走出人类需要永不满足的怪圈——威廉·莱斯的需要理论探赜

在《满足的限度》一书中,威廉·莱斯建构了人类需要问题研究的新框架,以考察现代资本主义社会的需要问题。莱斯认真检视人类需要混乱的三大表征,阐明人类需要混乱引致的个体层面、社会层面、自然层面的风险。继而,莱斯紧密围绕需要与商品之间的互动关系,科学诊断人类需要混乱状态的深层根源。莱斯揭示,需要和商品的双重模糊性致使人们陷入需要混乱的状态,致使个体难以明晰自身需要本质,并难以建构真实需要同可满足需要的商品之间的关联,最终陷入需要永不满足的怪圈。最后,莱斯针对性地开出药方,通过设计个体、社会、自然三重维度的替代性政策,以期建构一个“易于生存的社会”。莱斯的需要理论为解决无休止膨胀的人类需要问题,走出人类需要永不满足的怪圈,提供了一种新的思考路径和实践指向。

满足，不仅仅是因为成功

当渴望成功不再是梦想和追求，而变成一种固执坚定的性格．或许一个人才真正具备了成功的基础。这样的人，积极进取．既能充满活力与激情地投入工作．又懂得在安静恬淡中享受和品味生活一这也是我所追求的。

威廉•莱斯的消费理论及其启示

消费作为满足人们需要的一种手段,提高了人们的生活质量,推动了商品经济的快速发展,促进了社会的进步。随着消费带来的经济高速增长,人们的消费逐渐由"需要"变成了“想要”,人们的物质欲望越来越不受控制;不仅如此,自然环境也在这一过程中受到了严重的破坏。我们究竟需要怎样的消费?我们能否回到消费的初衷?针对这些问题,威廉•莱斯在《满足的限度》一书中提出了值得借鉴的建议。

A distributed on-demand bandwidth-constrained multicast routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

To meet the bandwidth requirement for the multicasting data flow in ad hoc networks, a distributed on- demand bandwidth-constrained multicast routing （BCMR） protocol for wireless ad hoc networks is proposed. With this protocol, the resource reservation table of each node will record the bandwidth requirements of data flows, which access itself, its neighbor nodes and hidden nodes, and every node calculates the remaining available bandwidth by deducting the bandwidth reserved in the resource reservation table from the total available bandwidth of the node. Moreover, the BCMR searches in a distributed manner for the paths with the shortest delay conditioned by the bandwidth constraint. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of BCMR in terms of packet delivery reliability and the delay. BCMR can meet the requirements of real time communication and can be used in the multicast applications with low mobility in wireless ad hoc networks.

Clause-based enhancing mode for tableau algorithm for ALCN

As the tableau algorithm would produce a lot of description overlaps when judging the satisfiabilities of concepts（thus wasting much space）,a clause-based enhancing mode designed for the language ALCN is proposed.This enhancing mode constructs a disjunctive normal form on concept expressions and keeps only one conjunctive clause,and then substitutes the obtained succinctest conjunctive clause for sub-concepts set in the labeling of nodes of a completion tree constructed by the tableau algorithm （such a process may be repeated as many times as needed）.Due to the avoidance of tremendous descriptions redundancies caused by applying ∩- and ∪-rules of the ordinary tableau algorithm,this mode greatly improves the spatial performance as a result.An example is given to demonstrate the application of this enhancing mode and its reduction in the cost of space. Results show that the improvement is very outstanding.

How to improve patient satisfaction during midazolam sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy?

To determine the procedure-related factors that affect sedation satisfaction and to make a suggestion to improve it.METHODSWe prospectively enrolled a total of 456 patients who underwent outpatient endoscopy procedures with midazolam sedation between March 2014 and August 2014. All patients completed both pre- and post-endoscopy questionnaires about sedation expectations and satisfaction.RESULTSThe study cohort included 167 (36.6%) patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), 167 (36.6%) who underwent colonoscopy, and 122 (26.8%) who underwent a combined procedure (EGD and colonoscopy). Over 80% of all patients were satisfied with sedation using midazolam. In univariate and multivariate analyses, total procedure time in the EGD group, younger age (≤ 50 years), and longer colonoscopy withdrawal time in the colonoscopy group were related to decreased satisfaction with sedation. However, in active monitoring and intervention group, there was no decrease in grade of satisfaction despite longer procedure time due to more procedures during colonoscopy. Younger age (≤ 50 years), longer inter-procedure time gap, and colonoscopy withdrawal time were related to decreased satisfaction in the combined EGD and colonoscopy group.CONCLUSIONMidazolam is still a safe and effective sedative for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Satisfaction with sedation depends on several factors including age (≤ 50 years) and procedure time duration. To improve patient satisfaction with sedation, active monitoring of sedation status by the endoscopist should be considered for patients who require long procedure time.

Demand analysis of an intelligent medication administration system for older adults with chronic diseases based on the Kano model

Objectives Gerontechnology has great potential in promoting older adults’well-being.With the accelerated aging process,gerontechnology has a promising market prospect.However,most technological developers and healthcare professionals attached importance to products’effectiveness,and ignored older adults’demands and user experience,which reduced older adults'adoption intention of gerontechnology use.The inclusion of older adults in the design process of technologies is essential to maximize the effect.This study explored older adults’demands for a self-developed intelligent medication administration system and proposed optimization schemes,thus providing reference to developing geriatric-friendly technologies and products.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to explore older adults’technological demands for the self-developed intelligent medication administration system,and data were analyzed based on the Kano model.A self-made questionnaire was administered from July 2020 to October 2020 after participants used this system for two weeks.The study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(ChiCTR2000040644).Results A total of 354 older adults participated in the survey.Four items,namely larger font size,simpler operation process,scheduled medication reminders and reliable hardware,were classified as must-be attributes;three items,namely searching drug instructions through WeChat,more sensitive system and longer battery life,as attractive attributes;one item,viewing disease-related information through WeChat,as the one-dimensional attribute;and the rest were indifferent attributes,including simple and beautiful displays,blocking advertisements automatically,providing user privacy protection protocol,viewing personal medical information only by logged-in users,recording all the medications,ordering medications through WeChat.The satisfaction values were between 0.24 and 0.69,and dissatisfaction values were between 0.06 and 0.94.Conclusion This study suggested that older adults had personalized technology demands.Including their technological demands and desire may assist in decreasing the digital divide and promoting the satisfaction of e-health and/or m-health.Based on older adults’demands,our study proposed optimization schemes of the intelligent medication administration system,which may help developers design geriatric-friendly intelligent products and nurses to perform older adults-centered and efficient medication management.

Development and validation of a simple and multifaceted instrument,GERD-TEST,for the clinical evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux and dyspeptic symptoms

To evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly developed questionnaire, known as the gastroesophageal reflux and dyspepsia therapeutic efficacy and satisfaction test (GERD-TEST), in patients with GERD.METHODSJapanese patients with predominant GERD symptoms recruited according to the Montreal definition were treated for 4 wk using a standard dose of proton pump inhibitor (PPI). The GERD-TEST and the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8 Health Survey (SF-8) were administered at baseline and after 4 wk of treatment. The GERD-TEST contains three domains: the severity of GERD and functional dyspepsia (FD) symptoms (5 items), the level of dissatisfaction with daily life (DS) (4 items), and the therapeutic efficacy as assessed by the patients and medication compliance (4 items).RESULTSA total of 290 patients were eligible at baseline; 198 of these patients completed 4 wk of PPI therapy. The internal consistency reliability as evaluated using the Cronbach’s α values for the GERD, FD and DS subscales ranged from 0.75 to 0.82. The scores for the GERD, FD and DS items/subscales were significantly correlated with the physical and mental component summary scores of the SF-8. After 4 wk of PPI treatment, the scores for the GERD items/subscales were greatly reduced, ranging in value from 1.51 to 1.87 and with a large effect size (P < 0.0001, Cohen’s d; 1.29-1.63). Statistically significant differences in the changes in the scores for the GERD items/subscales were observed between treatment responders and non-responders (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONThe GERD-TEST has a good reliability, a good convergent and concurrent validity, and is responsive to the effects of treatment. The GERD-TEST is a simple, easy to understand, and multifaceted PRO instrument applicable to both clinical trials and the primary care of GERD patients.

Residents'Satisfaction with Public Services in Mountainous Areas:An Empirical Study of Southwestern Sichuan Province,China

Abstract： Enhancing the efficiency of public services is essential to residents in mountainous areas. It is also important to promote sus- tainable development of these regions. Analysing residents＇ satisfaction with public services in mountainous areas can help in evaluating outcomes of fiscal investment and identifying potential coping approaches for improving public service efficiencies. The residents＇ satisfaction with public services and the factors that influence such satisfaction were examined in this study. A study of 12 towns located in the southwestern Sichuan Province was performed using an entropy-weighted analytic hierarchy process （EWAHP）, the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS） and Tobit regression methods. The results indicate that： 1） the spatial distribu- tion of satisfaction with public services is non-uniform, and the spatial distribution structure varies for different types of public services. 2） Residents＇ satisfaction with public services is influenced by both objective and subjective factors. Population density, economic dis- tance, social and cultural divisions and elevation are the major objective factors, whereas bounded rationality, the hierarchy of needs and service expectations are the main subjective factors. The most effective strategies for enhancing residents＇ satisfaction with public ser- vices are likely to be clustering the population, choosing supply centres with different public services, regulating the cultural division in ethnic minority towns, selecting supply priorities in accordance with residents＇ needs, implementing targeted intervention policies and establishing ＇bottom-up＇ and ＇top-down＇ integrated decision-making mechanisms. Keywords： mountainous areas; public services; residents＇ satisfaction; entropy-weighted analytic hierarchy process （EWAHP）; technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS）; Tobit regression; southwestern Sichuan Province

A Parallel Quantum Algorithm for the Satisfiability Problem

In this paper we present a classical parallel quantum algorithm for the satisfiability problem. We have exploited the classical parallelism of quantum algorithms developed in [G.L. Long and L. Xiao, Phys. Rev. A 69 （2004） 052303], so that additional acceleration can be gained by using classical parallelism. The quantum algorithm first estimates the number of solutions using the quantum counting algorithm, and then by using the quantum searching algorithm, the explicit solutions are found.

Hospital ethical climate associated with the professional quality of life among nurses during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic inWuhan,China:A cross-sectional study

Objectives:To describe the professional quality of life and explore its associated factors among nurses coming from other areas of China to assist with the anti-epidemic fight inWuhan and especially examine whether the hospital ethical climate was independently associated with nurses’professional quality of life.Methods:A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from March 2020 to April 2020.The nurses working in Wuhan from the other parts of China were the target population.The Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5,the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey,and a basic information sheet were used to collect data.Descriptive statistics,t-test,ANOVA,Pearson correlation,and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Results:In total,236 nurses participated in this study,and 219 valid questionnaires were analyzed.The average age of the participants was 31.2±5.0 years.Most nurses were female(176/219;80.4%)and married(145/219;66.2%).In term of professional quality of life,nurses reported moderate(129/219;58.9%)to high(90/219;41.1%)levels of compassion satisfaction,low(119/219;54.3%)to moderate(100/219;45.7%)levels of burnout,and low(67/219;36.0%)to high(10/219;4.6%)levels of secondary traumatic stress.Regarding hospital ethical climate,nurses reported moderately high hospital ethical climates with an average score of 4.46.After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics,the multiple linear regression models showed that the hospital ethical climate subscale of“relationship with physicians”was independently associated with the compassion satisfaction(b=0.533,P<0.01)and burnout(b=0.237,P<0.05);the hospital ethical climate subscale of“relationship with peers”(b=0.191,P<0.01)was independently associated with the secondary traumatic stress.Conclusions:During the early stage of the pandemic,nurses demonstrated moderate to high level of compassion satisfaction,low to moderate level of burnout,and all nurses experienced secondary traumatic stress.Nurses perceived a high level of hospital ethical climate,and the perceived hospital ethical climate played an important role in promoting nurses’professional quality of life during a lifethreatening infectious disease pandemic.

AN ANT COLONY ALGORITHM FOR MINIMUM UNSATISFIABLE CORE EXTRACTION

Explaining the causes of infeasibility of Boolean formulas has many practical applications in electronic design automation and formal verification of hardware.Furthermore,a minimum explanation of infeasibility that excludes all irrelevant information is generally of interest.A smallest-cardinality unsatisfiable subset called a minimum unsatisfiable core can provide a succinct explanation of infea-sibility and is valuable for applications.However,little attention has been concentrated on extraction of minimum unsatisfiable core.In this paper,the relationship between maximal satisfiability and mini-mum unsatisfiability is presented and proved,then an efficient ant colony algorithm is proposed to derive an exact or nearly exact minimum unsatisfiable core based on the relationship.Finally,ex-perimental results on practical benchmarks compared with the best known approach are reported,and the results show that the ant colony algorithm strongly outperforms the best previous algorithm.

CHECKING CONSISTENCY IN INFORMATION MODELS BY USING CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING

This paper addresses the issue of checking consistency in information models. A method based on constraint programming is proposed for identifying inconsistency or proving consistency in information models. The system described here checks information models written in the ISO standard information modelling language EXPRESS. EXPRESS is part of the ISO STEP standard used in the manufacturing and process industries. This paper describes the checking procedure, including EXPRESS model formalization, constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) derivation from the formalized model and satisfaction checking of the derived CSPs. This paper shows a new domain in which constraint programming can be exploited as model verification and validation.

CL-20基炸药油墨的直写成型及性能研究

以六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)作为主体炸药,乙基纤维素(EC)及聚叠氮类粘结剂为粘结剂,乙酸乙酯为溶剂,配制出一种全溶性炸药油墨。采用微控直写工艺将该炸药油墨在基板上进行了书写,并对成型后所得复合物的性能进行了测试和表征。结果表明:成型样品中CL-20颗粒形貌为球形,颗粒尺寸小于1μm,均匀分布在粘结体系基体中;成型样品的密度为1.66 g/cm^3,达到理论密度的85.5%;和原料CL-20相比,复合物的撞击感度得到明显降低,特性落高比原料CL-20高出21.5cm。该配方具有良好的传爆性能,1.2mm装药宽度下,爆轰临界尺寸为0.357mm。

Intellectual Capital Disclosure in China:an Empirical Study

We develop a descriptive framework of the components of intellectual capital (IC) in annual reports and investigate the effects of disclosure of IC on market capitalization.We use content analysis to analyze the annual reports of a sample of Fortune 100 listed companies in 2006 announced by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.We select the 49 listed companies for content analysis of their 226 annual reports over the five-year period of 2001-2005.There is a highly significant and positive correlation between IC disclosure and market capitalization.In china,some high quality listed companies have existed IC information and increased year after year.More and more listed companies disclose their IC information spontaneity in structure capital,customer capital,and human capital,although Ministry of Finance only give the criterion on structure.There exists significant difference between industries when using ICR to analyze the competitive power.

Autonomous planning system based on temporal constraint satisfaction

In order to realize spacecraft autonomy activity duration and complex temporal relations must be taken into consideration. In the space mission planning system, the traditional planners are unable to describe this knowledge, so an object-oriented temporal knowledge representation method is proposed to model every activity as an object to describe the activity's duration, start-time, end-time and the temporal relations with other activities. The layered planning agent architecture is then designed for spacecraft autonomous operation, and the functions of every component are given. A planning algorithm based on the temporal constraint satisfaction is built in detail using this knowledge representation and system architecture. The prototype of Deep Space Mission Autonomous Planning System is implemented. The results show that with the object-oriented temporal knowledge description method, the space mission planning system can be used to describe simultaneous activities, resource and temporal constraints, and produce a complete plan for exploration mission quickly under complex constraints.

The Application of Constraint Satisfaction Technique in Conflict Detection and Resolution

The conflict detection and resolution in collaborative design is a key issue to maintain multi disciplinary design consistency. This paper proposes a new method for conflict detection and resolution based on constraint satisfaction technique. The representation of design constraint, the interval arithmetic of the constraint satisfaction problem CSP and the conflict resolution strategy based on constraint relaxation and adjustment are introduced. A constraint satisfaction based conflict detection and resolution tool CSCDR is then developed. It can help collaborative designers to detect and resolve the conflicts in time in the early stage of the design process so that the unnecessary design iteration and repeated negotiation are avoided and the design efficiency is then much improved. A design case illustrates the effectiveness of CSCDR.

An Optimized Constraint Decomposition Method in Concurrent Engineering

In order to facilitate solution, a complex problem is normally decomposed into many small sub-problems during product development process. Teams are formed to resolve each sub-problem. The original problem is resolved from solutions of sub-problems. Ideally, sub-problems are not only mutually independent but also inherent parameters of original problem. Solution of original problem can be directly derived from the collection of solutions from simplified sub-problems. In practice, the degree of interdependency is indeed reduced, sub-problems are neither totally independent nor all inherent parameters of original problem. This paper discusses team coordination under this condition and design solution from each team, which not only satisfies total requirements but also is an optimal one. The suggested optimized constraint decomposition method will insure workable Pareto solution.

Design and Implementation of Computer-Aid Garment Coordination Tool Using Fuzzy Neural Network

By modeling the decision-making process of garment coordination of fashion designers, a kind of computer-aid garment coordination using fuzzy neural network was propesed. The Takagi Sugeno Fuzzy Neural Network （TSFNN） is used to learn the knowledge and rules of fashion designers on garment coordination and calculate the garment coordination satisfaction index （GCSI）. The implementation of the computer-aid garment coordination tool is divided into two stages. The first stage is to acquire the knowledge of garment coordination. The second stage is to train and use the fuzzy neural network to conduct garment coordination. Three layers structure were also discussed for developing the system. By applying the computer-aid garment coordination tool into a real fushionretailing store, the experimental results show the system pexforms well with choosing a suitable value for screening out the satisfaction coordination pairs.

Assisting Temporal Requirement Specification

The aim of the present work is to introduce a pattern-based method for assisting the user during the temporal Requirement Specification （RS） phase. Indeed, since the user usually has to handle abstract notation as well as mathematical-based languages within this phase, RS is becoming more and more tedious and error-prone especially when dealing with complex systems. The authors＇ method begins by defining a new typology while taking into account all the common temporal requirements one may meet when specifying a system. Then, a literal word-based formal grammar able to express all the types of the identified requirements has been developed. Actually, the goal is to assist the user during the requirement identification with some means that are simple, intuitive, albeit rigorous. Finally, a generic set of observation patterns relative to the new time constraint taxonomy is defined. In practice, to check a given temporal constraint, its relative observation pattern is instantiated to obtain an observer that will stand for a watchdog for the associated requirement on the system.