Since he took office, the new US president, Donald Trump, has unveiled his broad economic policy--now called Trumponomics. It emphasizes neoliberalism at home, less government regulations, more growth and weakening th...Since he took office, the new US president, Donald Trump, has unveiled his broad economic policy--now called Trumponomics. It emphasizes neoliberalism at home, less government regulations, more growth and weakening the welfare state. Intemationally, Trumponomics embraces protectionism and nativism with a focus on US economic interests. Trumponomics caters to the lower-middle classes, a reflection of the country's current economic and diplomatic challenges. Trumponomics will bring uncertainty to China-US economic and trade relations. China should carefully study the policies of the Trump administration and prepare contingency plans.展开更多
Dividing aggregate liabilities by GDP is not an appropriate method for calculating the leverage ratio, and may mislead deleveraging operations. In terms of an intrinsic mechanism, an appropriate measure of leverage ra...Dividing aggregate liabilities by GDP is not an appropriate method for calculating the leverage ratio, and may mislead deleveraging operations. In terms of an intrinsic mechanism, an appropriate measure of leverage ratio should be the liability/asset ratio. In their business operations, it is inevitable for real-economy enterprises to incur liabilities arising from business and financial transactions. Therefore, the significance of deleveraging operations is to reduce the leverage ratio below a certain threshold to effectively prevent risks arising from an excessive leverage ratio, rather than to reduce the liability ratio of real-economy enterprises to zero. For real-economy enterprises, a key question is how to adjust their debt structure by reducing current liabilities and increasing mid-and long-term liabilities. The debt structure of real-economy enterprises is primarily determined by their financial structure. Hence, it is essential to adjust the financial structure in order to improve the debt structure of real-economy enterprises and increase the share of direct finance. Various risks exist in the combination of shares and bonds within the banking system, investment-lending linkage and market-based debt-to-equity operations, which are options in reducing the leverage ratio for real-economy enterprises. From the standpoint of giving play to capital market functions, it is advisable to increase the issuance of midand long-term corporate bonds and preferred stock, restrict non-financial listed companies from engaging in financial operations and the shareholders of listed companies from selling shares, encourage equity investment institutions to enhance equity investment in realeconomy enterprises, and further develop the financing function of the stock market.展开更多
Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO), especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America (USA), the European Union (EU), and Japan r...Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO), especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America (USA), the European Union (EU), and Japan representatives, were observed during the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the WTO. The problems of agriculture protection in the developed countries, for example in the EU and USA and also in the developing countries, were becoming serious obstacles during the negotiations. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral free trade areas (FTAs) begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others. The main aim of the article is the presentation of some new aspects of the international business theory in the context of international economy. The article presents the mercantilist tendencies in the international trade policy, the theory of public choice in the foreign trade policy, protectionist pressures in different political systems, the level of protectionist pressures, food producers' pressure, and conflicts between the tendencies to sustainable international trade liberalization and environmental protection.展开更多
The fascination of Vietnamese with drums and drumming reaches back into the pre-historic when bronze drums (Dong Son), from the Red River Delta region of Vietnam's north, were prized trading commodities throughout ...The fascination of Vietnamese with drums and drumming reaches back into the pre-historic when bronze drums (Dong Son), from the Red River Delta region of Vietnam's north, were prized trading commodities throughout the Asian world of that time. Now in the 21st century the Dong Son and other historically renowned drum types have become symbols for Vietnam's emergence into an international cultural and economic arena. This paper charts three Vietnamese international events that illustrate the emblematic use of traditional drumming as a nationalistic symbol of modern Vietnam: The Third Asian Indoor Games held in Hanoi in 2009 opened with a drumming spectacle using battle drums; the Jubilee celebrations of the Vietnamese Catholic Church in 2010, opened in the north in the Ha Nam province with an immense traditional drumming performance within its religious setting; the 2012 Hue International Arts Festival incorporated "Resounding the Vietnamese Spirit", a specific drums and percussion festival, with performances using Binh Dinh war drums, royal drums from Hue, Dong Son drums, and Tay Son battle drums. These displays of traditional drumming it is argued have popularised particular nationalistic styles of drumming amongst Vietnamese youth, extending from the use of drumming in lion dance performances to the emergence of small, youth drumming groups who perform in the streets of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City展开更多
Almost a decade has elapsed since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, during which the West was trapped in a dilemma unprecedented since the end of the Second World War. The problems facing the West, p...Almost a decade has elapsed since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, during which the West was trapped in a dilemma unprecedented since the end of the Second World War. The problems facing the West, particularly those of Europe and the US, are fundamental and institutional, including reduced economic superiority, political systems and development models seriously questioned, and increasing terrorist attacks bringing up security chaUenges, to mention just a few. Western obsession with multiple crises is another new factor of change with structural impacts on both the international structure and order over the past nearly thirty years following the disintegration of the Soviet Union and collective rise of emerging economies. The aftermath: the power and influence of the West is declining, with the grand trend of rising East and declining West persisting in the international structure; both Europe and the US have made major adjustments on their foreign strategies, while their value diplomacy offensive has been frustrated, and while trade protectionism is on the rise; and the major power relationship has seen a new round of adjustment. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the drastic changes in the West may help China stick to its own development path and promote global governance with more self-confidence so as to make more contributions to world peace, stability and development.展开更多
"Global economic imbalance" and "global economic rebalancing" have aroused great interest among international economic and.financial research circles. As the global financial crisis begins to abate, some Western c..."Global economic imbalance" and "global economic rebalancing" have aroused great interest among international economic and.financial research circles. As the global financial crisis begins to abate, some Western countries have used "global economic rebalancing" as an excuse for trade protectionism and restricting the foreign economic development of developing nations. As the basic theoretical justification for the "global economic imbalance," the theory of international trade equilibrium is wrong both in theory and in practice, because it has never been proven in the 200 years of history since the Industrial Revolution. "Global economic rebalancing" contains serious policy traps and does not generate any winners. The exchange rate is only one of the)actors which affect international trade;furthermore, it is not the fundamental mechanism. With the U.S. dollar retaining its status as the key currency of the international monetary system, it is impossible for the United States to achieve long-term foreign economic and trade equilibrium. The United States' trade deficit is an inevitable result of the dollar's status as an international currency.展开更多
Rising terrorism risks are a major obstacle for Belt and Road countries to integrate into the global trade network. Based on the cross-country panel data of the now 66 Belt and Road countries during 2000-2013, this pa...Rising terrorism risks are a major obstacle for Belt and Road countries to integrate into the global trade network. Based on the cross-country panel data of the now 66 Belt and Road countries during 2000-2013, this paper carries out an empirical study on the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks with the following findings: Rising terrorism risks will indeed give rise to a significant "trade isolation effect" with greater negative impact on a country's export than on import. After taking into account the endogeneity of the variable of terrorism risks and heterogeneous casualties of terrorist attacks, this conclusion remains robust. In addition, the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks is also characterized by heterogeneous targets under attack, i.e. the degree of trade isolation effect is positively correlated with the randomness of targets under terrorist attacks.展开更多
At present,the global economic crisiscontinues to spread across the world.Theeconomies of all countries are sliding into aslump,trade protectionism is gaining ground,andexport orders have declined substantially for pr...At present,the global economic crisiscontinues to spread across the world.Theeconomies of all countries are sliding into aslump,trade protectionism is gaining ground,andexport orders have declined substantially for productprocessing and trading enterprises.Chinesefurniture companies are suffering from certainnegative impacts.China,as a large furniture producer,should draw lessons from this global economiccrisis.Furniture companies should enhancetheir capabilities of independent innovation andbrand building,increase product quality,and addvalue.In order to reduce losses from foreign technicalbarriers to trade,relevant departmentsshould strengthen their ability to respond to foreigntechnical regulation,standard,conformity assessment,inspection,and quarantine.Because agreat variety of environmental regulations areemerging endlessly,furniture companies must doa good job of producing green label certificationand actively respond to green trade barriers.展开更多
The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central...The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central Europe. Since the late 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had been feared as menace, as the most dreadful enemies not only of the inhabitants of the Habsburg ruled countries but of the whole world of Christianity, and the Ottoman Turks did pose a permanent threat to their neighbours in Central Europe. The situation changed around 1700 when the Habsburgs succeeded in integrating the entire Hungarian Kingdom into their empire. From the early 18th century onwards the Ottoman Turks were no longer regarded as fierce fighters but increasingly as neighbours living in an unknown and totally different world and gained more and more curious attention. This change was not only the consequence of the new balance in power politics but mainly a sequel of gaining much more information. Up to the late 17th century the knowledge about the Ottoman Turks was based primarily on what had been reported by ambassadors travelling to Constantinople while in the 18th century people of several strands of life reported about their experiences. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 trade agreements between the two states enabled activities of merchants and tradesmen who learned to know things about their eastern neighbours which were totally new to the Middle European contemporaries. Additionally, some elements of this "oriental" culture were taken over and were to become typical for Central Europe later on. The Turks were curiously observed as strange and fascinating neighbours. In the course of the movement of enlightenment from the middle of the 18th century onwards one aspect of this culture lost much of its dreadfulness: the fact that the Ottoman Turks were infidels. So it did not take very long until Ottomans were seen as being capable of true humanity regardless their religion. In the 19th century the multiethnic state organizations of the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy became outmoded in this age of nationalism. They realized their common interests and started a cooperation which eventually ended up as alliance in theWorld War I. From the point of view of power politics however, the Ottoman Empire was regarded as “sick man at the Bosporus”. In the following the changes of the image are shown as an overview by observing the criteria against the background of the most important historical events. The details of how this process worked are still pretty murky. Further investigations are already on the way and will bring more light into the reasons and the mechanism of this development.展开更多
The classical Kermack-McKendrick homogeneous SIR (susceptible, infected and removed) model is well known, Its general solution is a function of the unique parameter (the reproduction number) that is equal to a mea...The classical Kermack-McKendrick homogeneous SIR (susceptible, infected and removed) model is well known, Its general solution is a function of the unique parameter (the reproduction number) that is equal to a mean number of secondary cases produced by a typical infected individual in a completely susceptible population. If the reproduction number is more than one (the threshold value) its value describes an epidemic scope: larger values correspond to more severe epidemics. In the more complex compartment SIR models the population is divided into several non-overlapping groups. It allows us to partly remove assumptions of the classical model. It is well known that for this kind of models, just as for the classical model there is the threshold parameter R0. Usually it is called by the same name--the reproduction number--though the physical meaning of this parameter has changed. The main purpose of the paper is to show that this new parameter is a not unique measure of an epidemic severity for any compartment SIR model. In particular it means that for such models comparison of the severity of two epidemics by simple comparing values of their reproduction numbers is incorrect. For compartment models these statements were proved with the help of the corresponding ODEs analysis. Very popular now individual-based models (IBMs) are more complex in comparison with the compartment ones since they use overlapping groups (school children are members of families also, for example). In such a case Diekmann's calculation method for the reproduction number used in many papers is inapplicable as well as a presentation the simulation results obtained as functions of this parameter.展开更多
In mainstream economics (the neoclassical economics), it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simp...In mainstream economics (the neoclassical economics), it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simple efficiency increase whose source is unknown. In terms of established economics view, technology is like a "black box" that cannot be predicted. As the creator of the concept of"creative destruction", Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) caused significant changes in terms of the view of neoclassical economics about technology. On one hand, Schumpeter created a new point of view about the concept of"innovation" by using key concepts, such as "invention", "imitation", and "business cycles". Schumpeter's "creative destruction" concept carries out the role of a new map for the new institutional economics trend which accepts "technology" as an institution. On the other hand, if one is to understand why the ideology differs between neoclassical economics and new institutional economics, "transaction costs" should be analyzed. Since, transaction costs and creative destruction have a relationship between each other; Schumpeter and Coase's ideas are resembling each other. While doing this, this paper will try to discuss the question of how to accept the technology as "external" instead of "internal" limit neoclassical economics. In this process, it will primarily base the dimension on the concept of"technology" developed by Schumpeter. The second station is an inquiry between Schumpeter's and Coase's ideas about technology. Although new institutional economics (NIE) and neoclassical economics can be confused, they can be seperated from each other by the way they look at technology. Because, technology is accepted as an external theme by neoclassical economics, on the contrary, NIE acceptes technology as an internal fact. One of the most important reasons why technology is internal in terms of NIE can be evaluated by "transaction costs". As a result, the author will give effort to create a critical presentation in order to readdress the viewpoint of mainstream economics about "technology".展开更多
This paper analyzes whether the slowdown of China's trade in 2012-2015 was cyclical or structural, and further discusses the effects of structural factors, including trade structure, trade protectionism and global va...This paper analyzes whether the slowdown of China's trade in 2012-2015 was cyclical or structural, and further discusses the effects of structural factors, including trade structure, trade protectionism and global value chain participation, Using the national panel data from 2000 to 2015, based on the error correction model and import-intensity- adjusted demand model, our results show that the slowdown of China's trade growth in 2012-2015 was mainly a result of cyclical factors. Using 2000-2015 industry- level data, we also find that the structure of trade goods had an inhibitory effect on the import slowdown but a positive effect on the export slowdown. Trade protectionism had an adverse effect on the trade growth slowdown. The global value chain participation marginally contributed to the slowdown in trade growth. Therefore, the impacts of structural factors on trade growth slowdown cannot be ignored, and related policies should receive greater attention from policy-makers.展开更多
EU’s attempts to strengthen trade protectionism rouse concern from China On November 8,theE uropean Commission submitted a proposal on new anti-dumping and countervailing methodologies to the European Parliament and ...EU’s attempts to strengthen trade protectionism rouse concern from China On November 8,theE uropean Commission submitted a proposal on new anti-dumping and countervailing methodologies to the European Parliament and the European Council.In the proposal,展开更多
The financial crisis, beginning from 2008, has brought into sharp relief just how dependent the US has become on foreign creditors, chiefly among them China. It has also sharpened the perception of the relative declin...The financial crisis, beginning from 2008, has brought into sharp relief just how dependent the US has become on foreign creditors, chiefly among them China. It has also sharpened the perception of the relative decline of a US- centric West and the relative rise of a China-centric Aria. The changing relationship between the US and China does demand a new tone. The article will be based on the Hegemonic Stability Theory. According to Charles Kindleberger, one of the scholars most closely associated with the theory, the United States should have acted as a lender of last resort in the early 1930s, continuing to keep its financial markets open to investment and its market open to foreign goods, rather than heading down the path of protectionism. With the inability to complete the Doha round of trade negotiations, the rising influence of the Group of 20, and the centrality of China in the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen, it has been proven that " the provision of basic global public goods now demands co-operation between the established powers and emerging countries. " However, today's China may be in a position comparable to that of the US in the 1930s and cannot hope to stabilize the world on its own' Thus, the article will also investigate the competition between China and the US for sharing fairer burdens to provide public goods. Based on Hegemonic Stability Theory, the world politics will not be stable in the near future because, on the one hand, the US has not enough capability to lead and to enforce the rules of the system, on the other hand, China has no will to establish a hegemonic regime.展开更多
文摘Since he took office, the new US president, Donald Trump, has unveiled his broad economic policy--now called Trumponomics. It emphasizes neoliberalism at home, less government regulations, more growth and weakening the welfare state. Intemationally, Trumponomics embraces protectionism and nativism with a focus on US economic interests. Trumponomics caters to the lower-middle classes, a reflection of the country's current economic and diplomatic challenges. Trumponomics will bring uncertainty to China-US economic and trade relations. China should carefully study the policies of the Trump administration and prepare contingency plans.
文摘Dividing aggregate liabilities by GDP is not an appropriate method for calculating the leverage ratio, and may mislead deleveraging operations. In terms of an intrinsic mechanism, an appropriate measure of leverage ratio should be the liability/asset ratio. In their business operations, it is inevitable for real-economy enterprises to incur liabilities arising from business and financial transactions. Therefore, the significance of deleveraging operations is to reduce the leverage ratio below a certain threshold to effectively prevent risks arising from an excessive leverage ratio, rather than to reduce the liability ratio of real-economy enterprises to zero. For real-economy enterprises, a key question is how to adjust their debt structure by reducing current liabilities and increasing mid-and long-term liabilities. The debt structure of real-economy enterprises is primarily determined by their financial structure. Hence, it is essential to adjust the financial structure in order to improve the debt structure of real-economy enterprises and increase the share of direct finance. Various risks exist in the combination of shares and bonds within the banking system, investment-lending linkage and market-based debt-to-equity operations, which are options in reducing the leverage ratio for real-economy enterprises. From the standpoint of giving play to capital market functions, it is advisable to increase the issuance of midand long-term corporate bonds and preferred stock, restrict non-financial listed companies from engaging in financial operations and the shareholders of listed companies from selling shares, encourage equity investment institutions to enhance equity investment in realeconomy enterprises, and further develop the financing function of the stock market.
文摘Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO), especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America (USA), the European Union (EU), and Japan representatives, were observed during the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the WTO. The problems of agriculture protection in the developed countries, for example in the EU and USA and also in the developing countries, were becoming serious obstacles during the negotiations. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral free trade areas (FTAs) begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others. The main aim of the article is the presentation of some new aspects of the international business theory in the context of international economy. The article presents the mercantilist tendencies in the international trade policy, the theory of public choice in the foreign trade policy, protectionist pressures in different political systems, the level of protectionist pressures, food producers' pressure, and conflicts between the tendencies to sustainable international trade liberalization and environmental protection.
文摘The fascination of Vietnamese with drums and drumming reaches back into the pre-historic when bronze drums (Dong Son), from the Red River Delta region of Vietnam's north, were prized trading commodities throughout the Asian world of that time. Now in the 21st century the Dong Son and other historically renowned drum types have become symbols for Vietnam's emergence into an international cultural and economic arena. This paper charts three Vietnamese international events that illustrate the emblematic use of traditional drumming as a nationalistic symbol of modern Vietnam: The Third Asian Indoor Games held in Hanoi in 2009 opened with a drumming spectacle using battle drums; the Jubilee celebrations of the Vietnamese Catholic Church in 2010, opened in the north in the Ha Nam province with an immense traditional drumming performance within its religious setting; the 2012 Hue International Arts Festival incorporated "Resounding the Vietnamese Spirit", a specific drums and percussion festival, with performances using Binh Dinh war drums, royal drums from Hue, Dong Son drums, and Tay Son battle drums. These displays of traditional drumming it is argued have popularised particular nationalistic styles of drumming amongst Vietnamese youth, extending from the use of drumming in lion dance performances to the emergence of small, youth drumming groups who perform in the streets of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
文摘Almost a decade has elapsed since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, during which the West was trapped in a dilemma unprecedented since the end of the Second World War. The problems facing the West, particularly those of Europe and the US, are fundamental and institutional, including reduced economic superiority, political systems and development models seriously questioned, and increasing terrorist attacks bringing up security chaUenges, to mention just a few. Western obsession with multiple crises is another new factor of change with structural impacts on both the international structure and order over the past nearly thirty years following the disintegration of the Soviet Union and collective rise of emerging economies. The aftermath: the power and influence of the West is declining, with the grand trend of rising East and declining West persisting in the international structure; both Europe and the US have made major adjustments on their foreign strategies, while their value diplomacy offensive has been frustrated, and while trade protectionism is on the rise; and the major power relationship has seen a new round of adjustment. A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the drastic changes in the West may help China stick to its own development path and promote global governance with more self-confidence so as to make more contributions to world peace, stability and development.
文摘"Global economic imbalance" and "global economic rebalancing" have aroused great interest among international economic and.financial research circles. As the global financial crisis begins to abate, some Western countries have used "global economic rebalancing" as an excuse for trade protectionism and restricting the foreign economic development of developing nations. As the basic theoretical justification for the "global economic imbalance," the theory of international trade equilibrium is wrong both in theory and in practice, because it has never been proven in the 200 years of history since the Industrial Revolution. "Global economic rebalancing" contains serious policy traps and does not generate any winners. The exchange rate is only one of the)actors which affect international trade;furthermore, it is not the fundamental mechanism. With the U.S. dollar retaining its status as the key currency of the international monetary system, it is impossible for the United States to achieve long-term foreign economic and trade equilibrium. The United States' trade deficit is an inevitable result of the dollar's status as an international currency.
文摘Rising terrorism risks are a major obstacle for Belt and Road countries to integrate into the global trade network. Based on the cross-country panel data of the now 66 Belt and Road countries during 2000-2013, this paper carries out an empirical study on the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks with the following findings: Rising terrorism risks will indeed give rise to a significant "trade isolation effect" with greater negative impact on a country's export than on import. After taking into account the endogeneity of the variable of terrorism risks and heterogeneous casualties of terrorist attacks, this conclusion remains robust. In addition, the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks is also characterized by heterogeneous targets under attack, i.e. the degree of trade isolation effect is positively correlated with the randomness of targets under terrorist attacks.
文摘At present,the global economic crisiscontinues to spread across the world.Theeconomies of all countries are sliding into aslump,trade protectionism is gaining ground,andexport orders have declined substantially for productprocessing and trading enterprises.Chinesefurniture companies are suffering from certainnegative impacts.China,as a large furniture producer,should draw lessons from this global economiccrisis.Furniture companies should enhancetheir capabilities of independent innovation andbrand building,increase product quality,and addvalue.In order to reduce losses from foreign technicalbarriers to trade,relevant departmentsshould strengthen their ability to respond to foreigntechnical regulation,standard,conformity assessment,inspection,and quarantine.Because agreat variety of environmental regulations areemerging endlessly,furniture companies must doa good job of producing green label certificationand actively respond to green trade barriers.
文摘The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central Europe. Since the late 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had been feared as menace, as the most dreadful enemies not only of the inhabitants of the Habsburg ruled countries but of the whole world of Christianity, and the Ottoman Turks did pose a permanent threat to their neighbours in Central Europe. The situation changed around 1700 when the Habsburgs succeeded in integrating the entire Hungarian Kingdom into their empire. From the early 18th century onwards the Ottoman Turks were no longer regarded as fierce fighters but increasingly as neighbours living in an unknown and totally different world and gained more and more curious attention. This change was not only the consequence of the new balance in power politics but mainly a sequel of gaining much more information. Up to the late 17th century the knowledge about the Ottoman Turks was based primarily on what had been reported by ambassadors travelling to Constantinople while in the 18th century people of several strands of life reported about their experiences. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 trade agreements between the two states enabled activities of merchants and tradesmen who learned to know things about their eastern neighbours which were totally new to the Middle European contemporaries. Additionally, some elements of this "oriental" culture were taken over and were to become typical for Central Europe later on. The Turks were curiously observed as strange and fascinating neighbours. In the course of the movement of enlightenment from the middle of the 18th century onwards one aspect of this culture lost much of its dreadfulness: the fact that the Ottoman Turks were infidels. So it did not take very long until Ottomans were seen as being capable of true humanity regardless their religion. In the 19th century the multiethnic state organizations of the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy became outmoded in this age of nationalism. They realized their common interests and started a cooperation which eventually ended up as alliance in theWorld War I. From the point of view of power politics however, the Ottoman Empire was regarded as “sick man at the Bosporus”. In the following the changes of the image are shown as an overview by observing the criteria against the background of the most important historical events. The details of how this process worked are still pretty murky. Further investigations are already on the way and will bring more light into the reasons and the mechanism of this development.
基金Acknowledgements This work was assisted through participation in "Optimal Control and Optimization for Individual- based and Agent-based Models" Investigative Workshop at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture through NSF Award #EF-0832858, with additional support from The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
文摘The classical Kermack-McKendrick homogeneous SIR (susceptible, infected and removed) model is well known, Its general solution is a function of the unique parameter (the reproduction number) that is equal to a mean number of secondary cases produced by a typical infected individual in a completely susceptible population. If the reproduction number is more than one (the threshold value) its value describes an epidemic scope: larger values correspond to more severe epidemics. In the more complex compartment SIR models the population is divided into several non-overlapping groups. It allows us to partly remove assumptions of the classical model. It is well known that for this kind of models, just as for the classical model there is the threshold parameter R0. Usually it is called by the same name--the reproduction number--though the physical meaning of this parameter has changed. The main purpose of the paper is to show that this new parameter is a not unique measure of an epidemic severity for any compartment SIR model. In particular it means that for such models comparison of the severity of two epidemics by simple comparing values of their reproduction numbers is incorrect. For compartment models these statements were proved with the help of the corresponding ODEs analysis. Very popular now individual-based models (IBMs) are more complex in comparison with the compartment ones since they use overlapping groups (school children are members of families also, for example). In such a case Diekmann's calculation method for the reproduction number used in many papers is inapplicable as well as a presentation the simulation results obtained as functions of this parameter.
文摘In mainstream economics (the neoclassical economics), it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simple efficiency increase whose source is unknown. In terms of established economics view, technology is like a "black box" that cannot be predicted. As the creator of the concept of"creative destruction", Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) caused significant changes in terms of the view of neoclassical economics about technology. On one hand, Schumpeter created a new point of view about the concept of"innovation" by using key concepts, such as "invention", "imitation", and "business cycles". Schumpeter's "creative destruction" concept carries out the role of a new map for the new institutional economics trend which accepts "technology" as an institution. On the other hand, if one is to understand why the ideology differs between neoclassical economics and new institutional economics, "transaction costs" should be analyzed. Since, transaction costs and creative destruction have a relationship between each other; Schumpeter and Coase's ideas are resembling each other. While doing this, this paper will try to discuss the question of how to accept the technology as "external" instead of "internal" limit neoclassical economics. In this process, it will primarily base the dimension on the concept of"technology" developed by Schumpeter. The second station is an inquiry between Schumpeter's and Coase's ideas about technology. Although new institutional economics (NIE) and neoclassical economics can be confused, they can be seperated from each other by the way they look at technology. Because, technology is accepted as an external theme by neoclassical economics, on the contrary, NIE acceptes technology as an internal fact. One of the most important reasons why technology is internal in terms of NIE can be evaluated by "transaction costs". As a result, the author will give effort to create a critical presentation in order to readdress the viewpoint of mainstream economics about "technology".
文摘This paper analyzes whether the slowdown of China's trade in 2012-2015 was cyclical or structural, and further discusses the effects of structural factors, including trade structure, trade protectionism and global value chain participation, Using the national panel data from 2000 to 2015, based on the error correction model and import-intensity- adjusted demand model, our results show that the slowdown of China's trade growth in 2012-2015 was mainly a result of cyclical factors. Using 2000-2015 industry- level data, we also find that the structure of trade goods had an inhibitory effect on the import slowdown but a positive effect on the export slowdown. Trade protectionism had an adverse effect on the trade growth slowdown. The global value chain participation marginally contributed to the slowdown in trade growth. Therefore, the impacts of structural factors on trade growth slowdown cannot be ignored, and related policies should receive greater attention from policy-makers.
文摘EU’s attempts to strengthen trade protectionism rouse concern from China On November 8,theE uropean Commission submitted a proposal on new anti-dumping and countervailing methodologies to the European Parliament and the European Council.In the proposal,
文摘The financial crisis, beginning from 2008, has brought into sharp relief just how dependent the US has become on foreign creditors, chiefly among them China. It has also sharpened the perception of the relative decline of a US- centric West and the relative rise of a China-centric Aria. The changing relationship between the US and China does demand a new tone. The article will be based on the Hegemonic Stability Theory. According to Charles Kindleberger, one of the scholars most closely associated with the theory, the United States should have acted as a lender of last resort in the early 1930s, continuing to keep its financial markets open to investment and its market open to foreign goods, rather than heading down the path of protectionism. With the inability to complete the Doha round of trade negotiations, the rising influence of the Group of 20, and the centrality of China in the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen, it has been proven that " the provision of basic global public goods now demands co-operation between the established powers and emerging countries. " However, today's China may be in a position comparable to that of the US in the 1930s and cannot hope to stabilize the world on its own' Thus, the article will also investigate the competition between China and the US for sharing fairer burdens to provide public goods. Based on Hegemonic Stability Theory, the world politics will not be stable in the near future because, on the one hand, the US has not enough capability to lead and to enforce the rules of the system, on the other hand, China has no will to establish a hegemonic regime.