水陸齋的成立考察——以新發現資料爲中心

本文主要以近年蒐集到的一批水陸齋新資料爲中心,對中國古代水陸齋相關情況提出新的思考。認爲了解齋僧,是理解水陸齋、解释諸多水陸儀及相關文本的基礎。水陸齋的各種功能,在齋僧中基本都可以找到。水陸齋的“齋”,既指宗教法會,同時亦包括飯食的含義。不存在舆齋食無關的水陸齋。不同歷史時期,水陸齋的稱名往往不同。水陸齋最早的稱名是無遮齋(無遮大會、無遮大齋、無遮道場等),後來又稱爲無遮水陸或水陸無遮,最後才稱爲水陸齋(水陸道場、水陸法會等)。水陸齋不是一成不變的,它有一個由齋僧到施餓鬼食的演變歷史,在不同歷史時期使用儀式文本也往往不同。迄今尚未發現完全一樣的雨種水陸儀。因此,每一種《水陸儀》以及與之相對應的水陸齋,都只是水陸齋的個案。不論水陸齋的名稱如何不同,表現形態如何變化,以齋僧爲平臺,以施主、儀式專家和齋意爲基本核心元素的三位一體的齋僧模式不變。水陸齋的諸多不同和諸多形態,都是齋僧模式的不同擴展、演變和細化。水陸齋儀文和水陸齋意文的多樣性、豐富性,因爲有了齋僧@個平臺而得到合理的認識和解释。

Using 4C OBS to reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates at the northern continental slope of South China Sea

To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component （4C） ocean-bottom seismometer （OBS） surveys. A case study is presented to show the results of acquiring and processing OBS data for detecting gas hydrates. Key processing steps such as repositioning, reorientation, PZ summation, and mirror imaging are discussed. Repositioning and reorientation find the correct location and direction of nodes. PZ summation matches P- and Z-components and sums them to separate upgoing and downgoing waves. Upgoing waves are used in conventional imaging, whereas downgoing waves are used in mirror imaging. Mirror imaging uses the energy of the receiver ghost reflection to improve the illumination of shallow structures, where gas hydrates and the associated bottom-simulating reflections （BSRs） are located. We developed a new method of velocity analysis using mirror imaging. The proposed method is based on velocity scanning and iterative prestack time migration. The final imaging results are promising. When combined with the derived velocity field, we can characterize the BSR and shallow structures; hence, we conclude that using 4C OBS can reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates.

图像中的历史:民乐水陆画所见明清社会生活——以“堕胎落孕”“客死他乡”为中心

水陆画是宋元以后做水陆法会时使用的宗教图像。甘肃省民乐县博物馆藏116轴明清时期水陆画,其绘制依据为《天地冥阳水陆仪文》。在民乐水陆画中有两幅无主孤魂图,内容包括疾病缠身、军阵横亡、城破横死、自刑自缢等十八种情形。其中,"堕胎落孕""客死他乡"作为非正常死亡的无主孤魂众代表,在民间修设水陆法会中是被超度的对象,其为世俗社会真实状况的反映。