《本生经》与意大利文艺复兴时期的短篇小说

意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家,乔旺弗朗契斯科·斯特拉巴罗拉的小说集《欢乐之夜》和波吉奥·布拉乔里尼的《滑稽集》以及阿尼奥洛·菲伦佐拉的《动物谈话的第一编》,其中各有一篇故事来源于印度的《本生经》等典籍。《本生经》中的寓言故事被运用在意大利文艺复兴时期的短篇小说,它说明印度文学曾经对意大利文艺复兴时期的小说产生影响。

《本生经》中的夜叉婚恋故事对中土小说的影响

夜叉故事有两个重要的类型即夜叉国故事和夜叉婚恋故事。夜叉婚恋故事最翔实的记载保存于南传佛教中的巴利语经典《本生经》中。宋元以后,此一类型故事被《夷坚志》等文人小说多次记载,并被蒲松龄在《聊斋志异》中作进一步的创造发挥;在民间,也形成了中国民间故事中的一个重要类型。这与南宋以后海上贸易的兴盛,导致中国与斯里兰卡的民间交往逐渐增多有密切关系。

《本生》藏译本及其疑点举隅

圣勇所著《本生》是一部久负盛名的古印度梵语本生典籍,印度学者将其称为“占布体”诗作之典范,对后世本生作品影响深远。学术界对《本生》研究更多倾向于思想与内容、语言、艺术等方面,而涉及藏译本的版本及译文状况的研究甚少。《本生》的不同藏译本不仅能够阐释《本生》引进的年代问题及相关翻译问题,同时也体现了译本纵向发展态势。归纳藏汉译本中误译、直译、漏译等现象,并概括这些现象的原因,对于今后更好地研究这部著作具有一定的意义。

“拔刺报恩”故事的印度渊源与发展演变

"拔刺报恩"是"感恩的动物"类型故事下的一个亚型。在中土,该故事首次出现在刘宋时期的小说《异苑》中,但其源头却可追溯到南传《本生经》中的《无私心本生谭》。在玄奘西行之后此一故事开始盛行,并与佛经中的"雀王拔骨"故事相互攀附与嫁接,逐渐分化为"为象拔刺"和"为虎拔刺"两个类型。文学家利用此一故事作创造性的改编,使其具有戏谑、讽刺、悲情等多种情节与风格,大大丰富了此一类型故事。

Comparison of Benefits from Different Planting Models of Ningza No.21

Ningza No.21, a new hybrid rapeseed cultivar, was used as the test mate-rial in this study. The common planting models in large-scale production （3 trans-planting models and 2 direct-seeding models） were adopted. Based on the high-yield cultivation, the yield and economic benefits of different planting models were investi-gated. ln addition, the labor costs, agricultural production materials costs and agri-cultural machinery costs of different planting model were analyzed to explore the low-costs and high-economic benefits planting model. The results showed the yields of the 5 planting models were al relatively high with average yield of 3 282.30 kg/hm2, ranging from 2 899.50 to 3 642.00 kg/hm2. Although the average yield and output value of transplanting models were higher than that of direct-seedling models by 429.25 kg/hm2 and 2 189.18 yuan/hm2 respectively, the production costs of trans-planting models were higher than that of direct-seedling model by 2 098.81 yuan/hm2 and the economic benefits were basical y equal. Among the costs of rapeseed pro-duction, the labor costs accounted for more than 60%. ln the labor costs, the har-vesting labor costs represented about 50%. Therefore, under current production con-ditions, the direct seeding and mechanized harvesting should be adopted in the rapeseed production to reduce production costs and improve economic benefits.

Theory and practice of value management and its innovation for natural resources from the perspective of sustainable development

The supreme obstacle for sustainable development of natural resources is the scarecity, bottleneck. So how to promote the sustainable utilizing and increase the using efficiency of natural resources is worth studying. This paper suggests that we should improve the model and means of evaluating method and value management based on th~ theory of natural resource compensation. This paper discusses the User Cost Method based on the microeeonomicaspect which can change the evaluating method for natural resources. From the perspective of value managemen model, we should use the User Cost Method to realize the linkage and integration of micro and macro eompensation for natural resources. Based on the evaluating and aecounting idea User Cost Method, this paper presents a theo. retical framework to harmonize and link micro and macro compensation for natural resources. At present, we should seek the new approach and method to manage natural resources, so can we realize the capitalization managemen focusing on the vahte management for natural resources.

The Legacy of Conventional Textbook Trade Theory in the Light of Globalization

The term “globalization” designates the rapidly advancing international economic integration through substantial growth in trade of goods and services as well as surging cross-border factor mobility from the early 1990s onwards. This acceleration in the liberalization of world trade and capital movements is largely attributable to technological progress which significantly curtailed the expenses for transport as well as communication. In conjunction with the progressing opening of major newly industrializing economies endowed with abundant and cheap labor forces, it has reinforced a geographical fragmentation of production processes according to cost considerations. This phenomenon termed as “vertical specialization”, “outsourcing” or also “slicing the value chain” in turn has translated into a hike in FDI and international trade of intermediate products. The main objective of this paper is to identify adequate trade models for assessing the corresponding effects of those developments. In this context, textbook trade theories spanning from comparative advantage à la Ricardo to the new-new trade theory are examined. Subsequently, we expand on globalization-induced new forms of trade （intra-firm trade, trade within the value chain） and finally conclude with our findings to properly account for those trends.

Longevity,Capital Formation and Economic Development

Many researchers have concluded that longer life expectancies prompt increased investment in education,as a prolonged labor supply raises the rate of return on education.Besides explaining the empirical evidence behind this conclusion(at an absolute level),there is another issue to be discussed:does time spent studying and working increase proportionally with higher longevity? Building on an extended life-cycle model,this paper shows that prolonged life expectancy will cause individuals to increase their time in education but may not warrant rises in labor input.Later we show that higher improvement rate of longevity rather than initial life expectancy will promote economic growth,even we exclude the mechanism of human capital formation,and only consider growth effects of higher improvement rate of life expectancy from physical capital investment.

Economic Viability of Production of Tree Parica （Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex. Ducke） of Reforestation Project in the Municipality Paragominas-PA, Brazil

The objective of this study was to analyze the profitability of production Parica reforestation in the municipality of Paragominas-PA. The study was conducted in the municipality of Paragominas Messoregiao located in the northeast of Para. The basic data used in the economic evaluation of production of planting parica （costs and revenues） were derived from primary source through raising production cost of parica with farmers from the municipality, analyzing the period of production horizon of seven years. The discount rate chosen for economic evaluation was 10% per year. NPV （net present value） calculation IRR （internal rate of return）, BCR （benefit-cost ratio） and EP （break-even point）. To check the economic feasibility of producing parica the following criteria were used for economic analysis. The results for NPV, IRR and BC ratio were respectively of $495,970, 28.83% and 2.43. For EP （break-even point） the value of 41.08% was found, which demonstrates the minimum amount of production, so that revenue equals costs. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the reforestation model with parica proposed in this paper presents economically viable for deployment.

Impact of Rising Oil Prices on the Living Cost in Burkina Faso

Fluctuations of the world oil prices affect economic performance. Outside the impact on the sector of energy production, the rising oil price has consequences on inflationary pressures and a deteriorating fiscal position of Burkina Faso. In this context, studying the impact of rising oil prices on the economy, especially the cost of living of its population has a great interest because although many studies have attempted to link 〈〈oil prices〉~ and 〈〈cost of living~, very few have focused on the specific case of Burkina Faso. This allows us to make our contribution to this construction literature. This contribution will consist to highlight the relation between changes in oil prices and the cost of living in Burkina Faso. Also to be reached, we will find the best indicator to reflect the cost of living in Burkina Faso, identify the suitable econometric model for estimating the correlation and verify the existence of the relation between oil prices and the cost of living. For a better approach to this study, we used a VAR （Vector Auto-Regressive） model. Also, we will use documentary research that will make an assessment on the existing in terms of theoretical debates around the theme descriptive statistics that will help to introduce and describe the variables used in the study, and econometric analysis will analyze and estimate the parameters of our objective function using Eviews.

Economic Valuation of Health Impact of PM_(10) Pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006

In light of the practical need for research to inform policy in Beijing,this study evaluates the economic cost of the impact of PM 10 pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006,taking health as the main impact,and mortality as the main outcome.Based on the literature review,this study adopts relatively conservative parameters as the basis for calculating the health impacts.It concludes that nearly 30%of mortality among registered residents above age 30 in Beijing can be attributed to PM 10 pollution,and that the economic cost equals 0.8%-1.2%of the city's GDP over the same period.This is lower than the results of previous studies,but still high enough to warrant a commitment to solve the city's air pollution problem.

Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment for Mining Seafloor Massive Sulfides in Japan

JOGMEC （Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation） has conducted exploration and research in Japan＇s EEZ （exclusive economic zone） from fiscal year 2008, under contract by the METI （Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry）, for the commercialization of SMS （Seafloor Massive Sulfide）. As there is currently no commercial mining precedent of SMS, it is necessary to consider the potential impacts of mining on the surrounding environment, and to promote long term sustainable projects. In particular, due to the existence of specific chemosynthetic ecosystems and unique biological communities around the SMS area, both quantitative evaluations of potential environmental impacts and consequent environmental conservation strategies, are necessary in order to avoid and or minimize the potential detrimental effects to the ecosystem, as much as possible. The environmental research programs consist of baseline surveys, environmental impact modeling, and methodological concepts which will be applied to conserve biodiversity. In this paper, we will primarily provide an overview of the project conducted by JOGMEC during 2008-2012.

Economy of RHA （Rice Husk Ash） in Concrete for Low-Cost Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Delivery of housing units in adequate quantity and quality has been the pursuits of individuals and successive governments in Nigeria. Still, the gap between demand and supply is becoming wider on daily basis due to exorbitant cost of building materials that is beyond the reach of average Nigerians. Concrete being the most acceptable construction material is expensive due to high cost of cement. Efforts made to reduce the cost of cement were to no avail, thus there is need to look elsewhere. Past researches showed that substituting cement with 15% of RHA （rice husk ash） in concrete improves the performance of concrete and reduces global warming as a result of emissions from cement production. This paper looks into the effect of using RHA as partial substitute of cement on the cost of a low-cost housing unit. Results showed that cement based construction materials are responsible for 82.58% of the total cost in which cement is responsible for 42%. When 15% RHA was used to substitute cement over N90,000 was saved, amounting to about 7% of the total cost of the building. In addition, depletion of natural resources was reduced.

Economic Development and Small Businesses in Japan

Japan’s economy lost most of its industrial production force as a result of World War II. However, from 1955 onwards, Japan has achieved rapid economic growth, joining the group of the world’s most developed countries by the early 1970s. The period from 1955 to the early 1970s is generally regarded as a period of High Economic Growth. There are various opinions regarding the factors that enabled Japan to attain such high economic growth, referred to as the Economic Miracle. It can be said that Japan’s post-war economic development was the result of advancements in technological innovation on the basis of financial assistance from the United States, which established Japan’s position in the world economy, loans from the bank, and the introduction of technology from abroad. Needless to say, the “high growth of post-war Japanese capitalism has not been achieved only by giant companies alone. On the contrary, without small businesses, especially in their roles as subcontractors, it would have been impossible to achieve such high growth, which has drawn attention internationally” （Nomura, 1981, p. 126）. The purpose of this presentation is to make clear the role of small businesses in the process of economic development.

Open pit limit optimization considering economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits

Pit limit design has,up to date,focused mainly on maximization of economic profit alone,with environmental and social issues largely ignored.This paper focuses on incorporating both environmental and social issues in the pit limit design process and provides an approach to pit limit optimization that is in compliance with sustainable development.The case study demonstrates that ecological costs have a substantial down-sizing effect and social benefits have a substantial up-sizing effect on the optimal pit limit.When the ecological costs are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 37.5%smaller than the economically optimal pit limit.However,when the social benefits are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 48.3%larger than the economically optimal one.The overall optimal pit limit,with the economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits simultaneously considered,is a result of balancing conflicting goals of maximizing economic profit,minimizing ecological cost,and maximizing social benefit.

The Influence of Social Support and Psychological Capital Enhancement to the New Generation of Migrant Workers Integrating into the City

The new generation of migrant workers are the main urban construction team in China＇s economic development, they play an indispensable role.？However, the social integration of this group has been hampered by many factors. Views of this paper is that social support and psychological capital enhancement have a significant impact on the new generation of migrant workers integrated into the city. Finally, propose strategies to facilitate this group more easily integrate into city life.

Estimating the Three-Stage Cost Malmquist Productivity Index in the Taiwan Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Industry

This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical （B＆BP） industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estimations proceed in three stages. Following the methodology of Yang and Huang （2009） with the assumption of variable return to scale （VRS） in the first stage, the original cost Malmquist productivity index （CM） is decomposed into five sources of productivity change： pure technical efficiency change, technical change, allocative efficiency change （AEC）, input-price effect, and cost scale efficiency change. The method of Yang and Huang （2009） is an excellent contribution, but it did not deal with the exogenous environmental variables and noises. In the second stage, the original input variables are adjusted by the exogenous environmental variables. Finally, adjusted input variables produced by the second stage are reused for obtaining the reality of CM in the third stage.

三条鱼的故事——印度佛教故事在丝绸之路的传播例证

印度古代佛教故事在丝绸之路流传甚广,本文以印度民间"三条鱼的故事"为例,考察该故事在巴利文佛教《本生经》、史诗《摩诃婆罗多》、民间故事集《五卷书》、《益世嘉言集》和《故事海》、粟特语故事文本、阿拉伯语《凯里来与迪木奈》、波斯语《玛斯纳维》和泰语《娘丹德莱的故事》等多元与多语种文字文本中的流变,以及该故事的图像传播时空,为我们理解印度文学的丰富性以及印度文学与宗教对外传播的复杂性,提供了一个有效的实证事例。

巴利语文学与上座部佛教国家文学

巴利语文学也称巴利语佛教文学,是佛教文学的重要组成部分。巴利语文学包括两大部分,即巴利语藏内文学和巴利语藏外文学。两者的划分主要是依其形成年代的先后为原则的。

中國的割股奉親:絲綢之路的舶來品?

在傳統的中國儒家觀念中,身體髮膚,受之父母,不可輕易傷害。但在唐代卻出現了一種孝道的新形式——割股奉親,並逐漸演變成一個習俗。這個看似與儒家傳統相違背的習俗很明顯受了佛教故事的影響,尤其是《本生經》中的須阇提故事與啖子故事,而二者都表現出强烈的來源於中亞與西北印度的特征。所以'割股奉親'很可能不是中國本土衍生出的習俗,而是沿絲綢之路傳入的舶來品。本文梳理了須阇提故事和睒子故事與'割股奉親'的淵源,尤其是須阇提在中國的流行與轉變,並分析了爲什麼'割股奉親'能夠被中國人所接受。