为黄土地立传——我的版画创作

艺术创造离不开地域文化的影响,也离不开特定地域文化给创作者置身此境形成的心理暗示和情感折射,正是基于这些缘故,我在创作《牛市》《回乡早春》《忙罢秋》《红火的日子》作品时也有意无意地打上了地域的、民族的以及个人情感的烙印。我的家乡地处黄土高原，这里七沟八梁，干旱少雨，

Denim is growing-Albeit differently-In three major markets

Denim is about as American as apple pie.Yet,it＇s seen its share of competition here from athleisure apparel.Is it still beloved？Of course.But do other markets like China and Mexico present strong opportunities for denim makers？Definitely.Overall,WGSN＇s Dio Kurazawa,director of denim,says the industry is doing well.＂

Asymmetric Price Transmission and Structural Breaks in the Relationship between Costa Rican Markets of Livestock Cattle, Beef and Milk

The vertical price transmission is generally considered as the relationship between two markets of the same production chain However, we can expand this concept to another relation which has not been deeply investigated： the joint products. They are the products which are produced in a single production process, but not correspond to the same chain. An especial case is the beef and milk markets in Costa Rica. Even if these products usually correspond to disconnect chains, in Costa Rica farms make use of cattle to produce both meat and milk. The cointegration framework is applied in order to indentify the price transmission among these markets. In addition, the asymmetric behavior and structural breaks are taken into account. Price transmission between each market pair was found. First, the cattle prices adjust in the milk-cattle relationship, second, beef meat prices adjust in the cattle-beef meat and in the milk - beef meat relationship. Finally, the equations allowing for structural breaks affect the estimates in the following three ways： after the break the elasticities became higher than 1, there is more evidence of cointegration, and the adjustment coefficients are significant only when a change in the long run is allowed.

Indicators to the Consumption of Electric Energy and Agriculture Cattle Farming Production for the Elaboration of Clusters with Cities of the State of S^o Paulo, Brazil

The issue in this matter is that rules for use of electricity in rural areas are limited to the provision of inputs. Adopting guidelines to consider managed sub regions can generate poor results. The focus of this study was to present parameters for indicators of electric energy and agricultural production to allow the formation of city groups in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, with similar electric energy consumption and rural agricultural production. The methodology was the development of indicators that characterize the electric energy consumption/agricultural production and the preparation of groups using indicators with ward of statistical method of groups. The main conclusions were the formation of six homogeneous groups with similar characteristics regarding agricultural production/consumption of electricity. The application of these groups in cities with similar characteristics would produce more satisfactory results than the division of administrative Rural Development Offices （RDO）.

Sustainability and Market Orientation in the Brazilian Beef Chain

The demand for natural resources, energy and food facing the contemporary perception of sustainability is imposing challenges to the productive sectors in accordance with market guidelines. In this context, the Brazilian agribusiness seeks to maintain external competitiveness and to satisfy growing domestic demands. In beef production, this competitiveness pervades traceability, food safety and sustainability. This article aims to identify the sustainability state of the art in agribusiness and characterize it within the Brazilian beef chain. Descriptive methodology, combining a literature review and a documentary data survey were adopted. An outline of the dimensions of agribusiness sustainability, drawn from benchmark practices, indicates that environmental, social and technological demands have become part of the industry＇s agenda. The data for beef cattle point to a growth in production but demonstrate that expansion has occurred in areas of environmental tension, which creates a demand for sustainability in the beef chain. A table of guidelines for sustainability demonstrates that although perceptions are not yet harmonized among the links in the whole beef chain, many of the technological guidelines for sustainable production may increase the producer＇s economic efficiency. In the Brazilian case, the increment of initiatives and dissemination of sustainable practices among the beef chain is desirable to provide a coordinated response of production, processing and distribution organizations facing market opportunities for sustainable livestock.

Analysis and Evaluation of Microbial Contamination of Raw Beef in Supermarkets in Phnom Penh

The study focused on analysis and evaluation of microbial contamination of raw beef was designed to （1） determine the presence of foodborne pathogens in raw beef; （2） compare the prevalence of microbial contamination among the three supermarkets, and （3） evaluate the sanitary quality of raw beef products. Also, six kind of microorganisms including Total Plate Count, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform, which represented sanitary quality and E. coli, S. Aureus and B. cereus, which determined the presence of foodborne pathogens, were analyzed. The procedures used to analyse experimental samples taken from three supermarket （in every one week for three weeks） in Phnom Penh were based on Merck＇s study in 2005. The results had shown that there were no significant differences in Total Plate Counts, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform in all samples, and they were found in unacceptable numbers in the raw beef products. However, the prevalence of foodborne pathogens including E. coli, S. aureus and B. cereus were found in acceptable numbers. Furthermore, the samples taken from the second supermarket had the highest level of microbial contamination among the three supermarkets, while the samples taken from the first supermarket had the lowest level of microbial contamination. This experimental finding demonstrated the need for sanitary improvement in the beef retails markets and strict sanitary guideline and implementation of these practices could guarantee consumers＇ health by consuming raw beefs with the lowest risk of foodborne pathogens.

Constraints on Camel Meat and Milk Marketing and Strategies for Its Improvement in Northern Kenya

A survey to identify constraints and design strategies to improve the camel milk and meat value chains was conducted in northern Kenya using Participatory Integrated Community Development （PICD）, Focus Group Discussions （FGD）, among other methods. In a second step, field testing of an intervention on milk and meat hygiene was carried out at household level. Survey results indicated that about 50% of marketable camel milk was not sold, 30% of marketed camel milk per annum was sold in sour state at US$ 0.13 lower that the price of a litre of fresh milk while processed meat got spoiled along the chain. Annual economic losses associated with milk spoilage were estimated at US$ 961,538.5. Preliminary findings of the field testing indicated that an additional 3 million litres of camel milk was sold in fresh state, giving an annual saving of US$ 384,615.4. Increased profitability of up to 60% compared to 30% before the intervention was reported among nyirinyiri processors. In conclusion, economic potential of the camel could be fully exploited by facilitating adoption of interventions such as hygiene, among others at all levels of the camel milk and meat value chains.