《中日交流标准日本语》与《中日交流标准中国语》的对比研究

中日两国一衣带水,随着经济全球化的不断发展,中日两国语言文化的交流也逐渐加深,中国的日语学习者以及来华留学的日本留学生越来越多,由此针对中国人学日语和日本人学汉语的教材也层出不穷。该文以《中日交流标准日本语》和《中日交流标准中国语》两部教材为例,希望通过对教材结构的对比而得出的结论能对外语教材的编写提供启示。

示意法在体育课教学中的运用

非语言的手势示意、表情示意、图示示意和短语、术语的语言提示是示意法的基本方法,而运动心理学和运动生理学则是示意法的理论基础。示意法作为讲解、示范的补充,贯穿在整个教学的始终,它能有效地帮助学生尽快建立正确的动作概念,提高技术水平,巩固动作的动力定型。示意法在体育课教学中能够帮助中老年教师解决难度动作示范的困难,延长工作年限,对提高体育课教学质量有不可替代的地位和作用。

离子液体的合成及其在植物资源高值化利用中的应用

离子液体是一种仅由阳、阴离子组成的有机溶剂,当温度处于室温或接近室温的温度下时它的状态呈液态。由于离子液体具有熔点低、黏度高、热稳定性好、导电率高、溶解性佳等特点因而得到广泛关注和研究。本文综述了离子液体的类型、性质及合成方法,并阐述了目前离子液体在有机合成、植物纤维素溶解、气体吸附、食品加工等领域的应用。

Thoughts on Establishment of the Agricultural Products Quality and Safety(Standards) Cooperation Center in Asia-Pacific Region

The establishment of agricultural products quality and safety cooperation mechanism and the research demonstration center in the Asia-Pacific reg coordinating each other, is not only of great ening cooperation with countries in Asia-Pacific region and for agricultural production safety of those countries in Asia- Pacific region, but also very necessary for our country to build a responsible image in the quality and safety of agricultural products, protection of the benefit of agriculture-related enterprises, increasing exports, ensuring imported food safety and China＇s national food security, as Well as nice exploration of establishing the global agricultural＇ products quality and safety cooperation center.

Effects of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines on Blood Ions and Enzymes of Egg-laying Hens Under Heat Stress

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tradi- tional Chinese herbal medicines on blood biochemical indices of egg-laying hens under heat stress and to provide theoretical basis for clinical application of the medicines. [Method] One hundred of 88-day-old ISA-Brown hens were randomly di- vided into five groups. The hens in four groups were administrated with Prescription I herbal medicines, Prescription II herbal medicines, Vc and blank control under ar- tificially simulated heat stress, respectively. The last group was raised under normal temperature condition. Blood samples of the hens were collected on 1, 4, 8 and 10 d later and detected for their biochemical indices. [Result] The blood sodium （Na）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and chlorine （CI） concentrations in hens under heat stress were decreased, while the activities of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and creatine kinase （CK） were increased. These indices grad- ually returned to normal levels after the use of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. [Conclusion] The herbal medicines can relieve the adverse effects caused by heat stress to blood biochemical indices via different metabolic pathways of ions and en- zymes.

Benchmarking of energy efficiency standards for residential buildings in China

In order to benchmark the energy efficiency standards for residential buildings in China,the Hong Kong building environment assessment method（HK-BEAM）is chosen as the compliance criteria for assessment.The annual energy consumption and the overall thermal transfer value（OTTV）of a baseline residential building prescribed in the Chinese codes and the HK-BEAM are evaluated and compared by the energy budget approach.The results show that in the Chinese codes,the OTTV of the residential building is lower,but the annual energy consumption and the cooling load are higher than those in the HK-BEAM.The annual energy use difference amounts to 13.4%.All the compliance criteria except the ventilation rate and the equipment power in the Chinese codes are set higher than those in the HK-BEAM.However,the compliance criteria of the ventilation rate and the equipment power,especially the ventilation rate,result in much energy consumption,which ultimately induces a high energy budget for residential buildings.

论体育与健康课程学习成绩的综合评价

采用专家调研、文献资料法、实验法,对体育与健康课程学习成绩综合评价问题进行评价,阐述了综合评价的基础,即评价内容由单一转向多元、评价标准由侧重甄别转向侧重发展、评价形式的丰富多样。提出了权重分配的几个原则,并对综合评价方法作了介绍,以期解决在综合评价问题上的困惑,促进课程改革的不断发展和完善。

咀嚼压力增强对大鼠牙槽骨白细胞介素-1β表达的影响

目的 检测大鼠牙槽骨成骨细胞中ＩＬ－１β在正常及增强咀嚼压力状态下的动态表达，探讨ＩＬ－１β在牙槽骨改建中 的分子机制。方法采用ＨＥ染色和免疫组化的方法，观察牙周形态变化以及牙槽骨成骨细胞中ＩＬ－1β蛋白表达。结果 生理限度内咀嚼压力增强时，形态学显示大鼠牙周膜增宽、牙槽骨新骨形成；免疫组化观察到成骨细胞中ＩＬ－１β中表达 较正常咀嚼压力时明显增强。结论咀嚼压力增强促使牙周组织产生ＩＬ－1β明显增多，诱发了破骨功能，同时，还激活了 成骨功能。提示ＩＬ－１β在咀嚼压力影响牙槽骨改建的过程中起着重要的调节作用。

Forest ecosystem health assessment and analysis in China

Based on more than 300 forest sample plots surveying data and forestry statistical data, remote sensing information from the NOAA AVHRR database and the daily meteorological data of 300 stations, we selected vigor, organization and resilience as the indicators to assess large-scale forest ecosystem health in China and analyzed the spatial pattern of forest ecosystem health and influencing factors. The results of assessment indicated that the spatial pattern of forest ecosystem health showed a decreasing trend along latitude gradients and longitude gradients. The healthy forests are mainly distributed in natural forests, tropical rainforests and seasonal rainforests; secondarily orderly in northeast national forest zone, subtropical forest zonation and southwest forest zonation; while the unhealthy forests were mainly located in warm temperate zone and Xinjiang-Mongolia forest zone. The coefficient of correction between Forest Ecosystem Health Index (FEHI) and annual average precipitation was 0.58 (p<0.01), while the coefficient of correlation between FEHI and annual mean temperatures was 0.49 (p<0.01), which identified that the precipitation and temperatures affect the pattern of FEHI, and the precipitation’s effect was stronger than the temperature’s. We also measured the correlation coefficient between FEHI and NPP, biodiversity and resistance, which were 0.64, 0.76 and 0.81 (p<0.01) respectively. The order of effect on forest ecosystem health was vigor, organization and resistance.

OPTIMIZATION OF WEIGHTED HIGH-RESOLUTION RANGE PROFILE FOR RADAR TARGET RECOGNITION

For the recognition of high-resolution range profile （HRRP） in radar, the weighted HRRP can reduce the instability of range cells caused by the attitude change of targets. A novel approach is proposed to optimize the weighted HRRP. In the approach, the separability of weighted HRRPs in different targets is measured by de- signing an objective function, and the weighted coefficients are computed by using the gradient descent method, thus enhancing the influence of stable range cells. Simulation results based on five aircraft models show that the approach can effectively optimize the weighted HRRP and improve the recognition accuracy.

高校扩招给高校体育教学带来的问题与对策

高校扩招规模近几年的不断扩大,给高校体育工作带来了新的问题也带来了新的发展机遇。如何对暴露出的问题提出合理对策,如何变阻力为动力,广大高校体育教师要开动脑筋,积极配合好学校领导,深挖高校体育资源的潜力,拓宽思路,更好地完成高校体育的目的与任务。

Phenotypic and genetic variation between two populations of the Chinese yellow pond turtle, Mauremys mutica (Cantor, 1842)

Mauremys mutica(Cantor,1842)is an endangered species in China.Main phenotypic variations inbody color,body weight,body shape,clutch size,egg size,and hatchling size were revealed betweenthe southern and northern populations.Both populations have the phenomenon of'larger male'sexualsize dimorphism(SSD),especially in the southern population.Furthermore,genetic variations betweenthe two populations were analyzed by RAPD band patterns of 30 random individuals in each population.The average genetic distance was 0.299±0.108 among the samples of two populations.The average ge-netic distance between southern and northern populations was 0.305±0.046.Cluster analysis indicatedthat all the individuals from the southern and northern populations were clustered among themselves toform two distinct clades.A total of 20 population-specific RAPD fragments were scored from 16 primers,and could be used as RAPD markers for distinguishing the southern and the northern population.Basedon the nucleotide sequences of two RAPD markers,two pairs of SCAR primers(SC1-S and SC2-S)weredesigned,which could be used as SCAR markers for the southern population.According to the significantphenotypic and genetic variations,we suggested that the northern population and southern populationmight be considered as two separate taxa,the'northern taxon'and the'southern taxon',and the con-servation should be respectively conducted on the two taxa.

Impact coefficient and reliability of mid-span continuous beam bridge under action of extra heavy vehicle with low speed

To analyze the dynamic response and reliability of a continuous beam bridge under the action of an extra heavy vehicle, a vehicle–bridge coupled vibration model was established based on the virtual work principle and vehicle–bridge displacement compatibility equation, which can accurately simulate the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle and bridge. Results show that deck roughness has an important function in the effect of the vehicle on the bridge. When an extra heavy vehicle passes through the continuous beam bridge at a low speed of 5 km/h, the impact coefficient reaches a high value, which should not be disregarded in bridge safety assessments. Considering that no specific law exists between the impact coefficient and vehicle speed, vehicle speed should not be unduly limited and deck roughness repairing should be paid considerable attention. Deck roughness has a significant influence on the reliability index, which decreases as deck roughness increases. For the continuous beam bridge in this work, the reliability index of each control section is greater than the minimum reliability index. No reinforcement measures are required for over-sized transport.

A COMPARISON OF EASTERN AND WESTERN HONG KONG PHYTOPLANKTON FROM WEEKLY SAMPLES (1997-1999)

Weekly phytoplankton samples were taken from western Hong Kong (Lamma) from Jan. 1997 to Dec. 1999 and from Port Shelter in Eastern Hong Kong from January 1998 to December 1999. During that time diatom blooms occurred repeatedly at both sites but never in synchrony. One species would bloom at one site and then weeks later it or another species would bloom at the other site; while the 1998 red tide of the mucus producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium mikimotoi occurred at both sites. It first occurred at the Port Shelter site in March and did not appear at the Lamma site until April. With the single exception of this species, no other dinoflagellate reached bloom concentrations at the Lamma site. In addition, dinoflagellate abundance at the Lamma site was significantly lower (P <0.05) than that at the Port Shelter site. This was correlated with a significantly higher turbidity (i.e. low Secchi transparency) and higher turbulence (stronger currents) at the Lamma site. Annual variation in surface temperature correlated with total surface phytoplankton abundance at both our sample sites. Phytoplankton abundance increased in spring as water temperatures warmed. In fall, as surface water temperatures began to decline and the monsoon rains became less frequent there was a reduction in phytoplankton abundance associated with the reduction in temperature and light. Because so many variables co-occur with temperature (e.g. the amount of rainfall, light intensity and light duration etc.) it is not possible to cite temperature as the causal factor associated weth controlling phytoplankton abundance at our two sample sites. Our data support the rather controversial notion that percentage-wise, there are relatively more harmful bloom forming species in nutrient-rich coastal waters than there are in the world’s oceans. 16% of the dinoflagellate species and 10.3% of the diatom species observed at our two sample sites were classed as harmful. These percentages were higher than those cited by Sournia (1995) for the worlds oceans (9.6% and 6.8% respectively). This raises the possibility that there are relatively more toxic species in the nutrient-rich coastal waters of the world than there are in the mid ocean nutrient-poor areas of the world. Some reasons for this are briefly discussed.

短梗五加果多酚预防大鼠动脉粥样硬化作用

目的:研究短梗五加果多酚(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruit polyphenols,ASFP)对大鼠动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,As)的预防作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠随机平均分成4组,每组10只。采用高脂饮食结合腹腔注射VD3的方法建立As模型,不同剂量ASFP给药组自造模开始之日起分别灌胃150、75 mg/(kg·d)的ASFP,空白组和高脂饮食组大鼠灌胃等量生理盐水,各实验组连续处理12周后,检测大鼠血清生理生化水平并计算As指数;苏木素-伊红染色观察大鼠主动脉As病变情况;Western blot检测主动脉中黏附分子和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路关键基因的蛋白表达水平。结果:与高脂饮食组相比,ASFP能显著降低大鼠血清中的血脂、黏附分子和炎症因子水平,减少主动脉中的脂质沉积,改善各层结构排列紊乱,显著降低主动脉中细胞间黏附分子-1、血管细胞黏附分子-1、磷酸化p38和磷酸化细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2(phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2,p-ERK1/2)的蛋白表达量。结论:ASFP具有预防As的作用,其作用可能与其降血脂和抑制p38 MAPK和ERK1/2 MAPK信号通路,进而抑制炎症因子的表达有关。

Establishment of Rural Housing Land Standard in China

On the basis of rural household survey in 12 provinces of China in 2005,this research built an econometrical model to find the area standard for rural housing land.This standard is expected to facilitate rural housing land administration,efficient and intensive housing land use and policy making.This research concludes:1) according to the household survey data,the average area for rural housing land in China is about 235.26 m 2,and the rural housing land mainly includes unused land(42.89%) and house construction land(37.76%) with the average floor-area ratio of 0.42;2) the indexes in the standard concern the factors such as location,landform,house form,household population and cultivated land area per farmer,which all have significant effects on rural housing land use;3) the reasonable area for rural housing land may be 150 m 2 in average before 2020,and the referential standards in different provinces are 120 m 2,130 m 2,140m 2,150 m 2,160 m 2,170 m 2,190 m 2,200 m 2,210 m 2,220 m 2,230 m 2 and 250 m 2 respectively;and 4) if there are less than two persons or more than five persons in a family,these standards need to be decreased or increased by 7%.When the cultivated land area per farmer is lower than the provincial average,the standards have to reduce by 3.5%.

论蔗糖衍生物结构与甜度的相互关系

蔗糖含有三个第一类羟基和五个第二类羟基,其甜度与分子上的八个羟基密切相关。使用高度亲油性氯原子,取代蔗糖分子的葡糖基和果糖基上特殊位置的羟基,可以使蔗糖甜味明显增强,这些特殊位置包括C-4、C-1'、C-4'和C-6',而C-6上的取代则可能导致甜味降低甚至产生苦味。高甜度蔗糖衍生物的分子结构具有很强立体专一性,研究蔗糖衍生物的结构-甜度之间关系,具有十分重要的意义。目前,AH-B-γ理论和多点结合(MPA)理论都被用来解释蔗糖衍生物等甜味分子的甜味机理。

Comparison of wind data from ERA-Interim and buoys in the Yellow and East China Seas

We compared data of sea surface wind from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis(ERA-Interim) with that collected from eight buoys deployed in the Yellow and East China seas.The buoy data covered a period from 2010 to 2011,during which the longest time series without missing data extended for 329 days.Results show that the ERA-Interim wind data agree well with the buoy data.The regression coefficients between the ERA-Interim and observed wind speed and direction are greater than 0.7 and 0.79,respectively.However,the ERA-Interim wind data overestimate wind speed at most of the buoy stations,for which the largest bias is 1.8 m/s.Moreover,it is found from scatter plots of wind direction that about 13%of the ERA-Interim wind data can be classified as bad for wind speeds below6 m/s.Overall,the ERA-Interim data forecast both the wind speed and direction well,although they are not very representative of our observations,especially those where the wind speed is below 6 m/s.

NAT2＊6A, a haplotype of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene, is an important biomarker for risk of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Japanese patients with tuberculosis

AIM: To investigate an association between N -acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2 )-haplotypes/diplotypes and adverse effects in Japanese pulmonary tuberculosis patients. METHODS: We studied 100 patients with pulmonary TB treated with anti-TB drugs including INH. The frequencies and distributions of single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, and diplotypes of NAT2 were determined by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and the results were compared between TB patients with and without adverse effect, using multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of a variant haplotype, NAT2*6A , was signifi cantly increased in TB patients with hepatotoxicity, compared with those without hepatotoxicity [P = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 3.535]. By contrast, the frequency of a wild-type (major) haplotype, "NAT2*4", was signif icantly lower in TB patients with hepatotoxicity than those without hepatotoxicity (P < 0.001, OR = 0.265). There was no association between NAT2-haplotypes and skin rash or eosinophilia. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that NAT2 is one of the determinants of anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, the haplotypes, NAT2*4 and NAT2*6A, are useful new biomarkers for predicting anti- TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

Intensity Allocation Criteria of Carbon Emissions Permits and Regional Economic Development in China——Based on a 30-Province/Autonomous Region Computable General Equilibrium Model

The intensity allocation criteria of carbon emissions permits and its influence on China＇s regional development are analyzed through the 30-province/autonomous region computable general equilibrium （CGE） model. Simulation results show that： industrial intensity criteria without taking regional economic development into account deepen the unbalance of regional economic development; regional intensity criteria without taking industrial properties into account exert little negative impact on regional harmonious development, but relatively high negative influence on high-carbon emission industries. The two-step allocation scheme that the central government allocates emissions permits to provincial governments based on regional economic development and then provincial governments allocate emissions permits to emission resources or entities based on industrial properties is a feasible and operable choice.