法国创新历史对我国创新型国家创建的启示

法国是一个具有创新传统的国度,目前是世界第五经济和科技大国。本文对法国200多年来在科技创新方面取得的成就和经验教训作了系统的分析。法国经历过两个创新辉煌时代,使其在核能、航空、航天、高速铁路和农业等方面今天仍是处于世界领先地位;不过法国在以信息技术为核心的第四次科技革命浪潮中丧失了机会,2004年初法国爆发的全国范围的科技人员抗议浪潮暴露了科研体制上存在的问题;目前政府正在努力采取措施,冀望解决创新中存在的问题,进一步加强法国企业竞争力、重新推动法国经济增长。今天,增强自主创新能力,建设创新型国家是中国立足国情、面向未来的重大选择。我们从法国200多年丰富的创新史看到,没有哪个国家能不依靠自主创新而立于不败之地的,即使她已经拥有了雄厚的科技和经济基础。法国的科技和经济管理体制在很多方面与我国类似,其成功经验和失败教训对我们都具有现实的指导意义。

The Spatial Differences and Influencing Factors of Tourism Resources in Ningxia,China

The analysis of the spatial distribution of tourism resources and the identification of its influencing factors are crucial for supporting the sustainable development of regional tourism.This study established a comprehensive database of tourism resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia)through a combination of literature review and field research.It examined the quantitative,qualitative,and categorical characteristics of tourism resources in Ningxia,and determined the spatial patterns based on kernel density and spatial association analysis.This study also comprehensively evaluated the societal,economic,and environmental factors influencing the spatial distribution of tourism resources in the entire region by employing the geographical detector model to quantify the influence of each factor.The following results were obtained.(1)There were 29218 individual tourism resources in Ningxia,comprising eight main types,23 subtypes,and 105 fundamental types,and they exhibit a hierarchical pyramidal structure.(2)The tourism resources in Ningxia displayed characteristics of“widespread regional dispersion and limited regional agglomeration”.The spatial distribution of tourism resources was highly imbalanced,and most types of tourism resources exhibit strong positive spatial correlation.(3)The altitude,annual precipitation,population density,distance from urban centers,urbanization rate,and per capita GDP were identified as significant factors influencing the spatial distribution of tourism resources in Ningxia.Based on the results,we recommend that the government should formulate tourism development policies in Ningxia based on local conditions to effectively address the spatial imbalances,enhance the sustainability of tourism development,and continue to promote high-quality tourism development in Ningxia.

The Characteristics and Driving Factors of the Spatio-temporal Dynamic Evolution of Tourism Ecological Security in the Silk Road Economic Belt

The exploration of ecological safety in tourism sites can provide a concrete path for sustainable tourism development in a region.Based on the“Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response”(DPSIR)model,we constructed an index system for the evaluation of tourism ecological security(TES)in the Silk Road Economic Belt(SREB)from 2005 to 2020.This index system was used to explore the characteristics of spatial and temporal dynamic evolution with the help of entropy weight TOPSIS method,dynamic index of TES and Markov probability transfer matrix,and a standard deviational ellipse(SDE)model and GM(1,1)model were constructed for spatial pattern analysis and prediction.The results indicate four key aspects of this system.(1)In terms of spatiotemporal evolution,the tourism ecological safety index(TESI)of the SREB increased,the TES levels of the northwestern and southwestern provinces and cities differed significantly,and the quality conditions of TES in the southwestern provinces and cities were better than in the northwest.(2)In terms of dynamic evolutionary characteristics,the speed of change at each level of the SREB was slow,but the level of TES has improved.The TES level has not shifted by leaps and bounds,and the shifts in the level type show“path dependence”and“self-locking”effects.(3)In terms of spatial and temporal distribution patterns,the spatial pattern of TES in the SREB is a“northwest-southeast”movement trend,and the spatial distribution appeared as“aggregation”from 2005 to 2020.The prediction results show that the center of gravity of TES in the SREB will shift to the southeast from 2025 to 2035,and the spatial spillover effect will be reduced.(4)In terms of driving factors,the number of star-rated hotels,and the amounts of industrial wastewater emissions,tourism foreign exchange earnings,forest coverage,and other parameters are the key factors affecting TES,and the booming tourism industry requires the interconnection and interpenetration of various factors.The results of this study can provide a reference for tourism development and ecological environmental protection in the Silk Road Economic Belt.

Comparative Analysis of the Spatial-temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of the Tourism Industry in Three Cities along Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in China

The temporal-spatial pattern of linear cultural heritage in the context of the tourism industry is closely linked to heritage management.Using the 1800 km long Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal as an example,this study compared the dynamic evolution of tourism businesses in Beijing,Liaocheng,and Yangzhou at three time points(2010,2015,and 2019)via nearest neighbor analysis,kernel density estimation,and the standard deviational ellipse.Next,a Geo-detector was used to examine the influencing factors.The results reveal significant growth regardless of the quantity or agglomeration degree from 2010 to 2019,and the direction of industrial expansion is consistent with the flow direction of the canal.Moreover,the explanatory powers of factors related to socioeconomic development and canal resources are obviously stronger than those of the natural environment.The findings of this study offer theoretical constructs and policy recommendations for the sustainable development of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and other linear cultural heritage sites.