步行

这两天降温了，昨天还下起了雪。今天早上7点多，我就从暖暖的被窝里爬出来了，因为今天早上我还有一节英语课。

步行的风采——殷白和他的散文《步行集》

殷白是作家、评论家、更是一位老编辑,这三者他一身兼,并保持和谐统一,对他的编辑、评论已有公论。殷白的散文《步行集》自有个性,却所论甚少。本文对他的散文美之质及其艺术上取得的成就作了初步的分析。

步行悟语

在一个春日的早上，气温突然降了下来。 我依然是步行上班，天气的明显变化让人感到有些不适应，尽管已是春天，而且手已深藏在兜里，仍然觉得有些冷，一种久违的冷。

浅谈语文教师如何准确解读教材 ——《步行18里》教材解读

《义务教育语文课程标准》指出:'阅读教学是学生的个性化行为,是教师、学生、文本之间对话的过程.'可见,研读教材为语文教学之本.解读对于语文教学如泛舟需涸泽之水,寻旅念踏石之痕.它的需求度与共情性是课改素质教育的必然产物,是生本教学的有利依据与学效保障.全观景、多元化地走进一篇课文,从作者、编者、教者以及学者四个不同的角度对文本分别解读,站位有异,揣虑不同.解读作者的写作意图,编者的编写初衷,预设教者的教学困惑,生成学者的收获心得,从课内走向课外,从解读走进文化,从背景冲击现实,从阅读需求实现大语文观阅读.

浅谈语文教师如何准确解读教材——《步行18里》教材解读

《义务教育语文课程标准》指出:"阅读教学是学生的个性化行为,是教师、学生、文本之间对话的过程。"可见,研读教材为语文教学之本。解读对于语文教学如泛舟需涸泽之水,寻旅念踏石之痕。它的需求度与共情性是课改素质教育的必然产物,是生本教学的有利依据与学效保障。全观景、多元化地走进一篇课文,从作者、编者、教者以及学者四个不同的角度对文本分别解读,站位有异,揣虑不同。解读作者的写作意图,编者的编写初衷,预设教者的教学困惑,生成学者的收获心得,从课内走向课外,从解读走进文化,从背景冲击现实,从阅读需求实现大语文观阅读。

步行之乐

悄悄告诉你一个小秘密：不花一分钱，只需一点点时间，就可以给你带来极大的满足感，那东西就是……

Seasonal variation and synchronization of sexual behaviors in free-ranging male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China

Although seasonal breeding has been documented in many non-human primates, it is not clear whether sexual behaviors show seasonal variation among male individuals. To test this hypothesis, the focal animal sampling method and continuous recording were used to investigate seasonal variation and synchronization of sexual behaviors in five male Tibetan macaques （Macaca thibetana） at Mt. Huangshan from Oct 2005 to Sept 2006. Both copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors （i.e., sexual chase, grimace, and sexual-inspection）, which were significantly higher in the mating season than non-mating season. Furthermore, seasonal variations of sexual behaviors, including copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors, were synchronized among males. The results shed light on sexual competition and tactics for reproductive success of male M. thibetana and other non-human primates with seasonal breeding.

精妙之处见奇效——释《战国策·赵策·触詟说赵太后》中的一组近义词

文学创作中巧妙地使用近义词,能具体而鲜明地刻画人物性格,增添文章的色彩。《战国策·赵策·触詟说起大后》一文中所使用的“趋、走、行、步”四个近义词,就鲜活地刻画了触詟深谋远虑谦和恭敬的性格特征,以及起太后骄横傲慢目光短浅的人物特色。

Two New Record Genera of Clivinini (Coleoptera:Carabidae) from China

In the present paper two genera and species, Rugiluclivina wrasei Balkenohl, 1996, and Pseudoclivina memnonia (Dejean, 1831), are reported in China for the first time. Morphological features and illustrations for the genera and species are provided.

Six Minute Walk Test to assess functional capacity in chronic liver disease patients

AIM: To examine the utility of Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). METHODS: Two hundred and fifty subjects between the ages of 18 and 80 (mean 47) years performed 6MWT and the Six Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) was measured. RESULTS: The subjects were categorized into four groups. Group A (n = 45) healthy subjects (control); group B (n = 49) chronic hepatitis B patients; group C (n = 54) chronic hepatitis C patients; group D (n = 98) liver cirrhosis patients. The four groups differed in terms of 6MWDs (P < 0.001). The longest distance walked was 421 ± 47 m by group A, then group B (390 ± 53 m), group C (357 ± 72 m) and group D (306 ± 111 m). The 6MWD correlated with age (r = -0.482, P < 0.01), hemoglobin (r = +0.373, P < 0.001) and albumin (r = +0.311, P < 0.001) levels. The Child-Pugh classification was negatively correlated with the 6MWD in cirrhosis (group D) patients (r = -0.328, P < 0.01). At the end of a 12 mo follow-up period, 15 of the 98 cirrhosis patients had died from disease complications. The 6MWD for the surviving cirrhotic patients was longer than for non-survivors (317 ± 101 vs 245 ± 145 m, P = 0.021; 95% CI 11-132). The 6MWD was found to be an independent predictor of survival (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: 6MWT is a useful tool for assessing physical function in CLD patients. We suggest that 6MWD may serve as a prognostic indicator in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Cellular automata modeling of pedestrian＇s crossing dynamics

Cellular automata modeling techniques and the characteristics of mixed traffic flow were used to derive the 2-dimensional model presented here for simulation of pedestrian’s crossing dynamics. A conception of “stop point” is introduced to deal with traffic obstacles and resolve conflicts among pedestrians or between pedestrians and the other vehicles on the crosswalk. The model can be easily extended, is very efficient for simulation of pedestrian’s crossing dy- namics, can be integrated into traffic simulation software, and has been proved feasible by simulation experiments.

The walking distance decay law of amenity selection based on binary logistic model

The current measuring methods of walkability,such as the walk score,consider that walking distance decay laws for all amenities are the same,which is not applicable to typical communities in China with plentiful resources.Therefore,the walking distance decay laws of multi-type and multi-scale facilities are studied.Firstly,based on the residents'amenity selection survey,the walking distance decay law of residents'choice of amenity was studied from three aspects,including the law of all amenities,the laws of different types of amenities and the laws of different scales of amenities.It was proved that the walking distance decay laws of different kinds of amenities showed a significant difference.Secondly,different amenities'acceptable walking distance and optimum walking distance were obtained according to previous studies and the decay curve.Amenities with higher attraction and/or a larger scale showed a longer acceptable walking distance and optimum walking distance.Finally,the binary logistic model was used to describe the relationships between walking distance,amenity type,amenity scale and the probability of one amenity being selected,the prediction accuracy of which reached 80.4%.The calculated probability obtained from the model can be used as the decay coefficient of amenities in the measurement of walkability,providing a reference for the site selection and evaluation of amenities.

Estimating walking access area for rail transit station based on discrete choice model

The discrete choice model is used to estimate the walking access area of rail transit stations while considering the influence of existing competition from other traffic modes. The acceptable walking access area is determined according to the willingness of passengers to walk who prefer rail transit compared with bus and automobile. Empirical studies were conducted using the survey data of six stations from the rail transit in Nanjing, China. The results indicate that the rail transit is more preferable compared with bus and private automobile in this case when excluding the influence of individual and environmental factors. It is found that passengers tend to underestimate their willingness to walk. The acceptable walking access area of every rail transit station is different from each other. Suburban stations generally have a larger walking access area than downtown stations. In addition, a better walking environment and a scarcer surrounding traffic environment can also lead to a larger walking area. The model was confirmed to be effective and reasonable according to the model validation. This study can be of benefit to the passenger transportation demand estimation in the location planning and evaluation of rail transit stations.

Dynamic stability of quadruped robot walking on slope with trot gait

The dynamic stability of a quadruped robot trotting on slope was analyzed.Compared with crawl gait,trot gait can improve walking speed of quadruped robots.When a quadruped robot trots,each leg is in the alternate state of swing phase or supporting phase,and two legs in the diagonal line are in the same phase.The feet in the supporting phase form a supporting region on the ground.When a quadruped robot walks on slope,the vertical distance from zero moment point(ZMP) to the supporting diagonal line is defined as ZMP offset distance.Whether this distance is less than the maximum offset distance or not,the stability of robot trotting on slope can be judged.The foot trajectory was planned with the sinusoidal function.Based on the kinematic analysis,the ZMP offset distance of quadruped robot under different slope angles,step length and step height was calculated,then the reasonable slope angle,step length and step height for quadruped robot trotting on slope to keep dynamic stability can be determined.On the other hand,the posture angle of quadruped robot should be controlled within the desired range.Computer simulations were executed to verify the theoretical analysis.The study will provide reference for determining reasonable step parameters of the quadruped robot.

Study on the musculoskeletal body for quadruped robots with spinning gait

The walking creatures' athletic ability is related to their body' s musculoskeletal system.A kind of musculoskeletal body for quadruped robots is developed,which will be used to assist the leg mechanism to achieve spinning gait in order to improve the robot mobility in unstructured environment.A bionic-flexible-spine model driven by pneumatic artificial muscles(PAMs) is proposed.Because the body has the flexible property,the robot can achieve spinning gait quickly,which is similar to walking creatures by coordinated movement between body bending and legs side-swing.The kinematics of the bending of the musculoskeletal body and side-swing of leg mechanism of quadruped robot for spinning gait are studied.According to the stability analysis of spinning gait,the relationship between body bending angle and leg swing angle can be determined.The PID controller is designed to conduct the bending experiment,and the bending characteristic of the musculoskeletal body is studied.Experimental results show that the biggest bending angle of the musculoskeletal body can reach 30°.

A gait generation and transition method for quadruped walking machine

In nature, quadrupeds as horses or cats change their gait to be suited to their motion speed. This fact is very important to realize smooth motion with different gaits. In this article a method of the gait transition for the quadruped walking machine is proposed. With analyzing the accustomed gaits of quadruped, some standard gaits and the relationships between duty factor and the phasic differences of the legs corresponding to the first leg could be concluded. With this, the gaits transferring could be continuous. Besides, celerity and on line method for generation and modifying gaits is studied, which can make the robot have a smooth motion to adapt the uncharted rough terrain.

The St.George's Respiratory Questionnaire in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Objective To examine the correlation between the health-related quality of life measured by the St.George's Respiratory Questionnaire(SGRQ) and the commonly used physiological measures in lymphangioleiomyomatosis(LAM).Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the SGRQ scores and other measures(the Borg scale of breathlessness at rest,6-minute walking distance,blood oxygen levels,and pulmonary function) of patients diagnosed and confirmed with LAM.Altogether 38 patients between June 2007 and November 2009 were included.Results The mean values of the SGRQ three components(symptoms,activity,and impacts) and total scores in the LAM patients were 46.95±28.90,58.47±25.41,47.89±29.66,and 51.11±26.35,respectively.The SGRQ total or component scores were correlated well with the Borg scale of breathlessness,6-minute walking distance,partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood,spirometry and diffusion capacity of lung.There were poor correlations between SGRQ score and residual volume or total lung capacity.In our preliminary observation,sirolimus improved the SGRQ total and three component scores and the Borg scale of breathlessness significantly after 101-200 days of treatment(n=6).Conclusions The SGRQ score in LAM is correlated well with physiological measures(Borg scale of breathlessness,6-minute walking distance,blood oxygen levels,and pulmonary function tests).The SGRQ could therefore be recommended in baseline and follow-up evaluation of patients with LAM.Treatment with sirolimus,an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin,may improve the quality of life and patient's perception of breathlessness in LAM.

Stability margin of the quadruped bionic robot with spinning gait

Spinning gait is valuable for quadruped robot,which can be used to avoid obstacles quickly for robot walking in unstructured environment. A kind of bionic flexible body is presented for quadruped robot to perform the spinning gait. The spinning gait can be achieved by coordinated movement of body laterally bending and legs swing,which can improve the mobility of robot walking in the unstructured environments. The coordinated movement relationship between the body and the leg mechanism is presented. The stability of quadruped robot with spinning gait is analyzed based on the center of gravity( COG) projection method. The effect of different body bending angle on the stability of quadruped robot with spinning gait is mainly studied. For the quadruped robot walking with spinning gait,during one spinning gait cycle,the supporting polygon and the trajectory of COG projection point under different body bending angle are calculated. Finally,the stability margin of quadruped robot with spinning gait under different body bending angle is determined,which can be used to evaluate reasonableness of spinning gait parameters.

Solving position-posture deviation problem of multi-legged walking robots with semi-round rigid feet by closed-loop control

The semi-round rigid feet would cause position-posture deviation problem because the actual foothold position is hardly known due to the rolling effect of the semi-round rigid feet during the robot walking. The position-posture deviation problem may harm to the stability and the harmony of the robot, or even makes the robot tip over and fail to walk forward. Focused on the position-posture deviation problem of multi-legged walking robots with semi-round rigid feet, a new method of position-posture closed-loop control is proposed to solve the position-posture deviation problem caused by semi-round rigid feet, based on the inverse velocity kinematics of the multi-legged walking robots. The position-posture closed-loop control is divided into two parts: the position closed-loop control and the posture closed-loop control. Thus, the position-posture control for the robot which is a tight coupling and nonlinear system is decoupled. Co-simulations of position-posture open-loop control and position-posture closed-loop control by MATLAB and ADAMS are implemented, respectively. The co-simulation results verify that the position-posture closed-loop control performs well in solving the position-posture deviation problem caused by semi-round rigid feet.

Simple Scheme for Directly Measuring Concurrence of Two-Qubit Pure States in One Step

In the present work, a simple scheme for the direct measurement of the concurrence of two-qubit pure states is proposed. The scheme is based on trapped ions and only needs one step when the two identical pure states are given. The vibrational mode in our proposal is only virtually excited, which is important in view of decoherence.Furthermore, the scheme is feasible based on current technologies.