约定——写在《果实》出版之际

十五年前，一位父亲先后失去了两个儿子，背上了七万多元的债；十五年前，儿子的一群同学决定承担起子女的责任。一个算不上约定的约定，让两位老人十五年收到了十五张汇款单、五十六封信；一个算不上约定的约定，演绎了一段延续了十五年的真情．

果实

久慕雁栖湖 迎宾五大洲 风光秋派果 只忆与君游

果实上的粉霜

梭罗在他的《瓦尔登湖》中说：＂我们天性中最优美的品格,好比果实上的粉霜,只能轻手轻脚,才得以保全。＂然而,这个我们生活的世界,步子愈来愈快,我们恨不得什么都是一键式,恨不得果实拿来就可以吃。那些果实上的粉霜已然不在我们的视野,尽管那些粉霜一定是往昔阳光明媚的甜蜜见证。

《果实的结构》课堂实录与分析

教学目标 1．通过对果实形象的感知和内部结构的探究了解果实，能对果实进行区分。 2．亲身经历探究的过程，运用恰当的方法研究果实，积极与他人合作和交流。 3．知道科技的发展能影响周围的事物，领略自然的神奇。

《果实和种子的形成》教学案例

○一、教学目标○ 1.让学生了解果实和种子的形成过程。 2.理解绿色开花植物双受精的过程。 3.理解果实和种子是由花的哪部分发育成的。○二。

Fruit Photosynthesis and Assimilate Translocation and Partitioning: Their Characteristics and Role in Sugar Accumulation in Developing Citrus unshiu Fruit

Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.

Variation of Sugar, Acid and Vitamin C Contents in Fruit Development in Different Types of Kiwifruit

The variation of sugar, acid and vitamin C contents in fruits of red flesh kiwifruit （Actinidia chinensis） ＂Hongyang＂ and green fresh kiwifruit （A. deliciosa） ＇Jinkui＇ were investigated during fruit development. The results showed that the to- tal sugar soluble contents of ＂Hongyang＇ and ＇Jinkui＂ during fruit development ex- isted different variations. With the upward trend of ＇Hongyang＇ fruit development, 95 days after full bloom （DAFB）, the total soluble sugar accumulation was relatively slow, and then rose rapidly until harvest with the maximum content （6.87%）. While ＇Jinkui＇ fruit showed a fluctuant process, rising in 50 DAFB, then declining, then rising rapidly and decreasing slightly right before harvest. The variation of fruit titrat- able acid between them was more consistent, which was increased and then de- creased. The only difference was that the titratable acid content of ＇Jinkui＇ fruit de- creased slowly from the late of fruit development to fruit ripening, similar to the maximum value, but that of ＇Hongyang＇ fruit decreased rapidly in the late. Titrat- able acid contents of them in the maturity were 1.08% and 1.20%, respectively. The trends of sugar acid ratio for ＇Hongyang＇ and ＇Jinkui＇ fruit were quite different. ＇Hongyang＇ fruit increased slowly and then rapidly; ＇Jinkui＇ changed from decreas- ing to increasing, followed by slight decreasing in mature stage. In addition, the two kiwifruit varieties had a similar change trend of Vc content during fruit development, which changed from rapid increasing to declining, followed by slight growing in the harvest. The changing tendency of ＇Jinkui＇ fruit was later than that of ＇Hengyang＇.

Ultrastructure of Epidermis and Flesh of the Developing Apple Fruit

The ultrastructure of the epidermis and flesh of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh cv. Red Fuji) fruit was systematically observed during the fruit development via transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that, in spite of the ultrastructural changes in many aspects of the developing fruit epidermal cells, it remained almost unchanged throughout the whole developmental process that the cytoplasm was filled with numerous endoplasmic reticula (ER). Most of these endoplasmic reticula were tube_like and rough_ER with enlarged cisterna from which many vesicles were produced. Some of the vesicles were shown to merge into vacuole. Some dynamic Golgi bodies were also found. All the ultrastructural characteristics showed that the epidermal cells have the features of excretory cells. The ultrastructure of the fruit flesh cells at the young fruit stage were shown to be metabolically active, characterized by the presence of numerous clustered plasmodesmata, cisterna enlarged_ and rough_ER filling the cytoplasm, plenty of vesicles and Golgi bodies, indicating their dynamic cellular transport function. Some giant_circular rough_ERs were found. All the ultrastructural features at this early developmental stage should be closely associated with the enlargement of the young fruit. At the rapid growing phase of the fruit the main changes were characterized by: the starch grain_filled amyloplasts, furcating of the single orifice of plasmodesmata, and the cytoplasm enrichment of both the Golgi body_formed vesicles and other vesicles. These features correspond well with those of a photoassimilate sink_cell. An ultrastructural degeneration phenomenon was observed at the fruit ripening stage, but the mitochondria and plasmalemma still remained intact, which might be related to the continuous development of fruit quality during the fruit ripening.

Effect of Metaxenia on Volatile Compounds in Bagged Apple Fruit of Fuji

In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to select appropriate poll- enizer cultivars for Fuji, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor and aroma of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The results proved the significant metaxe- nia effect of the five pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The numbers of both volatile compounds and characteristic aroma com- pounds in bagged apple fruit pollinated by Golden Delicious were larger and those of the fruit pollinated by Gala were smaller at both experiment sites. However, there were differences in the numbers of volatile compounds and characteristic aroma compounds among the fruits pollinated by Starkrimson, Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby at both experimental sites. The differences were caused by 12 compounds that only existed at a low level in certain samples. All of them were not the aroma contribu- tors except ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. The content of alcohols in bagged Fuji fruit was largely increased by Starkrimson and Ruby pollination; the content of aldehydes was obviously increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Gala pollination; the con- tents of esters and terpenes were significantly increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Ruby pollination. Jinxiuhaitang pollination showed no significant ef- fects for improving the content of four categories of volatile compounds. The metax- enia of the pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds in bagged Fuji fruit was stable at the two experimental sites.

Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) and Ethylene Treatments onRipening and Softening of Postharvest Kiwifruit

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson cv. Bruno) was used toinvestigate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 1.0 mmol/L, pH 3.5) and ethylene (100 mL/L) treat-ments on changes at endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels and other senescence-related factors duringfruit ripening and softening at 20 ℃. The level of endogenous SA in ripening fruits declined and a closerelationship was observed between the change at endogenous SA level and the rate of fruit ripening andsoftening. ASA treatment elevated SA level in the fruit, slowed down the increases in lipoxygenase (LOX)and allene oxide synthase (AOS) activities, decreased the O22-. production in the preclimacteric phase andthe early phase of ethylene climacteric rise, maintained the stability of cell membrane, inhibited ethylenebiosynthesis, postponed the onset of the ethylene climacteric, and delayed the process of fruit ripeningand softening. On the contrary, application of ethylene to ripening kiwifruit resulted at a lower SA level, anaccelerated increases in the activities of LOX and AOS and the rate of O22-. production, an elevated relativeelectric conductivity and an advanced onset of ethylene climacteric, and a quicker fruit ripening andsoftening. It is suggested that the effects of ASA on ripening kiwifruit can be attributed to its ability toscavenge O22-. and/or to maintain stability of cell membrane.

Cloning and Sequencing the Full-length cDNA of Annexin from Strawberry Fruit

采用RACE技术从草莓 (FragariaananassaDuch .)成熟果实中分离克隆了膜联蛋白 (annexin)基因的cDNA 5′_端未知序列 ,并通过测序确定了翻译的起始密码位点、终止密码位点及完整的读码框 ,从而首次获得了草莓果实膜联蛋白基因的cDNA全序列 ,命名为annfaf(annexinofFragariaananassafruit)基因。

Cloning and Expression of a cDNA Encoding Endopolygalacturonase from Feicheng Peach (Prunus persica)

Polygalacturonase (PG,EC3.2.1.15) is the key cell wall hydrolase in fruit ripening. The identification and characterization of a full length cDNA (pMT18) encoding for PG from Feicheng peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Feicheng) is described. The pMT18 clone is 1188 bp in length, with an open reading frame of 393 amino acids. The homology and phylogenetic analyses indicate a remarkable similarity between peach PG and other ripening related PG. And seven consensus sequences have revealed in peach PG compared to the PG from other plants. However, the profound divergence with other PG and the unique structure features suggest that peach PG probably belongs to a new evolutionary class. In RT PCR analysis, pMT18 related RNA was undetectable in leaves, and was much abundant in ripe fruits. The ripening specific expression pattern of this cDNA will be useful in investigating the roles of PG in fruit ripening and developing a transgenic peach with the improved post harvesting quality in the future.

Variation and Probability Grading of Fruit Firmness in Peach Germplasm Resource

Objective The aim was to provide basis for further studies on fruit firmness in peach fruits and the standardization and standardization of peach germplasm resource. [ Method] The analysis of fruit firmness of peach germplasm resource was based on the improved firmness measurement, and the probability grading of characteristics was carried out on peach fruit firmness. [Result] The coefficient of variation of peach fruit firmness with skin was less than that of fruit firmness without skin; the fruit firmness with skin and fruit firmness without skin were both fitted the normal distribution; the probability grading of characteristics were divided into five series based on four points of （X-1. 281 8s）, （X-0. 524 6s）, （X＋0. 524 6s） and （X＋1.281 8s）, so that the probability of 1 -5 were 10%, 20%, 40%, 20% and 10%. [Conclusion] There was more abundant genetic basis in fruit firmness, which held a potential for greater choice.

Dynamic Variation in Sugar,Acid,and ASA Contents of ‘Ganmi 6' Kiwifruit(Actinidia eriantha Benth) Fruits

[Objective] The variation of sugar, acid and AsA contents in fruits of ‘Ganmi 6＇ kiwifruit （Actinidia eriantha Benth） were investigated during fruit develop- ment. [Method] Kiwi fruits were randomly taken as materials every 15 days since 20 days after full bloom （DAFB） to 170 DAFB until in mature stage. [Result] The results showed that during fruit development of ‘Ganmi 6＇, the total sugar soluble contents had a rising trend with relatively stable at 95 DAFB, then rose until har- vest with the maximum content （10.35%）. The titratable acid content showed a trend of increasing, then declining, then increase to the harvest content （1.10%）. From the sugar acid ratio, we can knew it decreased in 95 DAFB, then up to the max （9.38）. The changes of AsA contents showed double ‘S＇ shape, decreased af- ter the first increased rapidly, slightly increased and then decreased in the early harvest. [Conclusion] It provided a theoretical basis for scientific cultivation methods to explore the nutrients regulation.

Study and Application of Partial Least Squares Regression on Relationship between Soil Nutrient and Fruit Quality

[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independent variable and depen- dent variable in fruit trees. [Method] An investigation on soil nutrients and ＇Fuji＇ fruit quality was conducted at 153 commercial apple orchards in the production re- gions of 51 counties in China from 2011 to 2012. At first, the regression equation was used to do the duplicate collinearity diagnosis, and then the partial least squares regression was used to analyze the weights of different soil nutrients that affected the fruit quality and screen out main soil nutrients. [Result] The results showed the conditional number between soil nutrients was 61.31, and the correlation coefficient of soil pH and available calcium, iron was 0.82 and -0.824 respectively, which demonstrated that there was multicollinearity between various soil nutrient contents. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available nitro- gen, available phosphorus, available zinc, available iron and available boron showed positive effect Ioadings on fruit quality, while the }oadings and weights of the effects of available calcium and pH on fruit quality were negative. The variable importance for projection method was adopted to get the orders of the effects of major soil nu- trients on fruit quality, which was in the order of soil available calcium, nitrogen, available iron, available phosphorous, organic matter and available boron. The solu- ble solid content of the fruit was affected by soil organic matter, available phospho- rus, available iron, available boron and soil pH. [Conclusion] This study provided an analysis method and theoretical basis for the study and analysis on the relationships between dependent variables and multi-objective optimization, as well as the effects of soil nutrients on fruit quality in fruit tree.

Study on Fruit Quality, Phenological Phases and Shoot Histomorphology of a New Bud Mutant Line, ‘Chuanzao Loquat’

[Objective] This study was to explore the growth characteristics and fruit quality of a new bud mutant line, ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇. [Method] Paraffin section technique combined with field investigation method were adopted to conduct com- parative analysis of shoot histomorphology and phenological phases between two Io- quat varieties, ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ and ＇Zaozhong 6＇. [Result] ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ branched out and unfolded leaves about half to a month earlier than ＇Zaozhong 6＇; both the flowering and fruiting phases of ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ were three months earlier than a precocious variety, ＇Zaozhong 6＇; the proportions of epidermis, cortex parenchyma, vascular tissue and medulla were 3.7%, 14.5%, 15.9% and 65.9%, re- spectively, in spdng shoots of ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇, and 3.1%, 42.5%, 6.9% and 47.5%, respectively, in ＇Zaozhong 6＇. [Conclusion] In terms of phenological phases, ＇Chuanzao Loqua＇ is earlier than ＇Zaozhong 6＇, a currently widely planted precocious variety, and thus is an important germplasm resource of Ioquats.

Effects of Peracetic Acid(PAA) Combined with Calcium Treatments on Storage Quality of Loquat Fruit

[Objective] The paper was to evaluate effects of peracetic acid （PAA） combined with calcium treatments on storage quality of Ioquat fruits, so as to pro- vide practical techniques to solve the problems of postharvest rot and quality deteri- oration for Ioquat fruits. [Method] With Ioquat fruits of Qingzhong variety as materi- als, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCI2 was used to soak Ioquat fruits for 4 min, 0.8% CaCl2 and water treatments were set as two controls; the fruits were dried and packaged by 0.02 mm PE bags, then stored under non-chilling low temperature of （7±1） ℃. The indicators related to storage quality of Ioquat fruits were randomly tested once every 3 d, and their variation situations were analyzed. [Result] Compared with two control treatments and 0.2% PAA, 0.8% PAA combined with calcium treatments, the treatment of 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 could significantly inhibit rot index, weight loss rate, firmness and cell membrane permeability of Ioquat fruits during storage period, which could also effectively delay the reduction of titratable acid, vitamin C, soluble solid content and juice yield, and maintain respiration intensity of fruits at a low level; the appearance and flavor qual- ity of fruits were good after stored for 25 d. [Conclusion] 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 treatment is an efficient, safe and economical practice technology in an- ti-corrosion and quality preservation for postharvest Ioquat fruits .

Dynamic Changes of Endogenous Hormone Content in Dangshansu Pear during Fruit Development

[Objective] The aim was to clear the relationship between fruit growth and development and endogenous hormones content in the pulp of Dangshansu pear.[Method] Choosing Dangshansu pear as material,the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones in pulp during various development stages were determined by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）.[Result] The results indicated that the content of endogenous hormones like ZR,GA and IAA promoting fruit growth showed increase trend within 15 d after pollination,and higher content of ZR,GA and IAA could promote ovary development and normal fruit setting of Dangshansu pear.The content of ZR in pulp had the highest value at the beginning of the first fast growth period,and then showed decrease trend until fruit became mature.The dynamic changes of IAA and GA were similar,namely their contents were higher in the first fast growth period,and decreased with fruit development,and then increased rapidly and was up to the maximum value in the second fast growth period,corresponding with the growth dynamic of fruit.The peaks of ABA content could be found on the 15th,45th and 120th day after pollination,which corresponded with the physiological fruit dropping and maturing period of Dangshansu pear.[Conclusion] The duration of various development periods and content of endogenous hormones of Dangshansu pear were different,and fruit growth and development were closely related to the content of endogenous hormones.