《民居》分齿组外品的具体品种

1986—1991年发行普23、普25-普27 4套《民居》普通邮票,面值21种,现通常认为大全套28种,即再加10分、20分、30分、40分、50分和100分分齿6种,湖南民居“大头‘分’”1种。

“双厂铭”的“民居”1元票

今年第6期介绍了一件“双厂铭”的《民居》8分票,而在本人的藏品中,也有一件《民居》带“双厂铭”的1元票,但出现在上边纸部位,且可见应在邻张上的“福建民居”四字和包装流水号。

Influence of patio on indoor environment in a Chinese traditional folk house in summer

A case study is performed on the influence of the patio on the indoor environment of a traditional folk house group,named Zhangguying village in Hunan province,in the summer of 2007.Measurements include indoor and outdoor air temperature,indoor and outdoor illuminance,indoor and outdoor air speed,and carried out from August 5th to 10th.The results show that the patio,acting as a ＂buffer zone＂,can reduce the ambient impacts on the indoor thermal environment of rooms because the temperature of the patio is lower than that of the outdoor temperature but higher than that of the rooms.The patio can improve the indoor lighting environment because the illuminance of the patio is lower than that of outdoor and higher than that of the rooms.But the effect is too limited,because the illuminance of the rooms is lower than the national standards.This study shows that the shading design is the primary consideration in this kind of climate.The wind speed of the patio is stable and similar to that of the hall and the stack effect of the patio is not obvious.It shows that the patio is useful for natural ventilation,caused by wind pressure,in summer.

Influence of site selection on natural ventilation in Chinese traditional folk house

The relationship between the site selection of a hilly terrain and the natural ventilation of the Dangdamen building complex,which is a traditional folk house,is revealed by a computational fluid dynamics（CFD）simulation.The wind press and speed distributions around the building in four cases with different weather conditions and topographies are simulated.The simulation results show that a hill can reduce the absolute values of the wind pressure at the windward and leeward sides of the building.The encouraging effect of the patio on the natural ventilation in a terrain with a hill is greater than that without a hill.The same situation occurs when comparing the patio effects between summer and winter.The wind speed around the building can be reduced by the hill as it is an obstacle and the degrees of the influence of the hill in summer and in winter are quite different because of different wind directions.The analysis results show that this kind of site selection,with the hill to the north,is a suitable way to settle the conflict of the natural ventilation requirements in summer and in winter under subtropical climate conditions,especially in houses with patios.

Summary of the Studies on Classical Chinese Folk Houses

Research fruits in classical Chinese folk houses since 1980s were summarized in this study from various perspectives,such as architectural structure,spatial layout,decoration,aesthetic value,regional features and historical attributes,meanwhile,the future study orientation in this field was also discussed.

Change Trend of Chinese Urban Residents' Food-nitrogen Consumption

Change trend of Chinese urban residents＇ per capita food-nitrogen annual consumption from 1981 to 2007 was analyzed and predicted by using ARIMA time-series model in order to reveal the change of urban food-nitrogen consumption during the China＇s urbanization process.Results showed that after 1980s,the annual consumption of Chinese urban residents＇ food-nitrogen had a change trend of ＂ increase-decrease-increase＂ and generally presented as a slight increasing trend;With the acceleration of rapid economic development and urbanization process,Chinese urban residents＇ food-nitrogen consumption will still keep a rising trend in future,and also has a large rising space.

Study on Extracting Information about Settlements Distribution in Western Jilin Province Based on Decision Tree Model

With western Jilin Province as the study region, spectral characteristics and texture features of remote sensing images were taken as the classification basis to construct a Decision Tree Model and extract information about settlements in western Jilin Province, and the manually-extracted information about settlements in western Jilin Province was evaluated by confusion matrix. The results showed that Decision Tree Model was convenient for extracting settlements information by integrating spectral and texture features, and the accuracy of such a method was higher than that of the traditional Maximum Liklihood Method, in addition, calculation methods of extracting settlements information by this mean were concluded.

Ecological Culture in Traditional Chinese Vernacular Dwellings

Traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings take root in farming culture with profound connotations. Through analyzing ecological thoughts and cultural ideas in traditional vernacular dwellings, this study aims to provide references for the design of modern vernacular dwellings. It is proposed in this study that ① Ecological thoughts of traditional vernacular dwellings include the simple eco-thought of 'human-nature oneness', Fengshui (traditional Chinese ideas hold that the location of a house or tomb is supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family) theories of 'balance of yin and yang', energy-saving thought of 'making the best use of local advantages'. Traditional vernacular dwellings are mainly constructed according to local conditions, facing the sunny side and water, backing on the shady side and mountains, with local materials and suitable construction structures for local environment and climatic conditions, which enable residents to enjoy warm winter and cool summer, sufficient sunshine, excellent ventilation and heat-proof, wind and humidity proof, that is, a natural ecological living environment. ② Cultural thoughts of traditional vernacular dwellings include the strict and square philosophical ideas as well as harmonious artistic thoughts. Traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings demonstrate morals and ethics by strict and square patterns and strong sense of hierarchy, most of them have definite axes in spatial patterns to show the hierarchy and core of construction groups; abstract patterns of flower, grass, animal or human beings are also often applied in detailed designs, showing esthetic tastes. The formation of traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings has been closely linked with social and cultural factors, living habits, geographical, water and soil, environmental and climatic conditions as well as folk customs, which can provide significant references for the design and reformation of modern new-type vernacular dwellings.

The Empirical Analysis on the Dynamic Effect of Rural-urban Migration on the Consumption Growth of Residents in China——Based on Varying Parameter State-space Model

The research constructed varying parameter state-space model and per- formed estimation on dynamic relationship between urban-rural migration and aggre- gate consumption expenditure on basis of dual economic structure. The results showed that urban consumption growth made the most contribution to aggregate consumption growth, followed by urban-rural migration caused consumption. The role of rural consumption growth kept stable, but consumption caused by population growth was decreasing. Therefore, China consumption growth mainly relies on urban consumption expenditure and urban-rural migration.

Study on the Feasibility of the Calculation Methods of Consolidating Rural Residential Land into Arable Land in China

Since the increasing demand for arable land and low efficient and disordered use of rural residential land,land consolidation for rural settlement has become a hot issue in China.Many Chinese scientists studied the topic from different angles.However,there is no reference systematically summarizing and discussing feasibility of consolidating rural residential land into arable land.The authors listed and analyzed the calculation methods of consolidating rural residential land into arable land,and discussed the feasibility and reasonability of those methods.Moreover,this paper put forward the study orientation in this regard for providing references for relevant researches.

Survey of Residential Air Conditioning Electricity Consumption in Shanghai

With proliferation of electric appliances, residential electricity consumption, in particular the air conditioning load becomes more and more important and shares higher and higher percentage in total consumption in large cities like Shanghai. The paper reports in detail the survey on characteristics of residential electric consumption, in particular the air conditioning consumption. To optimize power system operation and expand power market, the paper concludes that power industry must learn to investigate, open up and adapt itself to power market economy.

Influence of Information Technology on Social Spatial Behaviors of Urban Residents——Case of Nanjing City in China

Taking Nanjing as a case, the paper explains the spatial behavior differences existing in the information technology use among different groups of residents and households, by virtue of analyzing the survey data of urban households in the 11 districts of Nanjing, from the social, spatial, life and other non-technical angles. Also it makes various analyses and evaluation quantitatively and qualitatively on the social and spatial effect of information technology. The results show that the new technology is changing the social spatial behaviors of urban residents. New behavioral spaces of urban family such as telecommuting, email and QQ have begun to emerge. With the help of Internet, the communication scope of families has expanded greatly, and more new forms of publicizing community information have begun to emerge. Telecommunication contact forms have been developing swiftly, and their frequencies of contact have been increasing dramatically.

Improvement of thermal performance of envelopes for traditional wooden vernacular dwellings of Tujia Minority in Western Hunan,China

Thermal performance of envelopes and indoor thermal environment were technologically improved for traditional wooden vernacular dwellings of Tujia Minority in Western Hunan, China, on the premise of protecting their conventional styles. Thermal insulation boards and wooden boards were added to the interior side of external walls of vernacular dwellings to form two layers of air cavities, so as to gain excellent thermal performance. The indoor temperature of such dwellings after reconstruction was apparently improved compared with the data before reconstruction both in winter and summer, which verified the feasibility and the effectiveness of the reconstruction technologies proposed.

Role of tissue microenvironment resident adipocytes in colon cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is a multifactorial disease characterized by several genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring in epithelial cells. It is increasingly recognized that tumour progression is also regulated by tumour microenvironment(TME). The bidirectional cross-talk between tumour resident adipocytes and cancer cells within TME has been proposed as active contributor to carcinogenesis. Tumour resident adipocytes exhibit an activated phenotype characterized by increased secretion of pro-tumorigenic factors(angiogenic/inflammatory/immune) which contribute to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, neoangiogenesis, evasion of immune surveillance and therapy resistance. Furthermore, adipocytes represent a fuel rich source for increasing energy demand of rapidly proliferating tumour cells. Interestingly, a relationship between obesity and molecular variants in CRC has recently been identified. Whether adipose tissue promotes cancer progression in subsets of molecular phenotypes or whether local tissue adipocytes are involved in inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and/or activation of oncogenes still needs to be explored. This editorial highlights the major findings related to crosstalk between adipocytes and colon cancer cells and how local paracrine interactions may promote cancer progression. Furthermore, we provide future strategies in studying colonic TME which could provide insights in bidirectional cross-talk mechanisms between adipocytes and colonic epithelial cells. This could enable to decipher critical signalling pathways of both early colonic carcinogenesis and cancer progression.

Assessing the Economic Value of Vernacular Architecture of Mountain Regions Using Contingent Valuation

Human pressure on mountain resources poses certain threats to their natural and man-made environment. Although there are many parameters involved, one of the driving forces behind this situation is the emphasis given so far only to the market value of mountain goods and services, ignoring the true social and environmental costs of using mountain resources. Towards this direction, the use of non-market valuation techniques could prove to be beneficial. Bearing in mind the above remarks, the paper presents an application of the Contingent Valuation Method, which aims at estimating the monetary value of a mountain settlement’s vernacular architecture, namely Metsovo. For this purpose, the survey focuses on Metsovo visitors’ willingness to pay a single annual voluntary contribution to an institution that would be founded in order to undertake all necessary actions required to preserve the town’s traditional character. The results are very promising and indicate that vernacular architecture holds a significant economic value that could justify the implementation of appropriate policies towards the protection of vernacular settlements in mountain areas.

FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION ON RESIDENT'S PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS——Case of Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China

Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in tourism destinations, It is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact by means of investigating residents＇ perceptions of it. Various methods have been used in previous authoritative studies. However, owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing the interpretation of linguistic or measured uncertainties for real-world randoln phenomena. The purpose of this research is to present the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to investigate residents＇ perceptions of tourisln impacts. At first, basic attributes and a hierarchical framework of tourism impacts are defined and formed. Secondly, the weighted vectors are determined according to the knowledge and experience of experts. Thirdly, the weighted evaluation matrices are aggregated to get the fuzzy sets of tourism impacts. In the last stage, the final fuzzy sets are defuzzified to get the rank of the residents＇ perceptions of tourism impacts. A case study in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China is provided to demonstrate the application of this method.

Residents′Activity-travel Behavior Variation by Communities in Beijing,China

China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship between the built environment and activity-travel behavior.This paper draws upon data from an activity diary survey conducted in Beijing in 2007.The survey sample comprised 652 residents living in Danwei(work unit),commodity housing,and affordable housing neighborhoods.On the basis of the three-dimensional geo-visualization analysis of the space-time path and statistical multivariate regression models of daily travel and leisure time,it was found that both residential spatial factors and socio-demographics influence residents' daily behaviors.The findings show that Danwei residents have less daily travel time than those who live in commodity housing,but people living in affordable housing endure the longest travel time.Daily leisure time is associated more with individual attributes.We argue that although China's transition is currently gradual,the Danwei system may continue to play significant roles in daily life,and it might provide a valuable model for neighborhood spatial planning.

Field study of seasonal thermal comfort and adaptive behavior for occupants in residential buildings of Xi’an,China

The study aims to investigate the thermal comfort requirements in residential buildings and to establish an adaptive thermal comfort model in the cold zone of China.A year-long field study was conducted in residential buildings in Xi’an,China.A total of 2069 valid questionnaires,along with indoor environmental parameters were obtained.The results indicated occupants’thermal comfort requirements varied with seasons.The neutral temperatures were 17.9,26.1(highest),25.2,and 17.4℃(lowest),and preferred temperatures were 23.2,25.6(highest),24.8,and 22.4℃(lowest),respectively for spring,summer,autumn,and winter.The neutral temperature and preferred temperature in autumn are close to the neutral temperature in summer,while the neutral temperature and preferred temperature in spring are close to that in winter.Besides,the 80%and 90%acceptable temperature ranges,adaptive thermal comfort models,and thermal comfort zones for each season were established.Human’s adaptability is related to his/her thermal experience of the current season and the previous season.Therefore,compared with the traditional year-round adaptive thermal comfort model,seasonal models can better reflect seasonal variations of human adaptation.This study provides fundamental knowledge of the thermal comfort demand for people in this region.

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents' Subjective Well-being in Rural China

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society.In China,the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas.This study aimed to measure rural residents' subjective well-being(SWB) through the day reconstruction method,as well as to analyze SWB's influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods.The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%,indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time.Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0,with the average value being 47%,indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time.The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents.Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors,including age,education,county,household size,generation number,per capita income,migration status and social networking,which significantly affected rural residents' SWB.The size of the impact varied with the different factors.