On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating...On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating microorganisms and worms in order to unprove the composting process at domestic scale. Four treatments （Control without turning- C-, Control with Turning- CT- inoculated Mountain Microorganism with turning- MM- and Worms without turning- W-） were tested in a random experiment with tour replicates. Sixteen composting bins were fed with 300 kg of organic wastes from a local street market. The process of compostnig lasted 13 weeks after which all the composts were sifted and submitted to a range of chemical, physical and biological analysis. According to the results MM slightly increased the initial temperature and enzymatic activiry. This investigation outcome don＇t provide of sufficient grounds for a precise recommendation about worms inoculation in compost bins. A decrease between 75% and 80% in the fresh weight of the organic waste was found in the first thirteen weeks after starting the composting process in all the treatments. The quality level of the compost was acceptable, with very low heavy metal content. Turn over helps to keep the product hygienic especially after the inoculation with MM microbial starts. In conclusion and according to the results of this investigation, the use of 320 L compost bins for the organic waste management is strongly advisable.展开更多
It has been 25years since the formalization of the Sensory Drive hypothesis was published in the American Naturalist （1992）. Since then, there has been an explosion of research identifying its utility in contributin...It has been 25years since the formalization of the Sensory Drive hypothesis was published in the American Naturalist （1992）. Since then, there has been an explosion of research identifying its utility in contributing to our understanding of inter- and intra-specific variation in sensory systems and signaling properties. The main tenet of Sensory Drive is that environmental characteristics will influence the evolutionary trajectory of both sensory （detecting capabilities） and signaling （detectable features and behaviors） traits in predictable directions. We review the accumulating evidence in 154 studies addressing these questions and categorized their approach in terms of testing for environmental influence on sensory tuning, signal characteristics, or both. For the subset of studies that examined sensory tuning, there was greater support for Sensory Drive processes shaping visual than auditory tuning, and it was more prevalent in aquatic than terrestrial habitats. Terrestrial habitats and visual traits were the prevalent habitat and sensory modality in the 104 studies showing support for environmental influence on signaling properties. An additional 19 studies that found no supporting evidence for environmental influence on signaling traits were all based in terrestrial ecosystems and almost exclusively involved auditory signals. Only 29 studies examined the complete coevolutionary process between sensory and signaling traits and were dominated by fish visual communication. We discuss biophysical factors that may contribute to the visual and aquatic bias for Sensory Drive evidence, as well as biotic factors that may contribute to the lack of Sensory Drive processes in terrestrial acoustic signaling systems.展开更多
文摘On site composting of organic household wastes is an economical and environmentally tiiendly way to manage municipal wastes. In this manuscript authors evaluated the importance of turning the wastes and of inoculating microorganisms and worms in order to unprove the composting process at domestic scale. Four treatments （Control without turning- C-, Control with Turning- CT- inoculated Mountain Microorganism with turning- MM- and Worms without turning- W-） were tested in a random experiment with tour replicates. Sixteen composting bins were fed with 300 kg of organic wastes from a local street market. The process of compostnig lasted 13 weeks after which all the composts were sifted and submitted to a range of chemical, physical and biological analysis. According to the results MM slightly increased the initial temperature and enzymatic activiry. This investigation outcome don＇t provide of sufficient grounds for a precise recommendation about worms inoculation in compost bins. A decrease between 75% and 80% in the fresh weight of the organic waste was found in the first thirteen weeks after starting the composting process in all the treatments. The quality level of the compost was acceptable, with very low heavy metal content. Turn over helps to keep the product hygienic especially after the inoculation with MM microbial starts. In conclusion and according to the results of this investigation, the use of 320 L compost bins for the organic waste management is strongly advisable.
文摘It has been 25years since the formalization of the Sensory Drive hypothesis was published in the American Naturalist （1992）. Since then, there has been an explosion of research identifying its utility in contributing to our understanding of inter- and intra-specific variation in sensory systems and signaling properties. The main tenet of Sensory Drive is that environmental characteristics will influence the evolutionary trajectory of both sensory （detecting capabilities） and signaling （detectable features and behaviors） traits in predictable directions. We review the accumulating evidence in 154 studies addressing these questions and categorized their approach in terms of testing for environmental influence on sensory tuning, signal characteristics, or both. For the subset of studies that examined sensory tuning, there was greater support for Sensory Drive processes shaping visual than auditory tuning, and it was more prevalent in aquatic than terrestrial habitats. Terrestrial habitats and visual traits were the prevalent habitat and sensory modality in the 104 studies showing support for environmental influence on signaling properties. An additional 19 studies that found no supporting evidence for environmental influence on signaling traits were all based in terrestrial ecosystems and almost exclusively involved auditory signals. Only 29 studies examined the complete coevolutionary process between sensory and signaling traits and were dominated by fish visual communication. We discuss biophysical factors that may contribute to the visual and aquatic bias for Sensory Drive evidence, as well as biotic factors that may contribute to the lack of Sensory Drive processes in terrestrial acoustic signaling systems.
