近百年《曲海总目提要》系列争议析疑

自20世纪20年代董康主持编撰《曲海总目提要》以来,有关《曲海总目提要》与《曲海》《曲海目》《重订曲海总目》《传奇汇考》《乐府考略》等曲目文献之间的关系、后五种曲目文献之间的关系、《传奇汇考》《乐府考略》与扬州词曲局进呈剧曲提要之关系等一系列问题,引发了学术界的持续争议。事实上,《曲海总目提要》以《曲海》《曲海目》之名义,在《乐府考略》基础上重新编撰成书,实与《曲海》《曲海目》无直接关联,不宜将《曲海总目提要》归于黄文旸名下;《曲海目》与《曲海》、《重订曲海总目》与《曲海目》、《传奇汇考》与《乐府考略》彼此之间,并非同一文献的不同版本;《传奇汇考》《乐府考略》亦非清乾隆年间扬州词曲局进呈剧曲提要的残留本。

大东书局本《曲海总目提要》出版始末考——以1926—1942年《申报》广告为中心

1928年由大东书局排印出版《曲海总目提要》,署为董康、王国维、吴梅、陈乃乾和孟森五位名家共同校订,但除了董康外,其他参与者甚少提及参与的过程。以1926-1942年《申报》广告为中心,可勾勒出《曲海总目提要》出版前、正式出版时、再版的整个过程。其出版前采用了与《四库全书总目提要》共同刊登广告的方式,以取得良好的宣传效果。根据广告及《书舶庸谭》的记录,可知幕后主持者为大东书局,董氏之外的几位校订者中,以陈乃乾所负责的事务较多。再版时增入的吴梅序言,是该版的主要特色。

姚华曲学观的“诗统”意识

晚近姚华适为"通人",他最为世人肯定的学问是曲学。姚华曲学在其"诗统"阐释中彰显出总结性、系统性,以其曲学专著《曲海一勺》为代表,"诗统"的主要内涵有:一、从曲学内部来看,依体制先《原乐》,辞乐合一,诗被管弦,乐变体变,故变而为曲;就诗本而《明诗》,诗关性情,千载未易,曲最能传情;论功用必《骈史》,声音之道与政相通,可"化民成俗",诗关世运,世变诗变,如是则曲最应时世。二、由是则形成诗——词——曲的发展统系,此统系皆薪火相传了"诗统"精神。三、今之曲当随世而"通变",以继"诗统"。三者间,前二者是有意识的阐释,此种"温故"为历代所无;后者是介于有意与无意间的"诗统"续建,此种"知新"则多付阙如。

两种日本现存《传奇汇考》抄本考

日本现存的两种《传奇汇考》抄本,是值得重视的文献。它们对于研究清代以来戏曲文献的流传,对于研究现在的《曲海总目提要》的形成,对于探讨近代中日两国戏曲研究的相互关系,都有相当的参考价值。本文对这两种抄本进行了文献学的研究,对认为《传奇汇考》、《乐府考略》和黄文旸的《曲海目》没有关系的看法提出了不同见解。

黄文旸年谱

清代乾嘉时期戏曲目录学家黄文旸以擅制义文名世,却屡试不第,终以贡生。受朴学风气影响,他喜经史考据,诗文、词曲颇有时誉,深受姚鼐、曾燠、阮元等名流器重。乾隆四十六年(1781)因总裁扬州词曲局进呈词曲,著成《曲海》二十卷。乾嘉之际,为两淮盐运使曾燠延入题襟馆中,与时流唱和。嘉庆年间游历齐鲁吴越间。与凌廷堪、阮元、江藩、李周南、黄承吉、李钟泗等扬州学派学者交往密切。戏曲家李斗、焦循是其姻亲,晚年因家事与焦循交恶。

Study on the relationship between ENSO and tropical Indian Ocean temperature

The relationship between ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole was discussed by using the data set of sea temperature from Scripps Institute of Oceanography, the air temperature at 1000hPa from the NCEP reanalysis data and the Nino3 index from the Climate Prediction Center （CPC） of U.S.A. during the period from 1955 to 2001. The results show that there exists a Dipole on the maximum temperature anomalous level （MTAL） in the Indian Ocean, which close relates to ENSO in the Pacific Ocean. During El Nino periods there are good relationships between ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole which maximum correlation occurring when ENSO leads by one month, but in La Nina periods the relationship is not so good. The distribution of Dipole in Indian Ocean is from northeast to southwest, which one （west） pole in 65°E - 75°E, 6°S - 10°S and the other in 85°E - 95°E, 2°N - 6°N, which is different from that defined by Saij. The correlation coefficients of Nino3 index with temperature anomalies in the west/east poles on the MTAL are over 0.4 - 0.15, respectively. It is a main sea temperature system in the tropical Indian Ocean. However, in the surface layer from sea surface to the depth of 20 m - 30 m there is no such a dipole with opposite sea temperature anomalies in the NE and SW of tropical Indian Ocean. The SSTA in the NE might be influenced by the sensible exchange process because the evolution of sea and 1 000 hPa air temperature anomaly time series of the NE of tropical Indian Ocean is quite similar except those during 1962 - 1963 and 1986. The periods of Indian Ocean Dipole are shorter than that of ENSO, and about 1 to 6-year.

Global lateral buckling analysis of idealized subsea pipelines

In order to avoid the curing effects of paraffin on the transport process and reduce the transport difficulty,usually high temperature and high pressure are used in the transportation of oil and gas.The differences of temperature and pressure cause additional stress along the pipeline,due to the constraint of the foundation soil,the additional stress can not release freely,when the additional stress is large enough to motivate the submarine pipelines buckle.In this work,the energy method is introduced to deduce the analytical solution which is suitable for the global buckling modes of idealized subsea pipeline and analyze the relationship between the critical buckling temperature,buckling length and amplitude under different high-order global lateral buckling modes.To obtain a consistent formulation of the problem,the principles of virtual displacements and the variation calculus for variable matching points are applied.The finite element method based on elasto-plastic theory is used to simulate the lateral global buckling of the pipelines under high temperature and pressure.The factors influencing the lateral buckling of pipelines are further studied.Based upon some actual engineering projects,the finite element results are compared with the analytical ones,and then the influence of thermal stress,the section rigidity of pipeline,the soil properties and the trigging force to the high order lateral buckling are discussed.The method of applying the small trigging force on pipeline is reliable in global buckling numerical analysis.In practice,increasing the section rigidity of a pipeline is an effective measure to improve the ability to resist the global buckling.

High-Order Lateral Buckling Analysis of Submarine Pipeline Under Thermal Stress

It is of importance to study and predict the possible buckling of submarine pipeline under thermal stress in pipeline design.Since soil resistance is not strong enough to restrain the large deformation of pipeline,high-order buckling modes occur very easily.Analytical solutions to high-order buckling modes were obtained in this paper.The relationships between buckling temperature and the amplitude or the wavelength of buckling modes were established.Analytical solutions were obtained to predict the occurrence and consequence of in-service buckling of a heated pipeline in an oil field.The effects of temperature difference and properties of subsoil on buckling modes were investigated.The results show that buckling will occur once temperature difference exceeds safe temperature;high-order pipeline buckling occurs very easily;the larger the friction coefficients are,the safer the submarine pipeline will be.

Optimization of fermentation conditions for 1,3-propanediol production by marine Klebsiella pneumonia HSL4 using response surface methodology

The industrially important organic compound 1,3-propanediol （1,3-PDO） is mainly used as a building block for the production of various polymers. In the present study, response surface methodology protocol was followed to determine and optimize fermentation conditions for the maximum production of 1,3-PDO using marine-derived Klebsiella pneumoniae HSL4. Four nutritional supplements together with three independent culture conditions were optimized as follows： 29.3 g/L glycerol, 8.0 g/L K2HPO4, 7.6 g/L （NH4）2SO4, 3.0 g/L KH2PO4, pH 7.1, cultivation at 35℃ for 12 h. Under the optimal conditions, a maximum 1,3-PDO concentration of 14.5 g/L, a productivity of 1.21 g/（L＇h） and a conversion of glycerol of 0.49 g/g were obtained. In comparison with the control conditions, fermentation under the optimized conditions achieved an increase of 38.8% in 1,3-PDO concentration, 39.0% in productivity and 25.7% in glycerol conversion in flask. This enhancement trend was further confirmed when the fermentation was conducted in a 5-L fermentor. The optimized fermentation conditions could be an important basis for developing low- cost, large-scale methods for industrial production of 1,3-PDO in the future.

国家图书馆所藏《乐府考略》抄本考述

国家图书馆藏有一种《乐府考略》抄本,经过与其他《乐府考略》和《传奇汇考》抄本的比较,可确认其实际上是一种《传奇汇考》抄本。该抄本是现所见国内所藏《传奇汇考》抄本中所收剧目提要最多的,且其内容较学界甚为重视的京都大学文学部所藏《传奇汇考》抄本更为精良。以京都大学本为参照,可知国图藏本有较大的校勘价值,对《传奇汇考》的相关研究有着重要意义。

马廉旧藏《曲海总目提要未刊稿》考述

董康曾据日本所藏《传奇汇考》抄本增补自己所编的《曲海总目提要》,然而增补的内容并未收入该书中,且这部分内容下落不明,学人多引以为憾。结合民国时期《曲海总目提要》的相关增补情况可以发现,北京大学图书馆所藏马廉《曲海总目提要未刊稿——从日本旧抄本传录》的底本实为董康的补遗本。董康补遗依据的抄本实为京都大学文学部藏本,杜颖陶也曾据“鄞县马氏所藏传抄本”为《曲海总目提要》补遗。《曲海总目提要未刊稿》的再发现,为了解董康当年补遗的相关情况提供了重要参考。

The Formation of Wind Curl in the Marine Atmosphere Boundary Layer over the East China Sea Kuroshio in Spring

Various data are used to investigate the characteristics of the surface wind field and rainfall on the East China Sea Kuroshio(ESK) in March and April, 2011. In March, the wind speed maximum shows over the ESK front(ESKF) in the 10 meter wind field, which agrees with the thermal wind effect. A wind curl center is generated on the warm flank of the ESKF. The winds are much weaker in April, so is the wind curl. A rainband exists over the ESKF in both the months. The Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model is used for further researches. The winds on the top of the marine atmosphere boundary layer(MABL) indicate that in March, a positive wind curl is generated in the whole MABL over the warm flank of the ESKF. The thermal wind effect forced by the strong SST gradient overlying the background wind leads to strong surface northeasterly winds on the ESKF, and a positive shearing vorticity is created over the warm flank of the ESKF to generate wind curl. In the smoothed sea surface temperature experiment, the presence of the ESKF is responsible for the strong northeast winds in the ESKF, and essential for the distribution of the rainfall centers in March, which confirms the mechanism above. The same simulation is made for April, 2011, and the responses from the MABL become weak. The low background wind speed weakens the effect of the thermal wind, thus no strong Ekman pumping is helpful for precipitation. There is no big difference in rainfall between the control run and the smooth SST run. Decomposition of the wind vector shows that local wind acceleration induced by the thermal wind effect along with the variations in wind direction is responsible for the pronounced wind curl/divergence over the ESKF.

Failure of Semi-infinite Beams of Variable Thickness and Curvature on Elastic Foundation under Contact Loading

In early winter it is usual, in cold regions, that ice features approach offshore structures, like offshore platforms, impacting them, in a slow process of constant deformation build up. Interaction follows, in many cases, up to the point where ice-failure caused by bending fracture takes place. This supposes very large contact forces that the structure has to resist. Therefore, quantification of these efforts is of vital importance to the structural design of platforms. In several designs, these platforms are constructed with inclined walls so as to cause ice to fail in a flex-compression mode. In such a case the ice feature is analyzed as a beam constituted of a linear elastic material in brittle state with constant ice thickness. The simplification renders the problem solvable in a close form. However, this hypothesis goes against field observations. Marine currents action, wind and the sequence of contacts among features lead to thickness variations. Here this factor is addressed in the construction of a model, for harmonic forms of variation of thickness profile, and the accompanying curvature variations, whose solution determines field variables used to address the failure question. Due to the deformation dependency of the loading, a numerical scheme for the two-point boundary value problem in the semi-infinite space is developed. Failure pressures are computed based on a Rankine locus of failure. Variations of the order of 20% in the failure loads, as compared to the uniform beam model, are observed.

Global buckling behavior of submarine unburied pipelines under thermal stress

Buckling of submarine pipelines under thermal stress is one of the most important problems to be considered in pipeline design. And pipeline with initial imperfections will easily undergo failure due to global buckling under thermal stress and internal pressure. Therefore, it is vitally important to study the global buckling of the submarine pipeline with initial imperfections. On the basis of the characteristics of the initial imperfections, the global lateral buckling of submarine pipelines was analyzed. Based on the deduced analytical solutions for the global lateral buckling, effects of temperature difference and properties of foundation soil on pipeline buckling were analyzed. The results show that the snap buckling is predominantly governed by the amplitude value of initial imperfection; the triggering temperature difference of Mode I for pipelines with initial imperfections is higher than that of Mode I1; a pipeline with a larger friction coefficient is safer than that with a smaller one; pipelines with larger initial imperfections are safer than those with smaller ones.

Nonlinear Contact Between Inner Walls of Deep Sea Pipelines in Buckling Process

In order to study buckling propagation mechanism in deep sea pipelines, the contact between pipeline's inner walls in buckling process was studied. A two-dimensional ring model was used to represent the pipeline and a nonlinear spring model was adopted to simulate the contact between inner walls. Based on the elastoplastic constitutive relationship and the principle of virtual work theory, the coupling effect of pipeline's nonlinear large deformation and wall contact was included in the theoretical analysis with the aid of MATLAB, and the application scope of the theoretical model was also discussed. The calculated results show that during the loading process, the change in external pressure is closely related to the distribution of section stress, and once the walls are contacting each other, the external pressure increases and then remains stable after it reaches a specific value. Without fracture, the pipeline section will stop showing deformation. The results of theoretical calculations agree well with those of numerical simulations. Finally, in order to ensure reliability and accuracy of the theoretical results, the collapse pressure and propagation pressure were both verified by numerical simulations and experiments. Therefore, the theoretical model can be used to analyze pipeline's buckling deformation and contact between pipeline's inner walls, which forms the basis for further research on three-dimensional buckling propagation.

Estimation of Design Sea Ice Thickness with Maximum Entropy Distribution by Particle Swarm Optimization Method

The maximum entropy distribution, which consists of various recognized theoretical distributions, is a better curve to estimate the design thickness of sea ice. Method of moment and empirical curve fitting method are common-used parameter estimation methods for maximum entropy distribution. In this study, we propose to use the particle swarm optimization method as a new parameter estimation method for the maximum entropy distribution, which has the advantage to avoid deviation introduced by simplifications made in other methods. We conducted a case study to fit the hindcasted thickness of the sea ice in the Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea using these three parameter-estimation methods for the maximum entropy distribution. All methods implemented in this study pass the K-S tests at 0.05 significant level. In terms of the average sum of deviation squares, the empirical curve fitting method provides the best fit for the original data, while the method of moment provides the worst. Among all three methods, the particle swarm optimization method predicts the largest thickness of the sea ice for a same return period. As a result, we recommend using the particle swarm optimization method for the maximum entropy distribution for offshore structures mainly influenced by the sea ice in winter, but using the empirical curve fitting method to reduce the cost in the design of temporary and economic buildings.

Finite element analysis on thermal upheaval buckling of submarine burial pipelines with initial imperfection

In-service hydrocarbons must be transported at high temperature and high pressure to ease the flow and prevent the solidification of the wax fraction. The pipeline containing hot oil will expand longitudinally due to the rise in temperature. If such expansion is resisted, for example by frictional effects over a kilometer or so of pipeline, compressive axial stress will be built up in the pipe-wall. The compressive forces are often so large that they induce vertical buckling of buffed pipelines, which can jeopardize the structural integrity of the pipeline. A typical initial imperfection named continuous support mode of submarine pipeline was studied. Based on this type of initial imperfection, the analytical solution of vertical thermal buckling was introduced and an elastic-plasticity finite element analysis （FEA） was developed. Both the analytical and the finite element methodology were applied to analyze a practice in Bohai Gulf, China. The analyzing results show that upheaval buckling is most likely to build up from the initial imperfection of the pipeline and the buckling temperature depends on the amplitude of initial imperfection. With the same amplitude of initial imperfection, the triggering temperature difference of upheaval buckling increases with covered depth of the pipeline, the soil strength and the friction between the pipeline and subsoil.

The Interaction of Oblique Flexural Gravity Waves With a Small Bottom Deformation on a Porous Ocean-Bed： Green＇s Function Approach

The interaction of oblique incident water waves with a small bottom deformation on a porous ocean-bed is examined analytically here within the framework of linear water wave theory. The upper surface of the ocean is assumed to be covered by an infinitely extended thin uniform elastic plate, while the lower surface is bounded by a porous bottom surface having a small deformation. By employing a simplified perturbation analysis, involving a small parameter c^（〈〈l ）, which measures the smallness of the deformation, the governing Boundary Value Problem （BVP） is reduced to a simpler BVP for the first-order correction of the potential function. This BVP is solved using a method based on Green＇s integral theorem with the introduction of suitable Green＇s function to obtain the first-order potential, and this potential function is then utilized to calculate the first-order reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape function c（x） representing the bottom deformation. Consideration of a patch of sinusoidal ripples shows that when the quotient of twice the component of the incident field wave number propagating just below the elastic plate and the ripple wave number approaches one, the theory predicts a resonant interaction between the bed and the surface below the elastic plate. Again, for small angles of incidence, the reflected wave energy is more as compared to the other angles of incidence. It is also observed that the reflected wave energy is somewhat sensitive to the changes in the flexural rigidity of the elastic plate, the porosity of the bed and the ripple wave numbers. The main advantage of the present study is that the results for the values of reflection and transmission coefficients obtained are found to satisfy the energy-balance relation almost accurately.

Inhibition of norsolorinic acid accumulation to Aspergillus parasiticus by marine actinomycetes

Thirty-six strains of marine actinomycetes were isolated from a sample of marine sediment collected from the Yellow Sea and evaluated in terms of their inhibitory activity on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and the production of norsolorinic acid using dual culture plate assay and agar diffusion methods.Among them,three strains showed strong antifungal activity and were subsequently identified as Streptomyces sp.by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing analysis.The supernatant from the fermentation of the MA01 strain was extracted sequentially with chloroform and ethyl acetate,and the activities of the extracts were determined by tip culture assay.The assay results show that both extracts inhibited mycelium growth and toxin production,and the inhibitory activities of the extracts increased as their concentrations increased.The results of this study suggest that marine actinomycetes are biologically important for the control of mycotoxins,and that these bacteria could be used as novel biopesticides against mycotoxins.

Corrosion behavior of 907 steel under thin electrolyte layers of artificial seawater

The corrosion behavior of 907 steel under thin electrolyte layer(TEL) has been investigated by means of cathodic polarization curve measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results show that the cathodic diffusion current density presents the variation trend of initial increase and subsequent decrease with the decrease of TEL thickness, and the maximum deposits at 58 μm. The cotangent-hyperbolic impedance(O) is rationally first introduced to study the diffusion process of the reactants through the corrosion products layer with many permeable holes. The initial corrosion rate of 907 steel under different TEL thickness increases with the decrease of TEL thickness except that of 104 μm,whereas the corrosion rate after long time corrosion can be ranked as 104 μm﹥402 μm﹥198 μm﹥301 μm﹥bulk solution.