On joint analysing XMM-NuSTAR spectra of active galactic nuclei

A recently released XMM-Newton note revealed a significant calibration issue between nuclear spectroscopic telescope array(NuSTAR)and XMM-Newton European Photon Imaging Camera(EPIC)and provided an empirical correction to the EPIC effective area.To quantify the bias caused by the calibration issue in the joint analysis of XMM-NuSTAR spectra and verify the effectiveness of the correction,in this work,we perform joint-fitting of the NuSTAR and EPIC-pn spectra for a large sample of 104 observation pairs of 44 X-ray bright active galactic nuclei(AGN).The spectra were extracted after requiring perfect simultaneity between the XMM-Newton and NuSTAR exposures(merging good time intervals(GTIs)from two missions)to avoid bias due to the rapid spectral variability of the AGN.Before the correction,the EPIC-pn spectra are systematically harder than the corresponding NuSTAR spectra by■subsequently yielding significantly underestimated cutoff energy E_(cut)and the strength of reflection component R when performing joint-fitting.We confirm that the correction is highly effective and can commendably erase the discrepancy in best-fitΓ,E_(cut),and R.We thus urge the community to apply the correction when joint-fitting XMM-NuSTAR spectra,but note that the correction is limited to 3–12 keV and therefore not applicable when the soft X-ray band data are included.Besides,we show that as merging GTIs from two missions would cause severe loss of NuSTAR net exposure time,in many cases,joint-fitting yields no advantage compared with utilizing NuSTAR data alone.Finally,We present a technical note on filtering periods of high background flares for XMM-Newton EPIC-pn exposures in the small window(SW)mode.

Research Progress on Resource Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Manure

Although mass livestock and poultry breeding brought magnificent econom-ic benefits to the society, it made great harm to the environment. By reviewing the current status of environmental pol ution caused by livestock and poultry manure in China, harm-free treatment technology for livestock and poultry manure including fer-tilization technology, feed processing technology and energy technology were elabo-rated so as to address the existing issues in this regard and provide references for resource utilization and eliminating environmental pol ution through modified technical system and environment laws.

副词“有望”的功能、特征与发展

"有望"在句法上具有唯状性,不能被否定,也不能构成"X不X"短语提问;与其他副词连用时句位相对灵活,使用中常与"有希望、可望、无望、在望"等对举、配合。"有望"的情态化语义特征体现为互有联系的四个方面:意愿性、可能性、如意性、未然性。近年来"有望"词义进一步泛化,主观意愿弱化,如意评价淡化,可以修饰一些中性的甚至消极的客观现象,兼表未然的表体功能得到了进一步的凸显。

守望如何相助——中国家庭互助行为的影响因素分析

在现代社会保障制度日渐完善的背景下,家庭间的互助行为正悄然发生变化。2014年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据和对中国家庭互助行为的存续状况及其影响因素的实证研究表明,家庭互助行为在当前依然广泛而深刻地存在;家庭的社会网络规模越大,与亲友联结越深,家族文化越深厚,家庭互助行为发生的可能性就越大;社会救助收入、家庭负债情况与家庭互助收入存在显著的正向关系;家庭收入、家庭政治资本、养老保险收入及社会捐赠支出等与家庭互助支出形成正向关系。另外,新组建的年轻家庭及老年家庭较其他类型家庭更有可能获得来自家庭网络内部的接济。需要特别注意的是,在共同遭遇自然灾害时,即使是联系紧密的家庭之间,也可能因个体家庭的"自身难保"而使得原有的"互助格局"濒临瓦解,它进一步凸显了社会保障在灾害风险化解方面的重要性。在与现代社会保障制度的互动中,传统的家庭互助发挥着重要的经济保障和福利提升的作用,公共政策应给予保护和支持。

A Benzofuranoid Neolignan from Magnolia biondii Pamp

Aim Isolation and structural elucidation of the constituents from the dried flower buds of Magnolia biondii Pamp. Methods Column chromatography and TLC were used to isolate chemical constituents. Spectroscopic methods were employed for structural elucidation. Results One benzo furanoid neolignan （licarin B） and two bisepoxy lignans （magnolin, fargesin） were isolated and identified. Conclusion Licarin B is the first reported benzofuranoid lignan from the family Magnoliaceae.

《庄子·秋水》“望洋”新诂

《庄子·秋水》中的“望洋”,或作“盳洋”、“望阳”、“望羊”,以“望羊”为正体,历来解为仰视貌或远视义。现代则多认为是联绵词,在词义上或袭取旧说,或通过系联同源联绵词求得许多以不明为义核的新解。但集中剖析此词从上古至后世的诸多用例,即可知它不是联绵词,而是以偏正结构喻指眼的一种病相,即眼白多而偏下、瞳仁小而偏上且不转,并都作谓语,不修饰动词。故“望洋”本义是定睛上视貌,引申为定睛高远视义,指有心志、抱负者眼相。《庄子·秋水》“望洋”今皆误连“向若而叹”,其实当连上“目”而成“目望洋”句,此“望洋”用为本义。《庄子·秋水》中此句描绘河伯肖像,寓意深刻。“望洋”之所以长期得不到确诂,是由于词义训诂只释名而不解物,也是对联绵词的误识与误诂。

Raptor migration monitoring in the spring of 2009 at Baiwangshan,Beijing

Following a series of surveys since 2003, a full-seasonal raptor count was undertaken at Baiwangshan, a mountain in the vicinity of Beijing, from 6 March to 22 May 2009, when 3802 individual birds of 23 species were recorded. Four species, i.e., Oriental Honey Buzzard(Pernis ptilorhynchus), Common Buzzard(Buteo buteo), Eurasian Sparrow Hawk(Accipiter nisus) and Gray-faced Buzzard(Butastur indicus) together accounted for up 90% of the total and P. ptilorhynchus alone for 70%. Raptor passage of such magnitude and diversity at an inland site in China was unheard of up to then. As well, 113 other migrants were recorded at the site during this period, including 24 water birds, 74 passerines and 15 others(cuckoos, owls and other migrants).

Prospects of China's Agricultural Development

Remarkable achievements have been made in China＇s agricultural development since the late 1970s. Nevertheless, deep-rooted problems are arising from inefficient farming practices. From mid- and long-term perspectives, migration of China＇s agricultural labor will slow and large-scale operation of farmland will accelerate. Although grain supply and demand have maintained a tight balance, new potentials still exist in improving grain production. Under the pressures of resource and environmental constraints, advancing the green and efficient transition of agriculture will become a new trend in China＇s agricultural development. In this context, the treatment of agricultural pollution, supply-side structural reform and innovation of agricultural subsidy policy are of strategic significance to the transition and upgrade of China＇s agriculture.

EFFECTIVE IMAGE SEGMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODEL INCORPORATING LOCAL INFORMATION

A new two-step framework is proposed for image segmentation. In the first step, the gray-value distribution of the given image is reshaped to have larger inter-class variance and less intra-class variance. In the sec- ond step, the discriminant-based methods or clustering-based methods are performed on the reformed distribution. It is focused on the typical clustering methods-Gaussian mixture model （GMM） and its variant to demonstrate the feasibility of the framework. Due to the independence of the first step in its second step, it can be integrated into the pixel-based and the histogram-based methods to improve their segmentation quality. The experiments on artificial and real images show that the framework can achieve effective and robust segmentation results.

Progress in Research and Application of Animal Antiparasitic Drugs

Parasitic disease is one of the most serious diseases in humans and animals. Animal antiparasitic drugs are mainly used to kill, expel and prevent animal parasites, and they are divided into anthelmintics, antiprotozoals, insecticides, and so on. Animal antiparasitic drugs play an important role in the prevention and control of animal parasitic diseases, healthy development of animal husbandry and security of public health. In recent years, as people pay more attention paid to parasitic diseases, the research and development of antiparasitic drugs have made great progresses. Mastering the research and application progresses of antiparasitic drugs is of great significance to clinical medication and basic research. This paper reviews the history, current situation, the latest progresses and future development directions of research and application of antiparasitic drugs.

OFDM blind channel estimation based on polynomial models

A two-dimensional （2-D） polynomial regression model is set up to approximate the time-frequency response of slowly time-varying orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. With this model the estimation of the OFDM time-frequency response is turned into the optimization of some time-invariant model parameters. A new algorithm based on the expectation-maximization （EM） method is proposed to obtain the maximum-likelihood （ML） estimation of the polynomial model parameters over the 2-D observed data. At the same time, in order to reduce the complexity and avoid the computation instability, a novel recursive approach （RPEMTO） is given to calculate the values of the parameters. It is further shown that this 2-D polynomial EM-based algorithm for time-varying OFDM （PEMTO） can be simplified mathematically to handle the one-dimensional sequential estimation. Simulations illustrate that the proposed algorithms achieve a lower bit error rate （BER） than other blind algorithms.

Accelerating SAGE algorithm in PET image reconstruction by rescaled block-iterative method

A new method to accelerate the convergent rate of the space-alternatinggeneralized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm is proposed. The new rescaled block-iterativeSAGE (RBI-SAGE) algorithm combines the RBI algorithm with the SAGE algorithm for PET imagereconstruction. In the new approach, the projection data is partitioned into disjoint blocks; eachiteration step involves only one of these blocks. SAGE updates the parameters sequentially in eachblock. In experiments, the RBI-SAGE algorithm and classical SAGE algorithm are compared in theapplication on positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstruction. Simulation results show thatRBI-SAGE has better performance than SAGE in both convergence and image quality.

A Geometric Process Repair Model for the Repairable System Consisting of One Component

This paper considers the optimal replacement problem of a repairable system consisting of one component and a single repairman, assume that the system after repair is not 'as good as new', by using the geometric process, we consider a placement policy T based on the age of the system. The problem is to determine the optimal replacement policy T * such that the long_run expected benefit per unit time is maximized. Also, the explicit expression of the long_run expected benefit per unit time can be found. In some conditions, the existence and uniqueness of the optimal policy T * can be proved, finally, we prove that the policy T * is better than the policy T * in .

Current Status and Perspective Development of Broomcorn Millet Production in China

[Objective] This paper analyzed present status of broomcorn millet produc- tion in China, including cultivation methods, fertilization utilization, diseases, insect pests and disasters, machinery development, planting benefit and other aspects. [Method] The corn millet data reported by China Industrial and Technological Re- search System of Millet in 2011 were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis of EXCEL. [Result] The results show that 17 678.57 kg/ha of farm manure, 155.77 kg/ha of urea, 259.5 kg/ha of compound fertilizer, 203.13 kg/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 75 kg/ha of potash fertilizer were used in China; the national mechanization degree of broomcorn millet production is lower than 30% in all; the average income of broomcorn millet production is 10 503.33 yuan/ha, and the VCR is 2.64; most broomcorn millet producing areas are affected by mild pests and diseases, very few are affected by mild and moderate pests and diseases, and the impact of natural disasters is the lightest. [~onclusien] Currently fertilizer utilization for broomcorn millet is proper but the mechanization level and planting benefit are low, natural disasters, pests and diseases are not severe; finally the authors proposed some suggestions on the fertilizer utilization, mechanization production, benefit increasing, disaster warning, disease and insect controlling and government policy-making for broomcorn millet production.

Gaussian mixture model clustering with completed likelihood minimum message length criterion

An improved Gaussian mixture model （GMM）- based clustering method is proposed for the difficult case where the true distribution of data is against the assumed GMM. First, an improved model selection criterion, the completed likelihood minimum message length criterion, is derived. It can measure both the goodness-of-fit of the candidate GMM to the data and the goodness-of-partition of the data. Secondly, by utilizing the proposed criterion as the clustering objective function, an improved expectation- maximization （EM） algorithm is developed, which can avoid poor local optimal solutions compared to the standard EM algorithm for estimating the model parameters. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can rectify the over-fitting tendency of representative GMM-based clustering approaches and can robustly provide more accurate clustering results.

Application of SAGE algorithm in PET image reconstruction using modified ordered subsets

A new method that uses a modified ordered subsets （MOS） algorithm to improve the convergence rate of space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization （SAGE） algorithm for positron emission tomography （PET） image reconstruction is proposed.In the MOS-SAGE algorithm,the number of projections and the access order of the subsets are modified in order to improve the quality of the reconstructed images and accelerate the convergence speed.The number of projections in a subset increases as follows：2,4,8,16,32 and 64.This sequence means that the high frequency component is recovered first and the low frequency component is recovered in the succeeding iteration steps.In addition,the neighboring subsets are separated as much as possible so that the correlation of projections can be decreased and the convergences can be speeded up.The application of the proposed method to simulated and real images shows that the MOS-SAGE algorithm has better performance than the SAGE algorithm and the OSEM algorithm in convergence and image quality.

Effects of Different Illumination Intensity and Soil Moisture on Seed Germination of Parashorea chinensis

Objective] This study almed to soIve technical probIems in artificial breed-ing of Parashorea chinensis. [Method] The effects of different iI umination intensity and soiI moisture on seed germination rate and emergence of P. chinensis were in-vestigated. [Result] Under conditions of ill umination intensity of 40% and soiI mois-ture of 60%, the seeds of P. chinensis showed the highest germination rate. [Con-clusion] This study wiI provide some basic information for the ex-situ conservation, repopuIation and deveIopment and utiIization of P. chinensis.

释“娄”

本文对“娄”字形义进行了考辨。文章认为“娄”的古文字象一女人头顶竹篓双手扶持之形，为“篓”之初文。成语“戴盆望天”之“戴盆”并非虚设，而是指古代实有的头顶运物习俗。“娄罗”的聪明能干义从何而来，自唐代以来有各种解释，均难成立。本文指出，“娄罗”即“娄离”，亦即“离娄”，其精明义由玲珑剔透义引申而来。由精明引申指精干之人，由精干之人再引申为绿林豪客，由绿林豪客引中为强盗部下。娄的空义一方面由空灵剔透引申为聪明，一方面由空白无知引申为愚蠢，形成反训。

晚清广东州县催征钱粮探微——以《望凫行馆宦粤日记》的记载为中心

同治、光绪年间在广东任州县官的杜凤治,留下一部350余万字的日记,其中有大量有关州县征收钱粮的内容,研究清代赋税的学者很少有人注意到这部日记。从杜凤治的日记可知,晚清广东各州县普遍钱粮难征,州县官经常要带领大队人马下乡催征钱粮,平时则派官亲、委员、幕客、“家人”等设立若干粮站收粮,罗定州还存在殷丁参与征粮的制度。杜凤治在任职的所有州县,无不依靠族绅、局绅的协助催征钱粮。在催征过程中,州县官经常要使用包括枷号、杖责、羁押、封祠堂、烧屋等威胁和强迫手段。在杜凤治的日记中基本没有写花户“自封投柜”的事,也看不到图甲制在州县征粮过程中的作用,令人感到困惑。

柳永《望海潮》的异域接受与本土反响——以宋金时期为论

柳永是一位在宋代当时最具有国际影响的词人,他的词广泛传播到高丽、西夏和金国。根据《鹤林玉露》、《大金国志》等书记载,金主完颜亮听唱他的《望海潮》词,"遂决意南征",一首词便成为一场战争的导火索。宋人对此事持三种态度:谴责柳永以词招徕强敌,引出无边愁恨;称赏此词诱使敌酋南下送命,不但无过反而有功,但其中所写西湖美景使南渡豪杰丧失斗志,又令人遗憾;把词中所写当作杭州、江南、天下美景的象征,而绝口不提招引金主南侵之事,这种刻意回避,也是一种接受。《望海潮》在宋金对峙特殊历史时期的异域接受与本土反响,政治因素在其中起着非常重要的影响。它是唐宋词传播接受过程中的特例,又合于一般接受理论。