and active fault-tolerant control were full integrated into the CSTR temperature fault-tolerant control system,which achieve fault tolerance control of CSTR temperature for any severe malfunction of jacket cooling or coil cooling cutting off,and the security for CSTR exothermic reaction is improved.Finally,the effectiveness of this system was validated by semi-physical simulation experiment.

An aligned mixture probabilistic principal component analysis for fault detection of multimode chemical processes

A novel approach named aligned mixture probabilistic principal component analysis(AMPPCA) is proposed in this study for fault detection of multimode chemical processes. In order to exploit within-mode correlations,the AMPPCA algorithm first estimates a statistical description for each operating mode by applying mixture probabilistic principal component analysis(MPPCA). As a comparison, the combined MPPCA is employed where monitoring results are softly integrated according to posterior probabilities of the test sample in each local model. For exploiting the cross-mode correlations, which may be useful but are inadvertently neglected due to separately held monitoring approaches, a global monitoring model is constructed by aligning all local models together. In this way, both within-mode and cross-mode correlations are preserved in this integrated space. Finally, the utility and feasibility of AMPPCA are demonstrated through a non-isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor and the TE benchmark process.

A local and global statistics pattern analysis method and its application to process fault identification

Traditional principal component analysis （PCA） is a second-order method and lacks the ability to provide higherorder representations for data variables. Recently, a statistics pattern analysis （SPA） framework has been incorporated into PCA model to make full use of various statistics of data variables effectively. However, these methods omit the local information, which is also important for process monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, a local and global statistics pattern analysis （LGSPA） method, which integrates SPA framework and locality pre- serving projections within the PCK is proposed to utilize various statistics and preserve both local and global in- formation in the observed data. For the purpose of fault detection, two monitoring indices are constructed based on the LGSPA model. In order to identify fault variables, an improved reconstruction based contribution （IRBC） plot based on LGSPA model is proposed to locate fault variables. The RBC of various statistics of original process variables to the monitoring indices is calculated with the proposed RBC method. Based on the calculated RBC of process variables＇ statistics, a new contribution of process variables is built to locate fault variables. The simula- tion results on a simple six-variable system and a continuous stirred tank reactor system demonstrate that the proposed fault diagnosis method can effectively detect fault and distinguish the fault variables from normal variables.

Liquid Flow Characteristics inside Impeller Rotational Region of an Unbaffled Vessel Agitated with an Unsteadily Angularly Oscillating Impeller

Characteristics of the liquid flow were studied in the impeller region for an unbaffied vessel agitated with an angularly oscillating impeller whose rotation proceeds while periodically reversing its direction at the set angle, namely, rotating unsteadily with sinusoidal variation of the set amplitude. Measurement of the velocity of the liquid flow was performed, abreast of that of the torque of the shaft attached with the impeller. A disk turbine impeller with six flat blades was used in angular oscillation mode at the different amplitudes. The power characteristics were analyzed with the power number during one cycle of the angular oscillation consisting of a process for the impeller to stop and to reverse and that to rotate with a certain acceleration-deceleration in a uniform orientation. The power number in the process for the impeller to rotate exhibited slightly lower values compared with that of the identical design of impeller used in unidirectional rotation mode in a fully baffled vessel, being higher values in its process to stop and to reverse. Under such an operating condition in the amplitude, a time series of images was analyzed by particle tracking velocimetry （PTV） to characterize the fluctuation components of the velocities of the circumferential and radial flows inside the impeller rotational region. The impeller in its rotation process produced flows having a relatively large turbulence, independent of the amplitude condition. For the radial flow relating to the discharge flow, which contributes to transport of the turbulence throughout the vessel, operation at higher amplitude was clarified to be successful.