保护“地球之肾”有了法律利剑

2月2日,我国将迎来第个世界湿地日,主题是“珍爱湿地人与自然和谐共生”,旨在鼓励公众采取行动保护和可持续利用湿地。6月1日起正式施行的《湿地保护法》标志着我国湿地保护走向法治化。

以习近平生态文明思想为引领全面推进湿地保护法贯彻实施

2021年12月24日,全国人大常委会通过《中华人民共和国湿地保护法》(以下简称《湿地保护法》),2022年6月1日起施行,这标志着我国湿地保护工作全面进入法治化轨道。我们要以习近平生态文明思想为引领,认真贯彻落实习近平总书记关于湿地保护的重要指示精神,全面推进《湿地保护法》贯彻实施,切实加强我省湿地保护工作。

《天津市湿地保护条例》立法评析

由于在 2022 年以前我国并未设立湿地保护部门法,因此直接进行地方立法,并单纯地通过地方立法加强湿地保护相关规范便成为了《天津市湿地保护条例》(以下简称《条例》)的主要立法原则。但随着 2022 年《中华人民共和国湿地保护法》(以下简称《湿地保护法》)的实施,原本的立法思路便需要进一步改良完善,因此本文将通过对《条例》的立法现状进行阐述,从中明确其现实存在的不足之处,并探寻相对应的完善措施。

湖南省社会林业工程政策、法律、法规体系的研究

综述了湖南省实施国家林业政策、法律、法规和地方性法规、规章情况以及一些具体化的新规定,及对进一步完善和改进国家林业政策、法律、法规提出了意见和建议。

Wetland Economic Valuation Approaches and Prospects in China

Ecosystem services valuation seeks to increase the social relevance of ecosystem characteristics, the underlying biological mechanisms that support services, by making the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being explicit. Economic valuation can help management by clarifying the full range of benefits and costs of proposed management actions. In the past two decades, economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services has become one of the most significant scientific priorities for wetland protection. In this paper, we provide an overview of ecosystem services, and summarize the main interdisciplinary approaches to measure and value wetland ecosystem services. We identified four main methodological gaps preventing progress on wetland valuation of ecosystem services in China, which are: 1) confusion on terminology like intermediate and final ecosystem services, 2) lack of ecological production functions to link ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services, 3) static valuation making it difficult to evaluate the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, and 4) lack of clear guidance on relating ecological compensation programs to conservation targets. Overcoming these gaps is important to inform wetland compensation mechanisms and conservation policies. We propose future research on wetland ecosystem services in China should be focused on: 1) defining final ecosystem services based on beneficiary preferences and underlying biophysical mechanisms, 2) establishing wetland monitoring programs at specific sites to collect data on final ecosystem service indicators and ecosystem characteristic metrics to create ecological production functions for economic valuation and rescaling techniques, and 3) incorporating wetland ecosystem service values into decision-making processes to inform wetland management.

Optimization Analysis on Comprehensive Evaluation Index of Wetland Parks

Wetland park is an important mode of wetland protection, meanwhile, construction of comprehensive index system has become the hotspot and keystone of the researches on Wetland Parks. Basing on different development stages, this paper firstly divided the Wetland Parks into three categories, including the start-up stage, the development stage and the refinement stage. And then screened and identified the direction and keypoints of comprehensive evaluation for wetland parks in different development stages using expert scoring, questionnaire and analytic hierarchy process(AHP).

正在失去的湿地

在加入《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》整整30年后,中国的《湿地保护法》终于制定完成,于今年6月1日起施行。此时,在经历了数十年无法可依的各类开发活动之后,我国湿地的整体面貌已大为改变,不说满目疮痍,至少容颜不再。

Reserve network planning for fishes in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin by systematic conservation approaches

Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is missing in the construction of nature reserves. To promote the development of nature reserves for fishes, this study took the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(MLYRB) as an example to carry out top-level reserve network planning for fishes using approaches of systematic conservation planning. Typical fish species living in freshwater habitats were defined and considered in the planning. Based on sample data collected from large quantities of literatures, continuous distribution patterns of 142 fishes were obtained with species distribution modeling and subsequent processing, and the distributions of another eleven species were artificially designated. With the distribution pattern of species, Marxan was used to carry out conservation planning. To obtain ideal solutions with representativeness, persistence, and efficiency, parameters were set with careful consideration regarding existing wetland reserves, human disturbances, hydrological connectivity, and representation targets of species. Marxan produced the selection frequency of planning units(PUs) and a best solution. Selection frequency indicates the relative protection importance of a PU. The best solution is a representative of ideal fish reserve networks. Both of the PUs with high selection frequency and those in the best solution have low proportions included in existing wetland nature reserves, suggesting that there are significant conservation gaps for fish species in MLYRB. The best solution could serve as a reference for establishing a fish reserve network in the MLYRB. There is great flexibility for replacing selected PUs in the solution, and such flexibility facilitates the implementation of the solution in reality in case of unexpected obstacles. Further, we suggested adopting a freshwater management framework in the implementation of such solution.

Wetland conservation legislations:global processes and China’s practices

Natural wetland areas in China have experienced a continuous decline over the past two decades,which is partly due to the lack of comprehensive wetland protection laws and regulations.Despite investing over 4.24 billion USD in wetland conservation and restoration since 2000,the deterioration of wetlands persists.This study reviews the development of global wetland protection laws and regulations,analyzes the progress of wetland legislation in China and explores the impact of economic development levels on wetland protection legislation,while also providing an in-depth interpretation of the core elements of the‘Wetland Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China’.The results indicate that since the late 1940s,wetland protection laws and regulations have begun to emerge,with most developed countries gradually implementing related policies between the 1980s and 1990s;about 71%of wetland protection laws are concentrated in 29 countries,while 69 countries still lack specific wetland protection laws.An analysis of 962 global documents reveals that wetland protection legislation mainly focuses on the protection of water resources,species and ecosystems.China’s wetland legislation started late,with the‘Wetland Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China’being officially implemented only in June 2022.Furthermore,the study points out that economic development plays a crucial role in wetland legislation worldwide.Lastly,the article summarizes the key features of the‘Wetland Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China’,including the improvement of the environmental protection legislative system,increased penalties for illegal occupation of wetlands,clearer protection goals and the assurance of the integrity and connectivity of wetland ecosystems through stringent policies.