论《沙人》的“创伤体验”与“创伤叙事”

19世纪德国作家E.T.A.霍夫曼在书信体小说《沙人》中描述了主人公纳撒内尔在童年时期的一段可怕经历,影响到主人公最终走向自杀的悲剧故事。从创伤批评理论的视角分析小说主人公的"创伤体验"以及后续的自杀行为,不仅可以发现童年时期的创伤心理对个体后期行为及思维模式的深刻影响,也可窥察到这一创伤体验的的集体性内涵,也将清楚作者本人对内在创伤的直视与拯救。在呈现创伤体验的同时,叙事主体总是力图完成自我治愈的目的。

Regarding the Regulatory Sandbox Route and Mechanism for Governance of Artificial Intelligence

The main challenge in AI governance today is striking a balance between controlling AI dangers and fostering AI innovation.Regulators in a number of nations have progressively extended the regulatory sandbox,which was first implemented in the banking sector,to AI governance in an effort to reduce the conflict between regulation and innovation.The AI regulatory sandbox is a new and feasible route for AI governance in China that not only helps to manage the risks of technology application but also prevents inhibiting AI innovation.It keeps inventors'trial-and-error tolerance space inside the regulatory purview while offering a controlled setting for the development and testing of novel AI that hasn't yet been put on the market.By providing full-cycle governance of AI with the principles of agility and inclusive prudence,the regulatory sandbox offers an alternative to the conventional top-down hard regulation,expost regulation,and tight regulation.However,the current system also has inherent limitations and practical obstacles that need to be overcome by a more rational and effective approach.To achieve its positive impact on AI governance,the AI regulatory sandbox system should build and improve the access and exit mechanism,the coordination mechanism between the sandbox and personal information protection,and the mechanisms of exemption,disclosure,and communication.

Analysis and assessment of land desertification in Xinjiang based on RS and GIS

The land desertification in Xinjiang was monitored and analyzed based on RS and GIS techniques. Satellite data interpretation was adopted to obtain the general situation of Xinjiang’s land desertification in assistance with the sampling method and on-the-spot investigations. Related monitoring and investigations showed that Xinjiang was facing with severe wide range land desertification, and its desertified area made up 77.08% of the total monitoring area. As for land types, the desertified farmland accounted for 1.92% of the total monitoring area, desertified woodland 4%, desertified grassland 45%, and unused land 49%. Accordingly, as for desertification degrees, non-desertified land occupied 22.92%, weak desertified land 5.69%, medium-degree desertified land 16.58%, severe desertified land 33.19% and super severe desertified land 21.61%. Finally, as for inducing factors, wind-eroded desertification made up 58.23%, water-eroded desertification 8.69%, salinization desertification 6.52% and frozen-melt eroded desertification 3.64%. Xinjiang’s land desertification tended to get worse and the harnessing mission remained hard.

Spatial Pattern Evolution and Casual Analysis of County Level Economy in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration, China

In order to evaluate whether or not the county units′ economy in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan(Chang-Zhu-Tan) Urban Agglomeration was growing as expected, this study analyzed the spatial economy pattern at county-level by using the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA) method. In this process, the global Moran′s I and local Getis-Ord G*i indexes were employed to analyze indicators including per capita GDP and three industrials(i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary industry) from 2000 to 2010. The results show that: 1) the county units′ economy in the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration has exhibited a strong spatial autocorrelation and an accelerated integration trend since 2008(Moran′ s I increased from 0.26 to 0.56); 2) there is a significant difference in economy development between the northern and southern county units in the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration: the hotspot zone with high economic level was formed among the northern county units whereas the coldspot zone with low economic level was located in the southern areas. This difference was caused primarily by the increasingly prominent economic radiation effect of Changsha ′upheaval′; 3) town density, secondary industry, and the integration policy are the major contributors driving the evolution of the spatial economy pattern in the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration.

Dissolution Improvement of Cisapride by Solid Dispersion with HPMC

To prepare a solid dispersion of cisapride with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose(HPMC E5 LV) as carrier for the purpose of accelerating the in vitro drug release by means ofimproving the solubility of the model drug. Methods Alcohol and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) wereused to dissolve cisapride and HPMC in order to make the model drug dispersed homogeneously in thecarrier. The HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion was then obtained by conventional solvent evaporationmethod. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to measure the diffraction peaks of pure carrier,pure cisapride, physical mixture of HPMC with cisapride (4:1), and HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion(4:1) to confirm the crystal existence. The solubility of pure drug and HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion was measured with water, SGF and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) . The in vitro drugreleases of the sustained release tablet prepared with pure cisapride or HPMC-cisapride soliddispersion were investigated with water and SGF as media, respectively. Results No diffraction peakswere found by X-ray diffraction in the HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion (4:1), indicating that thedrug existed in an amorphous form at that drug-carrier ratio. Compared with the pure drug, thesolubilities of HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion are increased by 239.4% in SGF, 132.6% in water, and117.9% in SIF. According to the in vitro drug release, the sustained release tablet prepared withHPMC-cisapride solid dispersion had a faster drug release than did that prepared with pure drug. Thein vitro drug release profiles were found to comply with Higuchi's rule. Conclusion The in vitrodrug release of the sustained release tablet made by HPMC-cisapride solid dispersion is improvedowing to the increased drug solubility.

Daily and Monthly Suspended Sediment Load Predictions Using Wavelet Based Artificial Intelligence Approaches

In the current study, the efficiency of Wavelet-based Least Square Support Vector Machine （WLSSVM） model was examined for prediction of daily and monthly Suspended Sediment Load （SSL） of the Mississippi River. For this purpose, in the first step, SSL was predicted via ad hoc LSSVM and Artificial Neural Network （ANN） models; then, streamflow and SSL data were decomposed into sub- signals via wavelet, and these decomposed sub-time series were imposed to LSSVM and ANN to simulate discharge-SSL relationship. Finally, the ability of WLSSVM was compared with other models in multi- step-ahead SSL predictions. The results showed that in daily SSL prediction, LSSVM has better outcomes with Determination Coefficient （DC）=o.92 than ad hoc ANN with DC=o.88. However unlike daily SSL, in monthly modeling, ANN has a bit accurate upshot. WLSSVM and wavelet-based ANN （WANN） models showed same consequences in daily and different in monthly SSL predictions, and adding wavelet led to more accuracy of LSSVM and ANN. Furthermore, conjunction of wavelet to LSSVM and ANN evaluated via multi-step-ahead SSL predictions and, e.g., DCLssVM=0.4 was increased to the DCwLsSVM=0.71 in 7- day ahead SSL prediction. In addition, WLSSVM outperformed WANN by increment of time horizon prediction.

Acalculous cholecystitis due to Salmonella enteritidis

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is defi ned as an acute infl ammation of the gallbladder in the absence of stones. We herein report a case of a young man who developed AAC after a Salmonella enteritidis gastrointestinal infection.

VARIATION IN FLOW AND SEDIMENT OF DASHA RIVER AND INFLUENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON IT IN SOUTHWEST REGION OF ANHUI PROVINCE

Soil and water loss is now a major environmental problem in many areas of China, especially in the area of the Dabie Mountain, Anhui Province, which results in environmental degradation and does harm to the people＇s life and production there. Based on the observational records from the Dasha River, the authors analyze the character of the variation in flow and sediment in different flood and dry seasons from 1970 to 2000. The result shows that human activities had significantly reduced the sediment discharge and sediment module, and increased the runoff in low-water seasons since the 1980s. The average contribution rate ofhnman activities to decreasing sediment was 65.67%, and at the same period the contribution rate of runoff and rainfall was about 34.33%. Therefore, it is necessary to take the biological and engineering measures to solve the problem of soil and water loss in the Dasha River watershed.

It Is Easy When You Are a Christian： Badeng Kenyah Conversion to Christianity

In this article, 1 explore how the Long Geng Badeng Kenyah community of Sarawak converted to Christianity even though there was no sustained missionary persuasion from the outside. Over a period of study, I eventually accept the simple emic explanation that ＂it is easy when you are a Christian＂ to be an important explanation. Central to this view is that Christianity provides an alternative religion that allows the people to avoid the need to observe the many troublesome taboos that hinder frequent traveling and engaging in various kinds of economic activities. The influence of relatives is an important factor, too, and as more people become Christians, the traditional Bungan followers lose the support to continue with the traditional religion and eventually almost all follow their relatives to adopt the new religion, which they find do not hinder practicing their culture other than replacing the traditional worship with the Christian way. The ethnographic study provides the opportunity to relate to recent scholarship on the anthropology of Christianity, and facilitates anthropological reflection on the study of cultural change, in particular, in relation to the work of Marshall Sahlins.

HISTORICAL DESERTIFICATION PROCESS IN HEXI CORRIDOR,CHINA

Over the last 2000 years, approximately 38 ancient cities were abandoned through desertification in Hexi Corridor, Northwest China. Among them, 21.05% were abandoned during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, 21.05% during the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and 57.9% during the Ming and Qing dynasties. At the same time, main lakes were shrinking rapidly from the 5th Century to the 6th Century and the end of the Qing Dynasty. The climate in these periods was relatively arid and cold with frequent dusts. The phase of these changes indicated that there were three periods of desertification enlargement in the northern China. They were Northern and Southern Dynasties, the end of Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties. The macro-process of desertification in the study area was controlled mainly by the climatic changes. But from the facts that the population density in the middle of Qing Dynasty had exceeded the critical index of population pressure in arid area and the usage rate of water resources had exceeded 40% in Hexi Corridor, this paper also suggests that human activities have played an important role in desertification processes of the study area mainly during the recent 300 years.

^(137)Cs Finger Printing Technique for Erosion and Sedimentation Studies

137 Cs is an artificial radionuclide with a half-life of 30.2 years,which was released into the environment as a byproduct of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons during the period of 1950s to 1970s with a peak deposition in 1963.137 Cs fallout was strongly and rapidly adsorbed by soil particles when it deposited on the ground mostly with precipitation.Its following movements will associate with the adsorbed particles.137 Cs tracing technique has been widely used in soil erosion and sedimentation studies since 1980s.This paper introduces the basis of the technique and shows several case studies of assessment of soil erosion rates,investigation of sediment sources and dating of reservoir deposits by using the technique in the Loess Plateau and the Upper Yangtze River Basin.

Validation of a Value Management Approach Developed for the Saudi Public Sector

A VM （value management） approach was developed that better suits the culture and the context of the SPS （Saudi Public Sector）. This approach provided a comprehensive assessment of VM at institutional, organizational and project levels. This paper illustrates the procedures that were used to validate the developed VM approach. For the institutional and organizational levels, the VM approach was validated by conducting telephone interviews with three experts from three organizations that use VM and with two senior managers from the MOF （Ministry of Finance）. Mainly, it was found that the MOF should be supported by experts to set up a centre of excellence that can set VM policy, guidelines and standards for the promotion of VM in the SPS, in order to ensure achieving value for money spent in SPS projects. The developed VM approach, as it would be applied at the project level, was presented to 11 experts, all of whom completed a validation questionnaire and presented their comments. Subsequently, the questionnaires were analyzed and the VM approach was amended to reflect the inputs provided by these experts. It was concluded that VM should be applied at least twice on SPS projects. Firstly, it is to review and structure strategic and project briefs to sort out soft issues, and secondly, it is to optimize project designs and sort out hard issues.

Sandy Desertification Status and its Driving Mechanism in North Tibet Plateau

As the main body of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, North Tibet Plateau is one of three major sandy desertification regions in China and also a representative sandy desertification zone of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Accordingly, it is an important region for the study of recent sandy desertification processes and formation mechanism. From such aspects as desertified land types, areas and distributions etc., this paper analyses in detail the sandy desertification status on North Tibet Plateau, and qualitatively and quantitatively deals with the main factors that affect recent sandy desertification processes and the driving mechanism. Research results show that North Tibet Plateau is an important sandy desertification region in China characterized with large desertified land areas, diversified types, high severity, extensive distributions and serious damages. Sandy desertification occurrence and development resulted from combined effects of natural factors, anthropogenic factors, natural processes and man-made processes, of which climatic change is the main driving force.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression as a predictor of outcome in colorectal carcinoma

AIM:To correlate cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression profile with clinical and pathological variables to assess their prognostic/predictive value in colorectal carcinoma(CRC).METHODS:Archival tumor samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for COX-2 expression in 94 patients with CRC.Patients were diagnosed and treatedat the Departments of Surgery and Oncology,King Abdulaziz University Hospital,Saudi Arabia.RESULTS:Fifty-six percent of the tumors showed positive cytoplasmic COX-2 expression,whereas 44%of cases were completely COX-2-negative.There were no significant correlations between COX-2 expression and sex,age,grade or tumor location.However,COX-2 expression revealed a significant correlation with tumor stage(P=0.01)and distant metastasis(P=0.02),and a borderline association with lymph node involvement(P =0.07).Tumors with high COX-2 expression showed a higher recurrence rate than tumors with no expression(P<0.009).In univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis,there was a significant(P=0.026)difference in disease-free survival between COX-2-positive and negative tumors in favor of the latter.COX-2 expression did not significantly predict disease-specific survival,which was much shorter for COX-2-positive tumors.In multivariate(COX)models,COX-2 did not appear among the independent predictors of disease-free survival or disease-specific survival.CONCLUSION:COX-2 expression seems to provide useful prognostic information in CRC,while predicting the patients at high risk for recurrent disease.

Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chicken Meat Samples

The aim of this study was to determine presence of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat samples collected from Ankara, Turkey and determine the susceptibility of the Salmonella isolates to some antimicrobial agents. For this purpose, 127 chicken samples were collected from local markets. Investigation of Salmonella was done according to horizontal method, the guidelines of the method recommended by International Standards Organization （ISO）. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella spp. was performed with microdilution method according to the guidelines of CLSI M100-SI8. Ampicillin, gentamicin sulphate, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, ceftriaxon, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were used in the study. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 5 （3.94%） of the 127 chicken meat samples. Although our findings are not within Turkish Food Codex （TFC） values, lower number of samples that involve Salmonella spp. indicates an improvement in the hygienic conditions in Turkey. Among 5 isolates, one isolate was sensitive to all antimicrobial agents tested. 2 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Successfully, all the isolates were sensitive to quinolones as a good result in spite of the reported reduced susceptibility from different regions of the world. However, this study should be improved with more chicken samples and Salmonella spp. isolate numbers to support these results.

The Relationship Between Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Four Asian Countries

In this study, we use the ARDL bounds testing procedure suggested by Pesaran （2001） and modified version of the Granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto （1995） to test the robustness of the causality effect between military expenditure and economic growth in 4 Asian countries, two industrial countries （South Korea and Malaysia）, and others are developing countries （Iran and Saudi Arabia）, from 1988 to 2006 years, data series obtained from word development indicator （WDI）. With respect to that military expenditure can affect economic growth so increase in GDP can increase or decrease military expenditure, too. We investigate the causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth because the purpose of military expenditures is to provide national security. The results show that Iran and Saudi Arabia don＇t have any causality relationship between military expenditure and economic growth. The results of South Korea show a unidirectional relationship from LGDP （Logarithm of real GDP） and LGDPK （logarithm of real GDP per capita） to military expenditure, and in Malaysia there is unidirectional relationship from LGDPK to military expenditure. The comparison of these results, we can say that developing countries don＇t have meaningful relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, but we can find unidirectional or bidirectional relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in industrial countries.

Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma

A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry（LC-MS）method for the simultaneous determination of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma was developed and applied to a pharmacokinetic study. Acetaminophen was used as the internal standard（IS）.Sample pretreatment using liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate was used.The analysis was carried out on an Elite SinoChrom ODS-BP C_（18）column with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-water （35：65,v/v）.Target ions were [M-H]^-m/z 427.25 for irbesartan,[M-H]^-m/z 295.95 for hydrochlorothiazide and [M-H]^- m/z 150.05 for the IS via an electrospray ionization（ESI）source.The intra-and inter-day precision（RSD%）was below 14.5% for irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide,and the accuracy（RE%）was less than 1.9% and-2.0% for irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide,respectively.The linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 10-5000 ng/mL （r0.99）for irbesartan and 1-200 ng/mL（r0.99）for hydrochlorothiazide with the lower limit of quantification（LLOQ）of 10 ng/mL and 1 ng/mL,respectively.The method was applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study of a tablet containing irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in healthy Chinese volunteers after oral administration.

Phosphorus Loss from Dry Sloping Lands of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

Eutrophication in the Three Gorges Reservoir has become a serious issue, and phosphorus (P) is the nutrient thought to be primarily responsible although there are few studies about P loss from the mostly sloping farmlands of the area. This work investigated the amounts and forms of P loss from 9 farmlands with the slopes of 4°, 9°, and 17° in a small watershed, Wangjiagou in Fuling District, Chongqing of China. The slope of the relationship between runoff and rainfall increased with field slope; i.e., there was a significant interaction between the effects of rainfall and field slope on water export. For sediment export by surface runoff, there was no interaction between field slope and rainfall, and the intercept of the relationship between rainfall and sediment loss was significantly different for the 3 slopes. The main P loss was from sediments, regardless of slope. In the runoff water, particulate P was the largest P fraction, and its loss was greatest from the steepest land and least from the flattest. The release of total P and available P from sediments followed the same trend. The P loss during May to July in Wangjiagou was more than 60% of the annual total.

Development and validation of a novel UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in human plasma

Combined administration of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinofoate has been widely used for the treatment of asthma in recent decades. In this investigation, we developed and validated a novel and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） method for simultaneous determination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinofoate in human plasma. Following a simple SPE sample extraction in 96-well plate format, chromatography was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C 18 column （1.7 μm, 50 min×2.1 mm） with mobile phase consisting of 100% MeOH and 0.1% NH4OH in water on a gradient program at flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Detection of analytes and internal standards was accomplished using multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） of precursor〉product ion pairs of m/z 501.4〉313.2 （fluticasone propionate）, 506.4〉293.3 （fluticasone propionate-d5）, 416.4〉232.1 （salmeterol xinofoate） and 419.3〉235.2 （salmeterol-d3）. The assay range was 2.50-500 pg/mL for both analytes, and a 1/x2 weighted linear regression model was used. The inter-assay accuracy and precision of the method were within ±8.6%. The recoveries from 0.30 mL of plasma were greater than 51.0% and 54.6% for fluticasone propionate and salmeterol, respectively, and the results were consistent across low, middle and high concentration levels. The method was validated following FDA, EMA and CFDA （China Food and Drug Administration）＇s guidance on bioanalysis and then successfully applied to support a clinical study in healthy Chinese subjects following inhaled administration of a single combination of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol （250 μg/50 μg）.

A Thirst for Change

Despite its location next to a desert,there is nothing barren about the prospects of Zhongwe A mere decade ago,it was a dry and desolate land,home to waves of wind-dispersed dust causing desertification and widespread poverty.Fast-forward 10 years,Zhongwei and its tourist attraction Shapotou have suddenly become the recipient of newfound fame owing to its