The paper focuses on the manifestations, causes, and consequences of the failure of so-called public service media, especially in the field of news and journalism. Those media that, unlike private media, are funded fr...The paper focuses on the manifestations, causes, and consequences of the failure of so-called public service media, especially in the field of news and journalism. Those media that, unlike private media, are funded from public sources. The public service, which citizens are obliged to pay through taxes or direct fees, is supposed to provide quality information, to produce and to disseminate content that satisfies the democratic, cultural, and social needs of the society, with a task at hand to preserve media pluralism. The major obligation of public service media is usually for them to provide objective, validated, and balanced information for people, so they can choose freely where they stand on any given issue. However, examples of the failures of two public service media operating in the Central European Czech Republic, Czech Radio （？Ro）, and Czech Television （？T）, as well as the failures of the statutory control boards of these media, show that the required high quality public service prescribed by law, especially in the field of news and journalism and other programs, is not always kept. Public service media may be partisan and apply elements of modern censorship. This is a censorship that the law of the public service media does not impose and does not allow to carry out. Such censorship, which is a result of unilateral subordination of the influence of specific political parties, interest groups, and opinion streams, is reflected in information manipulation, purposeful agenda development, selection of information and information sources, spiral of silence, in the preference of some political parties, partisan, interest interpretation, and adaptation of reality in broadcasting.展开更多
Nowadays more and more people reside in metropolitan areas,and the impact of this phenomenon is clearly creating challenges for the environment,the economy and the society at large.It is therefore useful and instructi...Nowadays more and more people reside in metropolitan areas,and the impact of this phenomenon is clearly creating challenges for the environment,the economy and the society at large.It is therefore useful and instructive to consider the issue of optimal city size and review the literature over the past decades on optimal city size theory.Based on the progress in recent years of comparative analysis and inductive research,from both theoretical and empirical perspectives,this paper outlines the original definitions proposed for optimal city size and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the various theories.The two prevailing models in the classical analysis of optimal city size,the Henry George Theorem(HGT)and the neoclassical approach,are examined later.This paper then introduces the supply oriented dynamic model(SOUDY model)and offers a plausible model for optimal city size based on the general equilibrium analysis,which is related to sustainable development.The results show that:(1)Simple optimal city size theories come from the cost-benefit analysis developed by main stream economics,and therefore cannot overcome the defect that the optimal size of cities is the same since the same production function;(2)The Henry George Theorem,which is one of the classical analysis paradigms of optimal city size,has been used more frequently in recent years to research the issues of optimal tax and public goods and has gradually lost its connection to the topic of optimal city size;(3)The neoclassical approach to optimal city size consists of externalities influencing optimal city size,the equilibrium and optimal models for city size,the optimal town,product variety and city size distribution.This kind of research is still in the mainstream of the study of optimal city size.Compared to single optimal city size,more attention is paid to the optimal distribution of city size;and(4)The supply-oriented dynamic model allows for the integration of a spatial dimension into the economic research of optimal city size,and the constraint between city level and city size is relaxed and this has more power to explain real-world problems.At the same time,the general equilibrium analysis,as a significant economic research method,provides a new perspective for the study of optimal city size.The supply-oriented dynamic model and general equilibrium analysis are two new research paradigms that deserve more attention in the analysis of optimal city size.展开更多
文摘The paper focuses on the manifestations, causes, and consequences of the failure of so-called public service media, especially in the field of news and journalism. Those media that, unlike private media, are funded from public sources. The public service, which citizens are obliged to pay through taxes or direct fees, is supposed to provide quality information, to produce and to disseminate content that satisfies the democratic, cultural, and social needs of the society, with a task at hand to preserve media pluralism. The major obligation of public service media is usually for them to provide objective, validated, and balanced information for people, so they can choose freely where they stand on any given issue. However, examples of the failures of two public service media operating in the Central European Czech Republic, Czech Radio （？Ro）, and Czech Television （？T）, as well as the failures of the statutory control boards of these media, show that the required high quality public service prescribed by law, especially in the field of news and journalism and other programs, is not always kept. Public service media may be partisan and apply elements of modern censorship. This is a censorship that the law of the public service media does not impose and does not allow to carry out. Such censorship, which is a result of unilateral subordination of the influence of specific political parties, interest groups, and opinion streams, is reflected in information manipulation, purposeful agenda development, selection of information and information sources, spiral of silence, in the preference of some political parties, partisan, interest interpretation, and adaptation of reality in broadcasting.
基金The Scientific Research Project of Hunan Education Department(18C0964)The 2016 Scientific Research Fund Project for Young Teachers of Hunan University of Finance and Economics(Q201604)
文摘Nowadays more and more people reside in metropolitan areas,and the impact of this phenomenon is clearly creating challenges for the environment,the economy and the society at large.It is therefore useful and instructive to consider the issue of optimal city size and review the literature over the past decades on optimal city size theory.Based on the progress in recent years of comparative analysis and inductive research,from both theoretical and empirical perspectives,this paper outlines the original definitions proposed for optimal city size and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the various theories.The two prevailing models in the classical analysis of optimal city size,the Henry George Theorem(HGT)and the neoclassical approach,are examined later.This paper then introduces the supply oriented dynamic model(SOUDY model)and offers a plausible model for optimal city size based on the general equilibrium analysis,which is related to sustainable development.The results show that:(1)Simple optimal city size theories come from the cost-benefit analysis developed by main stream economics,and therefore cannot overcome the defect that the optimal size of cities is the same since the same production function;(2)The Henry George Theorem,which is one of the classical analysis paradigms of optimal city size,has been used more frequently in recent years to research the issues of optimal tax and public goods and has gradually lost its connection to the topic of optimal city size;(3)The neoclassical approach to optimal city size consists of externalities influencing optimal city size,the equilibrium and optimal models for city size,the optimal town,product variety and city size distribution.This kind of research is still in the mainstream of the study of optimal city size.Compared to single optimal city size,more attention is paid to the optimal distribution of city size;and(4)The supply-oriented dynamic model allows for the integration of a spatial dimension into the economic research of optimal city size,and the constraint between city level and city size is relaxed and this has more power to explain real-world problems.At the same time,the general equilibrium analysis,as a significant economic research method,provides a new perspective for the study of optimal city size.The supply-oriented dynamic model and general equilibrium analysis are two new research paradigms that deserve more attention in the analysis of optimal city size.
