赛珍珠儿童作品《水牛娃》中的反东方主义书写

赛珍珠在其创作的儿童作品《水牛娃》中,借一位曾在中国生活过的美国母亲之口,塑造了诚实勇敢、热心善良的中国人形象。这在一定程度上打破了东方主义思维下西方人对中国人的刻板印象,向西方真实再现了一个充满文化底蕴的中国。从后殖民主义视角出发,研究赛珍珠在《水牛娃》中的反东方主义书写能看出她为加强东西方文化间的理解与交流做出的巨大贡献。

Isolation, Cuture and Biological Characteristic Analysis of Stromal and Glandular Epithelial Cells of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Endometrium

[Objective] The experiment aimed to set up a method for isolating and culturing endometrial stromal cells (BESC) and endometrial glandular epithelial cells(BEGEC) of buffalo as well as laid foundation for studying biological mechanism of embryo implantation and uterine diseases. [Method] The enzymatic digestion method, scraping method, serial filtration and differential velocity adherent technique were used to isolate BESC and BEGEC, then immunocytochemical method and TRYPAN-Blue assay were used to determine the purity and survival rate of isolated cells. [Result] The BESC and BEGEC were successfully isolated and cultured while immunocytochemical method and cell count method demonstrated that the purity was over 90%. The result of TRYPAN-Blue assay shown that survival rate of BESC and BEGEC was 91% and 78% respectively. [Conclusion] The enzymatic digestion method, scraping method, serial filtration and differential velocity adherent technique could isolate BESC and BEGEC with high purity.

Distribution of Oxytocin Hypothamic-Picuitary-Ovary Axis in Guangxi Local Buffalo

To study the association of oxytocin (OT)'s distribution in hypothalamatic,pituitary and ovary,and understand how the OT secrete releasing in hypothalamus,pituitary and ovaries,the paraffin section immunohistochemistry SuperPicTureTM two step method was used to detect the distribution of OT in hypothalamatic-pituitary-ovary axis of five femal Guangxi local buffalo. The test results could provide morphology according to study the OT's synthesis and mechanism of action,and could play reference and directions part in breeding Guangxi local buffalo. The test results display:oxytocin immuno reactive (OT-IR) neuronsw eremainly distributed arcuate nucleus,supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus,and OT-IR neurons was also found in ventromedial nucleus,ventrolateralis nucleus,suprachiasmaticus nucleus,dorsomedial nucleus,mamillary body,anterior hypothalamic nucleus and so on. The OT immunoactive production was found in pituitary and few OT-IR nerve fibers extended to post pituitary from hypophyseal stalk and medium eminence. In ovaries,OT immunoactive productions were only distributed in germinal epithelium cells,granulosa cells and lutein cells. The OT was first discovered in singulorum link of hypothalamatic-pituitary-ovary axis of Guangxi local buffalo. The OT immunoactive neurons were first discovered in every main nucleus of Guangxi local buffalo hypothalamus,especially distributed in arcuate nucleus,supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus.

Preliminary Study on Transgenesis by Injecting Exogenous DNA into Zygote Cytoplasm of Buffalo

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of transgenesis by injecting exogenous DNA into zygote cytoplasm of Buffalo. [Method] Buffalo oocytes were randomly divided into two groups 20-22 h after in vitro maturation. One group of oocytes was introduced with about 7.5 pl of 50 μg/ml DNA solution containing linear EGFP fragment by cytoplasmic injection 7-10 h or 18-20 h after in vitro fertilization （IVF）; the other group of oocytes was introduced with mixture of a single buffalo sperm and about 7.5 pl of 50 μg/ml DNA solution containing linear EGFP fragment by cytoplasmic injection （generally called ICSI-Mediated Gene Transfer, ICSI-Tr）. Expression of exogenous DNA was observed and recorded during the process of embryonic development. [Result] Early embryonic gene expression efficiency and blastocyst gene expression efficiency in IVF injection group showed no significant difference compared with that in ICSI-Tr group （P0.05）. In addition, the cleavage rate and early embryonic gene expression efficiency in IVF injection group were significantly higher with injection at 7-10 h post IVF than that at 18-20 h post IVF （P0.05）. [Conclusion] These results indicate that transgenic buffalo embryos can be generated by injecting exogenous DNA into cytoplasm of IVF oocytes, and the optimal injection time is 7-10 h post IVF.

Comparative Study on Hydrolase Activities in Tianzhu White Yak Milk and Gannan Yak Milk of Gansu

This study was conducted to compare the hydrolase activities in the milk of Tianzhu white yak and Gannan yak in Gansu. The results showed that the ACP activity in Tianzhu yak milk was significantly higher than that in Gannan yak milk （P〈0.05）; the AKP activity in Tianzhu yak milk was higher than that in Gannan yak milk, but not significant; and the AMC activity in Tianzhu yak milk was significantly lower than that in Gannan yak milk （P〈0.05）. There were no remarkable changes in the activities of the 3 hydrolases with the change of parity, i.e., the effects of parity on enzyme activities in milk were not significant. The comparative study on hydrolase activities in the milk of Tianzhu while yak and Gannan yak helps to understand the characteristics of the milk of the 2 yak breeds, and further provides certain reference basis for the development of yak milk.

The Protective Role of Xanthophyll Cycle in Resurrection Angiosperm Boea hygrometrica During Dehydration and Rehydration

The protective role of xanthophyll cycle in resurrection angiosperm Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br. was investigated by analysis of the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophyll cycle components in response to dehydration and rehydration in detached leaves under very weak light condition (3 mumol photons.m(-2).s(-1)) and in the dark. With declines in the values of PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), PSII actual quantum yield (Phi(PSII)), photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) during dehydration, zeaxanthin significantly increased in control Boea leaves under very weak light condition, while no zeaxanthin accumulation was detected in Boea leaves treated with dithiothreitol (DTT) and Boea leaves in the dark, and after 3 d rehydration, the parameters Fv/Fm, Phi(PSII), qP and NPQ showed full recovery in control Boea leaves under very weak light condition, but the parameters only underwent partial recovery in Boea leaves treated with DTT and Boea leaves in the dark, suggesting that the recovery of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical activities in Boea leaves was obviously affected by treatments with DTT and darkness, therefore, zeaxanthin may play an important protective role in desiccated Boea leaves even under very weak light conditions.

古镇遗韵 乡野流风——家乡速写一束

全国美展中一向无“速写”名目,其它画种为了展出效应也一度竞相精工细作、宏篇巨构。而各类相机的日益精良,也诱使画人越来越多地在快门中采集生活。

Spatial Trend of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Serotypes in Cattle and Buffaloes, Pakistan

The present study describes the frequency of Foot and Mouth Disease （FMD） virus serotypes （O, A and Asia-l） in major regions （all provinces） of Pakistan using Indirect Sandwich ELISA. Also, spatial distribution of various FMD serotypes and their comparison is discussed. A total of 590 samples （Epithelial tissue） have been analyzed during a period of five years （2005-2009）. Out of 590 samples, 180 were found positive, giving an overall confirmation of FMDV about 33.2 %. Of the prevalent serotypes, FMDV ＇O＇ serotype caused most outbreaks （20.7 %）, followed by serotype A （6.6 %） and serotype Asia-1 （4.6 %） while there was no positive case of type ＇C＇. The study clearly showed that the disease was more frequent in the agro-climatic zones than in hilly areas. Based on the data of 590 samples （〉50 outbreaks）, the overall prevalence of FMDV in cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan was 33.2 %, while in cattle alone, it was 37.1%, higher than in buffalo （28.7 %）. There were eight cases of mixed serotypes infection, indicating the presence of endemic state of disease. Another significant feature was the change over time. In phase-I （2005-2007）, there was an overall prevalence of 29.4 %, while the occurrence of the serotype O, A and Asia-1 was 20.4 %, 2.9 % and 4.7 %, respectively. During phase-II （2008-2009）, the overall prevalence was 59.21%, while those of serotype O, A and Asia-1 were 22.4 %, 31.6 % and 4.0 %, respectively. This clearly indicated a shift from serotype O to A, which may help to explain the occurrence of more severe outbreaks, despite vaccination.

Effect of Polar Auxin Transport on Rice Root Development

Polar auxin transport (PAT) is critical in plant growth and development, especially polar differentiation and pattern formation. Lots of studies have been performed in dicots while relative less in monocots. Using two kinds of PAT inhibitors, 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid (HFCA), it was shown that PAT is important for rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Zhonghua 11) root development, including elongation of the primary roots, initiation and elongation of lateral roots, and formation of adventitious roots. Inhibition of PAT resulted in the shortened primary roots, less and shortened lateral and adventitious roots. Exogenously supplemented NAA can partially rescue the formation of adventitious roots but not lateral roots, while low concentration of NAA (0.1 mumol/L) could not rescue either of them, suggesting the possible different mechanisms of lateral and adventitious root initiations. Treatment of 30 mumol/L TIBA did not completely inhibit the initiation of lateral roots, and survival capacities of which were demonstrated through cross section experiments revealing the presence of primordial of lateral roots at different stages. Further studies through localized application of PAT inhibitors indicated that auxin flow, transported from coleoptiles to the base, is not only responsible for the auxin contents in stem nodes but also critical for initiation and elongation of adventitious roots.

Development and Optimization of an Alternative Methodology for Detection of Milk Adulteration by Water

This paper presents a process which allows the determination of milk adulteration by water. Considering the limitations of the reference method （cryoscopy）, the proposed methodology matches electrical conductivity and cryoscopy index measurements. Based on statistical procedures, a linear descriptive model is achieved to quantify adulteration of milk with water. It is also shown that electrical conductivity measurements allow the detection of adulteration with water and sodium chloride.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Microspheres Containing Methotrexate (MTX) I.Pharmaceutical Aspects

Microspheres Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were produced by emulsion technique.Microsphere I was solidified by glutaraldehyde crosslinking,microsphere Ⅱ was solidified by glutaraldehyde crosslinking and further treated with glycine solution and microsphere Illwas solidified by heating denaturation only.The results showed that the microsphere diameter produced by cross[inking was bigger than that prepared by heating.The microsphere Ⅱ had higher hydrophilicity than Microsphere I had.The methotrexate (MTX) contents in microspheres Ⅰ and Ⅱ were 2.73±0.053%,2.87±0.119% respectively. microsphere Ⅲ was only blank microspheres with MTX adsorbed on their surfaces.In vitro release studies,microspheres I and I have maintained sustained release of MTX till the next day,it was found that the drug releases from microspheres Ⅰ and Ⅱ were governed by Higuchi diffusion law.

Phytogenic Feed Additive for Sows： Effects on Sow Feed Intake, Serum Metabolite Concentrations, IgG Level, Lysozyme Activity and Milk Quality

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence ofa phytogenic feed additive （PFA） to late-gestation （d 90） and lactation sows on their reproduction performance. Sixty Large White × Landrace primiparous sows were divided into four groups （fifteen sows per group）. The control group was fed with basal diet, the others were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% PFA, respectively. Compared with the control, the sows in 0.04% PFA group had higher feed intake during lactation and higher litter weaning weight （P 〈 0.05）. At farrowing, glucose level in 0.04% PFA sows was higher than the control and sows in 0.02% PFA had the highest IgG content among the treatments （P 〈 0.05）. On day 7 of lactation, serum urea nitrogen contents were lower in response to PFA supplementation compared to the control （P 〈 0.05）. At the same time, sows fed the 0.06% PFA diet increased the lysozyme activity （P 〈 0.05）. The levels of milk lactose and IgG were increased in 0.02% and 0.04% PFA groups （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, feeding PFA improved sows and litter performance, serum metabolite concentrations, lgG level and lysozyme activity at postpartum and milk quality.

比较英汉两种语言中具象诗语言学机制以促进比较文学的发展

所谓具象诗,它是一种具有艺术性的文本形式,以运作语言机制模式从而使传统语法使用规则被打破而创作出的语言产品。从实质上来讲,解构主义就是破坏和分解结构主义,从而对解构主义理念进行了很好地诠释,这是具象诗的最大特点。在传统语言学中,语言是一个有结构的体系;但是在具象诗中,它将语言的结构打破了,然而,诗的意识形式便是通过这种破碎的形式而表达出来的,这便是具象诗与其他艺术形式的不同之处。在该文中,笔者在对英语具象诗和汉语具象诗中的语言机制和副语言特征分析的基础上,对具象诗在两种语言中的语言学机制的异同进行比较,以期能够推动语义学、句法学研究的发展,为业界做出些许贡献。

The Study of Cholesterol Content in Synbiotic Fermented Dairy Products

The influence of prebiotics as lactulose as well inulin on the ability of Bifidobacterium lactis to reduce cholesterol in milk was studied during milk fermentation. Pasteurized milk, freeze-dried starter culture Bb-12 （Bifidobacterium lactis, Chr. Hansen, Denmark）, inulin--RAFTILINEHP （ORAFI, Belgium）, syrup of lactulose （Duphalac, the Netherlands） in following concentrations： 0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% were used for experiments. The fermentation process was realized at 37 ℃ for 16 h. The content of cholesterol was determined according to AOAC Official Method 976.26A. The results showed that it is possible considerable to lower the level of cholesterol in fermented milk using B. lactis. The ability of B. lactis to decrease the level of cholesterol in milk can be influenced with addition of prebiotics. The lower concentration of cholesterol was determined in fermented samples with 4% of lactulose （9.5 mg/100g） and with 1% of inulin （10.4 mg/100g）. Evaluating the influence of prebiotics on cholesterol content in fermented milk samples, it is obvious that the influence depends on the type of prebiotics （P 〉 0.05） and their concentrations （P 〈 0.05）.

Synthesis and Structure of anti-Configuration Complex [Cu(tssb)_2]·2[(H_3O)Cl]·4H_2O

The title complex [Cu(tssb)2]2[(H3O)Cl]4H2O (C18H34Cl2CuN2O14S2) (tssb = tau- rine salicylaldehyde Schiff base) has been synthesized by the reaction of taurine salicylaldehyde Schiff base (tssb) and copper acetate in water-ethanol. Its single-crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction method. The crystal structure belongs to triclinic, space group P1 with a = 0.7407(1), b = 1.3329(3), c = 1.5736(3) nm, ?= 103.800(4), ?= 95.030(4), ?= 104.416(4)? Mr = 701.06, V = 1.4433(5) nm3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.613 g/cm3, = 1.153 mm-1 and F(000) = 726. The compound is an infinitely expanding three-dimensional network connected with hydrogen bonds. The Cu(Ⅱ) atom is coordinated by two nitrogen and two oxygen atoms to form a distorted planar coordination compound which adopts anti-configuration because two sulfonic acid groups are posi- tioned diagonally on a plane.

Identification of Sperm Subpopulations in Water Buffalo Ejaculates： Changes in Cryopreservation Stages and Bull Variation

This study aimed to identify and characterize the sperm subpopulations existing in water buffalo semen using a computer assisted sperm analyzer （CASA）, as well as assess the effects of cryopreservation on the sperm subpopulation structure and evaluate bull variability. The semen of eight Bulgarian Murrah bulls was collected by four times in an interval of one week each. The semen was cryopreserved following a standard protocol and sperm kinematics was assessed. Clustering methods were applied to individual sperms, forming two significantly different （P 〈 0.05） subpopulations （P1 and P2）. Subpopulation P1 represents those spermatozoa that moved most rapidly and progressively （46.29%）, and subpopulation P2 includes spermatozoa with relatively low velocity or poorly motile but with high progressiveness （53.41%）. There was a decline on the population of P1 sperms from fresh （52.52%）, pre-freeze （45.73%） to post-thaw （35.17%） stages and significant difference on the sperm kinematics between P1 and P2. A significant decline in the values of distance, velocity and amplitude of lateral head （ALH） parameters were observed at post-thaw stage, while an increase was observed on trajectory and beat cross frequency （BCF） kinematics. Values of sperm kinematics were also significantly different （P 〈 0.05） among all bulls. The frequency distribution of spermatozoa on both subpopulations P1 and P2 was quite similar for all bulls in pre-freeze and post-thaw stages, but with significant （P 〈 0.05） variability on fresh stage. Bulls with the highest maintained frequency of P1 sperms are denoted as good freezer bulls. In sum, kinematic characterization of water buffalo sperm and clustering into subpopulation enable to identify bulls that are more resistant to cryopreservation and production of quality semen for genetic propagation.

Anatomical and Histological Study of the Foot of Iraqi Endogenous Buffaloes （Bubalus bubalis）

The anatomical and histological study were conducted on 72 specimens of buffaloes foot, regardless of the age and species The foot structures were described which included first phalanx, second phalanx, third phalanx, digital cushion, joint, ligaments and tendons, as well as the foot＇s sole, blood and nerve supply. The main source of blood supply is the median artery, the radial artery, dorsal metacarpal artery. On the other hand, the metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint and joint＇s capsules were shown by radiographic pictures. The median nerve is the main source of the nerve supply of foot, as well as ulnar and radial nerve. However, the digital tendons on the dorsal surface and palmer surface were represented by common, proper flexor digital tendons and deep superficial digital extensor tendons respectively, the histological picture of coronary region revealed that it consistd of horn tubules and intertubular horn. While the lamellae region showed that it consisted of primary epidermal lamellae, containing the epidermis and dermis regions, also, noticed that the epidermal lamellae was interfered with faced dermis lamellar. The histological structure of the hoof revealed that it consisted of keratinocytes which connected with each other by desmosal adhesion. Digital cushion contained of elastic and collagen fibers with presence of adipose cells masses greater than that at foot sole.

Production of Afyon Kaymak with Traditional and Technological Methods

Afyon kaymak （milk cream） is traditional dairy product of Afyon city which is a junction of Middle Anatolia and West regions and famous with its thermal tourism and food. However, challenging production process led Afyon kaymak to lose its importance. Although buffalo milk is the raw material of traditional Afyon kaymak, cow milk can be used in the process. In traditional process, milk is filtered with double cheesecloth and gotten into the aluminum or tinned copper milk cream pans where the capacity is around 2.5-3.0 L. Half-filled pan is warm up to 90-95 ℃. Pans are carried to cool area and left until cooling. Milk cream on the cooled pans is lined by a pin. New milked milk is added to the lined cream in pans and heated for 1 h. It is covered and held on for 6-8 h. While holding period is until afternoon on summer time, it is until mid-afternoon in winter. Covers of the pans are opened and hold in a cool place until morning and, thus, cream is chilled. Cream layer on pans are lined and gotten out of pans. Cream as circle is divided into four pieces and left to the cream package after turning down. In this review, we aimed to give some information about Afyon kaymak and its production methods.

The Hematology of Lactating Buffalo Fed Local Foliage as Feed Supplement

The research aimed to determine the effect of feed supplements of cassava （Manihot esculenta Crantz） leaves, gliricidia （Gliricidia sepeum） leaves and katuk （Sauropus androgynus （L.） Merr.） leaves on the hematology of lactating buffalo. Four lactating buffaloes in Kanagarian Pamatang Panjang, Sijunjung district, West Sumatera, Indonesia were studied. The experiment used a Latin square design with four treatments and four replications/block. The treatments were control （without supplementary foliage, A）, with cassava leaves （B）, with gliricidia leaves （C） and with katuk leaves （D） each at 5 kg/haead/day. The hematology variables measured were erythrocytes and leucocytes counts, as well as levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. The results showed that supplementary foliage of 5 kg/head/day of cassava, gliricidia or katuk as leaves significantly increased the erythrocytes count and hemoglobin level, but did not affect the number of leucocytes in lactating buffalo.

Brazilian Buffalo Genetic Variability by Cross-Specific Microsatellite Set

Buffaloes （Bubalus bubalis） are widely distributed and were introduced to Brazil in 1895. Most of the molecular genetic characterization of buffaloes has been done with cross-specific （cattle） markers, but few of them include Brazilian populations. Nineteen commonly used cattle microsatellites were tested to develop a multiplexed set of microsatellites and characterize Brazilian buffalo. Three PCR mixes were finally developed with the 11 markers that succeed in amplify and were polymorphic （58%）. The average number of alleles was 5.42, with an average observed and expected heterocigozity of 0.441 and 0.695, respectively. As it was expected, Brazilian buffalo variability was lower than the previously reported from the domestication centres （China and India）, but higher than the seriously selected European populations. The exclusion power calculated for the eleven markers in Brazilian buffalo was 0.9999999996, this allows its use in DNA based traceability.