海妖的宇宙赋格——徐小斌《海火》的心灵生态学

本文从生态批评的理论向度发掘徐小斌《海火》中自然书写的意义和对人类命运的洞见。徐小斌早早看到了中国走向现代的历程所必然付出的自然代价,在《海火》中同时旋卷起改革开放的“热风”和自然之灵的舞蹈,使两种表达形成一种双峰对峙的内在结构。她既写经济,又写生态;既展现开放时代的自我意识(ego-consciousness),又显露出不同凡响的生态意识(eco-consciousness);既为爱欲与文明立传,又为宇宙而歌。徐小斌的文学生态学是一种注重灵知,打通内外,经由隐秘的内心生活来回归、映现和联动于自然的“心灵生态学”(psychic ecology)。这种生态学依赖于个体隐离于人群、隐离于世俗的自我烛照,依赖于幽暗处的开掘和背向的放飞,更依赖于文学的救赎。它以心灵的易感性为基础,以向内通往自然为首要;它在阴影中激荡起巨大的光亮,让赤裸之身和宇宙之弦在这种幻梦的光亮中相触。

裁剪改革中国——徐小斌《海火》里的造型、时尚与现代性

通过造型和时尚来书写中国现代性寓言是徐小斌写作中值得瞩目的独到之处。她对服装造型的想象和对时代风尚的描画超越了铺写物像或塑造典型的单质审美目的,这些衣饰造型成为她编织中国现代性寓言的一个关键方法。在《海火》中,她借用造型艺术的表达,清晰地展现了中国改革开放的历史,展现了改革中国对自身的裁剪制作。通过变装、拼接、遮蔽、赤裸等多种人物造型方法,小说画下了改革中国的崭新面貌,触达了中国现代化之路中善与恶、含混与适度、表象与真实、现代与自然的辩证。小说中的服装造型具有强烈的批判性,这种批判性直接指向时代的根基,孕化了她对改革开放路径的思考,并且为时代价值尺度和集体无意识提供了新的反思维度。在折返身体与自然的过程中,《海火》凝聚了“新时期”文学中改革、现代化、寻根等诸多议题,并全面超越了同时代的文学表达。

海中的斯芬克斯——徐小斌《海火》重读

徐小斌的小说《海火》书写了两个女孩之间相吸又互斥的引力关系,以此塑造了1980年代特殊的人性论,并在对自然与人类宿命关系的思考中抵抗着现代性及其背后的线性历史观,从而呈现出独特的社会史与文学史价值。《海火》既书写着当时的社会历史现实,也不乏溢出于写实主义的寓言化表达,在历史与寓言之间,《海火》展现着本真的文学理想。

Performance improvement in stepped solar still modified by sponge layer

In this paper,the experimental investigation on the performance improvement of conventional stepped solar still is conducted.The steps are covered by the porous material to improve the performance of the conventional device and increase the evaporation rate.All the parameters,including the temperature on the glass surface,the water temperature inside the evaporation zone,and the amount of water produced in both conventional and modified stepped solar stills are measured and compared.The efficiency of two devices and their exergy efficiency have been calculated.Finally,the economic analysis of both devices has been done to check the economic feasibility of the modified device.The amount of freshwater generated during one day was 2244.4 and 3076.2 mL/m^(2),respectively for the conventional and modified stepped solar stills.As a result,the amount of water produced in one day by modified stepped solar still is 35.5% more than the conventional one.Also,the costs for the conventional and modified stepped solar stills have been calculated as 0.0359 and 0.029$/(L·m^(-2)),respectively.

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating for island arc volcanic rock of Fangniugou area in Yitong region of Jilin Province

Polymetallic iron ore sulphate deposits of marine volcanic rock have been developed in the Fangniugou area,Jilin Province,China,but the division of volcanic ore-bearing strata has not been specifically elucidated and there is disagreement about the division.The sampling and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of volcanic rock for Daheishan in the Fangniugou area and the northeast slope of the Duanjiadian were described.The volcanic rock formation period and recorded the volcanic events in the Daheishan mountains were systematically researched.Two samples of high-precision U-Pb zircon dating were used to represent the volcanic rock fomation period of the Late Silurian.The measured data reflect that multiple volcanic activities occurred during the Middle Silurian,Early Silurian,Middle Ordovician and Silurian,and Late Ordovician,probably matching volcanic events in the Songnan Basin identified from zircon dating.At the same time,it is confirmed that a controversial "conglomerate of Daheishan" did in fact develop in the Late Silurian,and those sections of both the Dazigou and Xinlitun-Taoshan with graptolite had been reversed.

The first meteorological observations at a tropical high elevation site:Antisana,1846

Antisana is a stratovolcano with an associated glacier located in the Ecuadorian Andes. Dr Aguirre made meteorological readings every day, at every hour from sunrise to sunset, from December 1845 to December 1846, at Antisana using a meteorological station at 4060 mamsl （meters above mean sea level）. Unfortunately, only the monthly average data have been preserved. These meteorological data are here studied and compared with the closest modern stations for monthly values of temperature, rainfall, and pressure. According to these comparisons, the year 1846 was rainy and cold in comparison with the current climate. Moreover, these observations have been useful to help resolve a debate about a possible E1Nifio event in 1846 with the high precipitation in Antisana and Quito in 1846 discarding the occurrence of an E1 Nifio event. The probable occurrence of a La Nifia event is discussed. These data are the earliest known systematic instrumental meteorological observations taken at above 4000 mamsl.

Geochemistry of the lava and its implications in Musicians Seamounts

Chemical and isotopic data of the lava samples dredged in the southern Bach Ridge and the northern Italian Ridge of the Musicians Seamounts province, northeast of Hawaii. Although most of the samples analyzed are generally altered, a few are fresh. The latter exhibits similar geochemical and isotopic characteristics to normal MORB （Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts）. There are systematic geochemical trends from hotspot to mid-ocean ridge in the province. Incompatible element and isotopic variations suggest that the flow field had at least two distinct parental magmas, one with higher and one with lower MgO concentrations. The two parental magmas could be related by a magma mixing model. The major and trace element modeling shows that the two parental magmas could not have been produced by different degrees of melting of a homogeneous mantle source, but they are consistent with melting of a generally depleted mantle containing variable volumes of embedded enriched heterogeneity enriched interbeds.

Sedimentary response to volcanic activity in the Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation

To investigate the relationship between volcanic activity and sediment record on regional and temporal scales,158 surface sediment samples were collected from the East China Sea Shelf to the northern Okinawa Trough (OT),and two cores recovered in the northern and southern OT,respectively.Mineralogy,grain-size,and geochemical analyses of those samples show that:1) volcanic glass,volcanic-type pyroxene,hypersthenes,and magnetite increase in sediment influenced by volcanic activity;2) sediment grain sizes (and also silt content) increase in ash layers;and 3) the contents of Na2O and Zr are higher,while terrigenous elements,e.g.,TFe2O3 and K2O,and biogenous compositions,e.g.,CaO and Sr,are relatively lower in ash layers than those of non-ash layers.The distribution of volcanic ash has three distinguishing characteristics:1) volcanic ash is more abundant in the northern and central OT than the southern OT;2) volcanic ash increases from continental shelf to the trough;3) the sediment during the last 12 000 a suggests stronger volcanic events than during 15 000-12 000 a.The eruptive locations,frequency,and volume of calderas are among the most important factors controlling the distributions of volcanic ash.In addition,the main Kuroshio warm current that extends northward probably impeded the diffusion of volcanic ash to the west and south in the OT.However,a southward current probably carried some volcanic ash toward southern OT.

Property Identification of Anomalous Seismic Bodies by GMES Techniques, A Case History

What are the anomalous seismic reflection bodies at depths of over 6000m？Are they reefs or igneous rock？This is a difficult problem for seismic techniques,but the GMES technique can handle it .The GMES technique is a joint exploration technique combining gravity,magnetic,electrical,and seismic techniques.The specific procedure is to conduct a 2D interface-constrained CEMP inversion using 2D seismic and log data followed by a property parameter inversion of the anomalous bodics using gravity and seismic data by the stripping technique.We then estimate the physical properties ofthe anomalous bodies,such as density,susceptibility,resistivity,velocity,and etc.to deduce the geological features of the bodies and provide a basis for drilling decisions.The work in the TZ area reported in this paper shows the applicability of the technique.

Research of Dynamic Variations in the Gravitational Field of Forthcoming Volcano Eruption

There is expounded the theory of＂gravitational＂ wave propagation from the volcano crater （magma） under changing density of magma mass inside the volcano. It was revealed that while the abruptly accelerated magma movement during starting period began eruption, the registered ＂gravitational＂ waves were being emitted and were propagating with the velocity greater than that of sound and seismic waves velocity. Alteration of ＂gravitational＂ waves velocity under the magma movement can be additional feature in prognosis of the start time of volcano eruption. The considered method might be effective when making up prognoses of underwater volcano eruption.

Petroleum exploration of shallow marine deposit Carboniferous volcanic tuff reservoir in the western margin of Junggar Basin

In 2011, petroleum exploration of shallow marine deposits Carboniferous and volcanic tuff reservoir re- alized breakthroughs at Chepaizi slope in the western margin of Junggar Basin. Pal 61 well, with 855.7 949.6 m section, in the conventional test oil obtained 6 t/d industrial oil flow. The surface viscosity is 390 mPa. s （50 ℃）. The marine deposit of Carboniferous are deep oil source rocks and high-quality reservoir. Magma volcanic activity provides the basis for volcanic reservoir development and distribution. The weathering crust and secondary cracks developed volcanic tuff by strong rock weathering and dissolution of organic acids which has become top quality reservoir. Deep Permian oil-gas migrated and accumulated to high parts along Hong-Che fault belt and stratigraphic unconformity stripping. Permian and Triassic volcanic rocks or dense mudstone sedimentary cover as a regional seal for the late Carboniferous oil-gas to save critically. The seismic pre-stack time migration processing technologies for the problem of poor inner structures of Carboniferous were developed. Response of volcanic rock seismic and logging are obvious. The application imaging logging and nuclear magnetic technology achieved the qualitative identification and quantification of fracture description.

Sea battle-filed simulation based on Vega

To study battle-field simulation methods based on Vega,a virtual battle-field simulated by an imaginary combat happened on the sea was designed. The simulation framework in the sea battle-filed included helicopter simulation,fire simulation, collision detection and detonation, and simulation of dynamic sea surface. The method to build the simulation environments and actions to them was discussed. And the simulation experiments were conducted.,It is indicated that the simulated sea battle-field based on Vega is feasible and helpful for forces and battle-field.

Optimal control of cobalt crust seabedmining parameters based on simulated annealing genetic algorithm

Under the condition of the designated collection ratio and the interfused ratio of mullock, to ensure the least energy consumption, the parameters of collecting head （the feed speed, the axes height of collecting head, and the rotate speed） are chosen as the optimized parameters. According to the force on the cutting pick, the collecting size of the cobalt crust and bedrock and the optimized energy consumption of the collecting head, the optimized design model of collecting head is built. Taking two hundred groups seabed microtopography for grand in the range of depth displacement from 4.5 to 5.5 era, then making use of the improved simulated annealing genetic algorithm （SAGA）, the corresponding optimized result can be obtained. At the same time, in order to speed up the controlling of collecting head, the optimization results are analyzed using the regression analysis method, and the conclusion of the second parameter of the seabed microtopography is drawn.

Tree Population Dynamics of Three Altitudinal Vegetation Communities on Mount Cameroon(1989-2004)

Changes in permanent sample plots in the lowland,submontane and montane forests on Mount Cameroon(4,095 m above sea level),an active volcano,are described for 15 years from 1989 to 2004.Throughout the study period,the stocking level of trees with a diameter at breast height(DBH) ≥ 10 cm in the three forests were lower than in pan-tropical stands suggesting a significant impact of volcanic and human-related activities on the vegetation communities on the mountain.Annual mortality rates in the submontane and montane forests were consistent with those reported for comparable altitudinal ranges in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica.The annual mortality rate was higher in the lowland forest than other lowland sites included.Divergence between recruitment and mortality rates was large suggesting that the three vegetation communities have not reached their climax.The seven-year difference in half-life of large trees(with a DBH ≥ 50 cm) in the submontane and montane forests suggests an altitudinal effect on turnover of larger trees that in turn contributes to the frequent small stature of high altitude forests.There was little evidence of an altitudinal effect on species turnover and growth rate.This finding supports generalizations about the zero effect of growth on the stature of high altitude trees.Understanding forest dynamics is crucially important in the management of tropical montane environmentsand in this instance particularly so given the recent creation of the Mount Cameroon National Park.

Geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from Baiyingaolao Formation in northeastern Hailar Basin

The volcanic rocks from Baiyingaolao Formation in the northeastern Hailar Basin are mainly composed of rhyolite and trachydacite. U-Pb dating of zircon shows these volcanic rocks formed in Early Cretaceous( 128--124 Ma). Geochemical data indicate that they are sub-alkaline series in composition and rich in alkali and potassium. All samples have similar rare earth element patterns characterized by high total rare earth elements contents( ∑REE = 113. 96 × 10- 6-204. 33 × 10- 6),significant fractionation of heavy and light rare earth elements( ∑LREE / ∑HREE = 3. 10-4. 52) with middle negative Eu anomalies( δEu = 0. 46-0. 76).The trace elements are characterized by enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements such as K,Rb,LREE and depletion in high field strength elements e. g. Nb,Ta,HREE,P and Ti,while enriched in Th and U. Rhyolite and trachydacite contain low initial87 Sr /86 Sr ratios( 0. 704 9--0. 7 053) and positive εNd( t) values( ca. 4.15). These data suggest that the magma of rhyolite and trachydacite were derived from mafic lower crust newly accreted from mantle,with the evolutional trend of comagmatic fractional crystallization.

Species and Plant Community Reorganization in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt under Climate Change Conditions

This study analyzes six vegetation communities in relation to current climatic parameters and eight climate change scenarios along an elevation gradient extending from 2,710 m to 4,210 m in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The projected movements of 25 plant species with the current restricted or wide altitudinal distributions were also modeled. To relate climatic parameters to the species and communities, a Precipitation/Temperature （P/T） index was used both for the current and the different climate-change scenarios. The temperatures are expected to increase by 1.1℃ to 1.7℃ by 2020 and by 2℃ to 3℃ by 2o5o. A decrease of 4% to 13% in the annual precipitation is expected for the 2020 horizon, and a reduction between 3% and 20% is expected for 2050. The reductions in water availability were projected for all altitude levels and plant communities. The most marked reduction was under the HADLEY- A2 scenario, in which the lower limit of the altitudinal range increased from 2,71o to 3,31o m （2050 horizon） with reductions in the P/T index between 36% and 39% compared to the current climate. Most plant species tended to shift their distribution from 20o to 300 m upward in the 2020 temporal horizon scenarios. The Pinus hartwegii, Alnus jorullensis and Pinus montezumae communities would have a shorter altitudinal range as they move upward and merge with the remaining species at the higher altitudinal range. For the 2o5o temporal horizon, 3o% of the species, primarily those from the higher altitudinal range, would disappear because their P/Tindex values would be above the limit of plant survival （〉4,210 m）.

An Insight into Spatial-Temporal Trends of Fire Ignitions and Burned Areas in the European Mediterranean Countries

This paper presents an analysis of the fire trends in southern European countries, where forest fires are a major hazard. Data on number of fires and burned area size from 1985 until 2009 were retrieved from the European Fire Database in the European Forest Fire Information System and used to study the temporal and spatial variability of fire occurrence at three different spatial scales： the whole European Mediterranean region, country level and province level （NUTS3）. The temporal trends were assessed with the Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope in the period 1985-2009. At regional （supranational） level, our results suggest a significant decreasing trend in the burned area for the whole study period. At country level, the trends vary by country, although there is a general increase in number of fires, mainly in Portugal, and a decrease in bumed areas, as is the case of Spain. A similar behavior was found at NUTS3 level, with an increase of number of fires in the Spanish and Portuguese provinces and a generalized decrease of the burned area in most provinces of the region. These results provide an important insight into the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of fires, a crucial step to investigate the underlying causes and impacts of fire occurrence in this region.

Intermediate-scale Analysis of Landscape Characteristics Affecting Edge Formation in Burned Forests in Samcheok,Korea

Compared to burn interiors, edges exhibit distinct biotic and abiotic conditions that include microclimate, wind speed, sunlight levels, soil composition, moisture content, nutrient availability, population density, and species diversity. This study characterized the landscapes in which burned forest edges formed in Samcheok, Korea. Over the study area, 500-m2 grid cells were generated to capture landscape characteristics. Grid cells intersecting burn boundary lines were designated as edge, while cells without these lines were classified as the interior of burned areas. Topographic variables including slope, elevation, topographic wetness index, solar radiation index, and proportions of fuel and land use types within grid cells were computed in a geographical information system(GIS). Correlation analysis with modified t-test and regression tree analysis were performed to explore the influences of landscape variables on edge formation with avoiding spatial autocorrelation problems. The results indicated that edges formed at low elevations with mild slopes, high topographic wetness, and low solar radiation. Edges were unlikely to form in areas dominated by Japanese red pines at low elevations. Moreover, heterogeneous land use/cover types contributed significantly to edge formation. Different forest management strategies for different landscape conditions can be more effective for enhancing resilience of forests to fire. Reducing susceptible fuel types might be effective at low elevations, while enhancing forest heterogeneity might be more effective at high elevations.

Characteristics of authigenic pyrites in shallow core sediments in the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea: Implications for a possible mud volcano environment

Distinct pyrites have been recovered from a shallow sediment core from Site 4B in the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea. Based on the lithology, texture and structure of sediments, the stable sulfur isotope of pyrite and the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the sediments, a distinctive sediment interface is identified at a depth of about 1 m below the seafloor in the core sediments. The pyrites only accumulate in the lower part of the core as rods and foraminifera-infillings, and mainly within three intervals marked by high pyrite concentrations. The amount of pyrite in the sediments shows no remarkable correlation with TOC in the Site 4B core sediments. The stable sulfur isotopes of the pyrite have extremely negative values ranging from 41.69‰ to 49.16‰. They are considered to be the mutual product of sulfate bacterial reduction and sulfur bacterial disproportionation. Our research proposes that Site 4B might be located in or near a possible mud volcano sedimentary environment; a large amount of methane could migrate from deep to shallow sediments in an active mud volcano and thereby play a key role in the intensity of sulfate bacterial reduction and the amount of pyrite formed at Site 4B. Further, the variation in flux of deep methane fluid by intermittent mud volcanic eruptions might result in the deposition of authigenic pyrite intervals.

Petrogenesis of the Chagangnuoer deposit,NW China:a general model for submarine volcanic-hosted skarn iron deposits

The Chagangnuoer deposit is a typical submarine volcanic rock-hosted skarn iron deposit, where orebodies mainly occur in andesitic rocks of the Dahalajunshan Formation （DF） with skams well developed around orebodies. The volcanic rocks of the DF in the Chagangnuoer deposit display calc-alkaline characteristics. The ore-bearing andesitic rocks have high ^87Sr/^86Sr（i） （0.7058-0.7117） and low εNd（t） （-3.51 to 1.67）. They probably formed through mixing of basaltic melts and the induced crustal melts. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages of 250 and 305 Ma are obtained for the granite and granodiorite in the Chagangnuoer deposit, respectively, which are signifi- cantly younger than the timing of the skarn formation （316 Ma）. These age data indicate that the granitoids have no contribution to the skarn and associated iron mineralization. This paper proposes a new genetic model for submarine volcanic rock-hosted skam iron deposits, in which the iron mineralization, skarn formation and volcanic magmatism are necessary aspects of the same system; the iron separates and concentrates from the silicate magma in the form of Fe（II） carbonate complex. While this conceptual model is largely based on observations on the Chagangnuoer deposit, it may have general significance for skam-type iron deposits associated with submarine volcanic rock sequences and warrants further testing and improvement.