解读《文化模式》

本文以美国著名女人类学家露丝·本尼迪克的《文化模式》为文本,阐述其写作历程,并分析她的主要观点及对文化人类学的贡献,在此基础上,对其褒贬不一的评价做一自我的解读。

误读与勘误:对本尼迪克特“文化模式”的解读

误读：类型论与模式论一、误读的表现及代表自《文化模式》（1934）问世以来，学术界对它的理解就存在着诸多争议——就笔者视域所及。就有文化模式、文化类型、文化与人格（或称为心理人类学）、文化形貌等诸多解读。而文化与人格学派和文化形貌论因采用归纳分类的研究方法。所以更多地趋向于“类型”理论。故而长久以来，争论的焦点便是“类型论”与“模式论”之争。

人才培养模式的改革是提升人才培养质量的关键

我第一次接触“模式”一词是早年做文化研究时阅读美国女人类学家露丝·本尼迪克特（Ruth Benedict）的《文化模式》（Patterns of Culture）一书.她在《文化模式》一书中说：“一种文化就像是一个人,是思想与行为的一个或多或少贯一的模式.

梅花与牡丹:中国文化模式

文化模式这个概念是美国著名文化人类学家本尼迪克特率先提出的，她的两本书《文化模式》和《菊与刀》把文化模式的概念阐释得很清楚。本尼迪克特提出，我们研究文化不能停留在具体的文化特质和文化现象，一般说来，一个民族一个地区的各种文化特质倾向于整合成一个首尾～致的文化模式。

The change of Chinese students＇ cultural patterns and its roots in the process of globalization

One of the most important characteristics of culture is that it is subject to change. The theory of cultural patterns in intercultural communication is used to study the change of Chinese students＇ living pattern, communication pattern and thinking pattern because of globalization. The factors and reasons of both change and the unchanged are analyzed and summarized.

The framework and cultivating modes of intercultural communication competence for business English majors in vocational colleges： Based on the study of vocational colleges in Guangxi

The teaching objective of vocational business English is not only to improve students＇ English language competence, but also to develop their intercultural communication competence. Based on an analysis of the outcome of a survey on cultivation of English majors＇ intercultural competence among vocational colleges in Guangxi, the paper aims at exploring the framework and cultivating modes of intercultural communication competence for business English majors in vocational colleges.

文化模式

美国著名文化人类学家本尼迪克有一本著名的书，叫《文化模式》，它认为，西方文化是罪感文化，东方文化是耻感文化，这便是所谓的“文化模式”。实际上，文化模式应当是一种有机的生态结构，而不是某种特征。

Animal Idioms＇ Teaching in Cognitive Perspective——from the Contrastive Analysis on Chinese ＂Hu＂ Idioms and English ＂Lion＂ Idioms

In the actual idioms teaching, most students feel that idioms are difficult to comprehend, memorize and make actual application just because the overall meanings of idioms are unpredictable. Since cognitive linguistics is based on embodiment, it can change the abstract things into comparatively concrete things, which provides a shortest way to grasp these idioms. Actually, most idioms are based on conceptual metaphor and metonymy composed of conceptual mappings between the source domain and the target one. Therefore, this paper is trying to probe into the role of cognitive principles in idioms teaching, especially animal idioms from the contrastive analysis on Chinese ＂hu＂ idioms and English ＂lion＂ idioms.

The “Valley Economy” Model of Regional Development: A Case Study of Mountain Areas in Beijing, Northern China

A case study is presented of a regional development model for valley economies in the mountain areas of Beijing, China. The nature and framework of the valley economy model are described and the development of the model, which is specific to the mountain areas of Beijing, is analyzed. Five different valley economy models applied in the Beijing mountain areas are compared. The major purpose of the valley economy model is to develop the regional economy, including the selection of appropriate industries, the allocation of industrial space, the establishment of supply chains and the integration of various industries. Pilot experiments using the valley economy model have been conducted in seven counties(districts) in Beijing: Pinggu, Huairou, Changping, Mentougou, and Fangshan districts, and Yanqing and Miyun counties. Five models for developing the Beijing mountain areas have been explored, including: creative cultural industries, characteristic industry clusters, the promotion of large tourist areas, natural scenic tourism and folk cultural tourism. Each model has its own unique features and potential to help in the regional development of mountain areas.

Single-trial EEG-based emotion recognition using temporally regularized common spatial pattern

This study addresses the problem of classifying emotional words based on recorded electroencephalogram （EEG） signals by the single-trial EEG classification technique. Emotional two-character Chinese words are used as experimental materials. Positive words versus neutral words and negative words versus neutral words are classified, respectively, using the induced EEG signals. The method of temporally regularized common spatial patterns （TRCSP） is chosen to extract features from the EEG trials, and then single-trial EEG classification is achieved by linear discriminant analysis. Classification accuracies are between 55% and 65%. The statistical significance of the classification accuracies is confirmed by permutation tests, which shows the successful identification of emotional words and neutral ones, and also the ability to identify emotional words. In addition, 10 out of 15 subjects obtain significant classification accuracy for negative words versus neutral words while only 4 are significant for positive words versus neutral words, which demonstrate that negative emotions are more easily identified.

How Unique is ′China Model′: A Review of Theoretical Perspectives on China′s Urbanization in Anglophone Literature

As a major aspect of the ′China Model′, urbanization in China is being heatedly discussed in the Anglophone literature in the last two decades. By considering China′s urbanization as a ′testing ground′ of ′western′ theories, these studies are important for the understanding of China′s ongoing urban restructuring and exchanging knowledge with ′western′ insights. Based on a survey of existing studies, this paper identifies various endogenous and exogenous concepts and explanations of China′s urbanization. It is suggested that China′s urbanization is mainly driven by a combination of political decentralization and neoliberalization with various forms of social stratification and mobility. However, it is argued that the distinctness of the ′China Model′, which is usually used to support the legitimacy of studies of China′s urbanization, has led to many controversial arguments and diminished the due contributions of Chinese scholars in the knowledge production of China′s urbanization. To consolidate the legitimacy of studies on China′s urbanization and enhance the roles of Chinese scholars, we suggest future studies to pay more attentions to the fundamental theories with looser constraints and ′true questions′ on China′s urbanization.

Research on the Development of Daur Ethnic Education under the Influence of Big Data

In this paper, we conduct research on the development of Daur ethnic education under the influence of big data. Life in the river valley of Daur ethnic which is a nationality has a long history, splendid culture and the national spirit of national self-confidence, the foundation of national culture has a strong self-confidence. Combining the concept of big data and data analysis technique to the Daur ethnic education will largely enhance the result of the current education pattern. The survey of the research indicated that we should pay attention to the precious data captured.

Cultural Pattern of Rhetorical Move in Indonesian Students＇ Speeches

In analysing a speech genre, genre analysis is applied. Genre analysis is a recent trend in discourse analysis. It combines socio-cultural and psycholinguistic aspect of text construction and interpretation. This analysis aims to show what extent surface linguistic forms align with given standardized communicative events. To construct a text, a speaker should master its schematic structure. The schematic structure consists of organizing the rhetoric. It covers the macro-stages which can be classified into introductory stage, body stage, and concluding stage. The rhetorical organization/structure （micro moves） of a speech genre includes ＂opening marker＂, ＂gambit＂, ＂narration＂, and ＂marker＂ in the introductory stage; ＂claim＂, ＂confutation＂, ＂confirmation＂, and ＂concession＂ in the body stage; ＂marker＂, ＂appeal/recommendation＂, and a closing in the body stage. By studying the schematic structure, it can be recognized how the students construct the genre, whether they follow the linear pattern offered or their construction of speech is influenced by their native cultural way of thinking. In sequencing the micro moves, the students followed the sequence offered in the framework of speech genre. Although there was a slight difference in sequencing the moves, in general the students have conformed to the proposed sequence. The variety of sequencing the moves was prompted by the native language and cultural background （Javanese and Chinese）. Since rhetorical organization varies from culture to culotte, it can be tolerated that the students have a variety in sequencing the moves.

The 1787 Drama Dictionary as an Instrument of Enlightenment in Imperial Russia

The Russian theatre has not been neglected in the studies on theatre history, literary criticism and dramatic arts. The paper attempts to have a look at the 1787 Drama Dictionary, the first theatre reference book published in the country （with a very long Russian title containing 35 words） as a cultural product of the Enlightenment Age produced by its representative. In the introduction to the dictionary the compiler says that the publication would help young people develop a taste for refined entertainment and reject violent leisure activities of the past, enjoy theatre and learn life moral lessons from it. He considers theatre as a powerful means of changing Russian society as has been demanded by the Enlightenment Age. The structural and sociocultural analyses of 1787 Drama Dictionary materials give us an insight into some ways of westernising Russian society through theatre and how this westernisation was reflected in the theatre terminology of the time. I have argued that Russian-European Relationships resulting in the westernisation of Russian theatre theory and practices went hand in hand with the Russian translation-adaptation of Western plays and adaptation of some Western cultural patterns of social thinking and behaviour without rejecting completely the national identity in newly-born Russian dramatic literature.

Winds of Change in Saudi English Textbooks： A Cultural Perspective

The paper investigates Saudi English textbooks in order to trace the ways in which culture was dealt with in the English curriculum in the last 33 years. To this end, the three textbooks which were published one after another for the third-grade secondary school students in the last three decades were analyzed. The paper finds that in the first book published in 1982, the writer introduced only those cultural elements from outside Saudi Arabia, which could be subordinated to the self-enclosed cohesive Saudi national culture that rested and was shaped on and around the faith of Islam. The same cultural pattern is maintained in the second book published in 1998, but in the third book published in 2013, a huge number of western and multicultural elements were accommodated without any attempt to assimilate them to Saudi national culture. The paper concludes that in these textbooks, culture was taken either as Parsons＇s ＂system＂--pattern-maintaining national culture-or as Rothkopf＇s and Friedman＇s ＂pattern-breaking＂ western culture, but it was seldom treated as Bauman＇s ＂matrix＂.

Cultural Schema and Intercultural Communicative Competence

Cultural schemas, as cognitive structures and generalized collections of knowledge of past experiences that are organized into related knowledge groups, can be used to perceive and understand various cultural phenomena in the communication. People carry different schemas （background knowledge） that play an important role in guiding people＇s behaviors in intercultural communication. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to theoretically apply communication strategies to the development of intercultural communicative competence in light of Cultural Schema Theory. It focuses on the relationship between cultural schema and intercultural communicative competence. Some pedagogical implications are given that cultural schema could be previously intended to help communicaters have a better and easier life when they are living in other countries, such as awareness raising, knowledge acquisition, emotional management, and skills development. This paper is written on the basis of a collection of the Chinese university students＇ experience of culture-learning. The study has certain significance in the practice on cultural acquisition, communication competence, and intercultural communication.

Rock Music in Contemporary China： An Ideological Arena

The rock music in contemporary China is a filed for the folk, official, elite and other multi-element ideology competition. Wang Feng is a winner walking on the ideological balance beam. After deconstructing Cui Jian＇s grand narrative mode and strong critical feature, his works have been endowed with heavy critical color and reflection value by a grassroots band named ＂Xuriyanggang＂. Besides, Wang Feng＇s works have eliminated the distinction between the official and folk feature, elegance and worldly feature, as well as elite and mass. To a large extent, they have defined the rock music in contemporary China, and pushed the Chinese rock to the mainstream market. Consequently, the Chinese rock has been gradually developed into multiple and compound culture modes.

Research and Practice of theoretical framework of College Basketball sports education curriculum system

Education is the combination of basketball education and basketball activity. It is a kind of activity that basketball is as the core form, it is in order to enhance the skills of participants, technology, physical fitness, and promote a comprehensive development of their physical and mental activity, meanwhile basketball is not only a comprehensive gaming activity, but also an integral part of modern competitive sports, in some way, basketball culture is belonging to a particular social and cultural patterns. The quality of the basketball culture can cultivate people＇ s sentiments in the teaching process, and develop human wisdom, so that people grasp different spatial abilities and skills with the laws and govern the movement of the body under the time, the paper analyzes Practice mode theoretical framework of the construction of the basketball sports college education curriculum system.

A Qualitative Analysis of How and Why People Use SNSs： A Cross-cultural Comparison of Korea and the U.S.

While participation in Social Network Sites （SNSs） has grown rapidly in recent years and is a highly popular and global phenomenon, only few research examined how the different cultural values and attitudes impact the way people adopt and use this new media platform. Employing qualitative approach, this study attempts to uncover the cross-cultural differences in motivations and behavioral patterns for using SNSs among the Korean and American users. The finding of this study shows the explicit differences in the motivations and strategies for using SNSs between Korean and American users, which is supported by the independent and interdependent self-construals theory proposed by Markus and Kitayama （1991）. The motivational themes and usage patterns emerged from Korean participants are more other- or relationship-focused, pursuing social/emotional support, while those of Americans are more ego- or self-focused, pertaining to entertainment or information seeking.

Pedagogy in Bangladeshi Private Universities： Context, Culture, and Confusion

Pedagogy teaches teachers how to teach, so that they may effectively teach students how to learn; it offers important training for teachers to transform students from mere parrots of information into challengers of and innovators of knowledge. Yet, while Bangladesh has had a long history of university teaching, pedagogy has hardly entered the imagination of university educators. At the university level, pedagogical training would address cultural hindrances to students＇ advanced learning. Today＇s teachers are yesterday＇s students, with each generation being groomed in the same cultural patterns of learning that are continually repeated without examination. At the same time, the majority of faculties lack pedagogical methods for adjusting their teaching framework to accommodate the diversity of students＇ worldviews to nurture knowledge progression in classroom settings. Importantly, students acquire cultural practices of rote learning and memorization by way of lectures and homework that parrots texts and lectures. Many faculties are unaware that the purpose of a university is to stimulate new ideas and knowledge, provoke assumptions, and teach and encourage critical thinking. The pedagogical challenge also derives from Bengali culture, from which teachers assume a hierarchical mindset and attitude that is counter-productive to students＇ learning.