论《环境—行为》环境保护研究主题的扩展

从美国《环境-行为》杂志的载文量、研究主题、作者分布情况等基本指标来考察不同时期环境行为领域环境保护研究方向的学术关注,以探析环境保护研究主题的扩展。微观上,环境行为研究领域的学者由关注环境意识、态度与环境教育扩展至关注环境保护行为,除了社会层面的影响外,理论上的建构和完善也引发学者对具体行为关注的加深。宏观上,环境行为领域下有关生态及可持续发展的理论经历了关注、思考、建构、深化阶段,学者从对区域性环境问题的关注扩展至对全球生态的人文关怀。

Ethogram of Yangtze finless porpoise calves (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

Underwater behavioral patterns of one Yangtze finless porpoise （Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis） calf in captivity and those performed on the water surface by two calves in semi-natural environment were focally followed and continuously recorded until one year postpartum to construct the ethogram. The results indicate that 1） the three calves could display diverse and active behavioral patterns; 2） soon after birth, patterns critical for survival appeared first; 3） playful and social patterns predominated the ethogram; 4） most of the patterns were alike across age classes; 5） most of the patterns appeared at the calves’ early life stage. It is possible that the above characteristics are adaptively shaped by the aquatic and social life of this subspecies.

Leaching behaviors of calcium and magnesium in ion-adsorption rare earth tailings with magnesium sulfate

The leaching behaviors of calcium and magnesium in the rare earth tailings leached with magnesium sulfate using deionized water,CaCl2 solution and lime water were investigated.Experimental data indicated that magnesium in the tailings was easy to be leached out since most of the magnesium was in the form of water-soluble phase.Most of calcium in the lime water was electrostatically adsorbed on the clay mineral of the tailings,and the water-soluble magnesium was also gradually converted into exchangeable phase because of back-adsorption of Mg2+on the clay mineral with increasing the pH values.When the liquid-to-solid ratio was 0.80,the contents of readily-available magnesium and calcium were 104.4−207.6 and 201.7−1426.3 mg/kg,respectively,which could meet the requirements for plants.These results suggest a promising route for the environmental remediation of ion-adsorption rare earth ore after in-situ leaching.

The Impact of the Cognition of Landscape Experience on Tourist Environmental Conservation Behaviors

This article explores the relationship between the tourist's cognition of the landscape experience and the environmental conservation efforts at three distinct tourist sites in mountains of southwestern China. A total of 1500 on-site questionnaire surveys were distributed and 1142 valid questionnaires were used for statistical analysis. Results from multi-group path analysis showed that both cognition of the cultural landscape experience and cognition of the natural landscape experience had positive impacts on environmental conservation behaviors and behavior intentions of tourists. Results from comparative analysis among the three tourist sites indicated that cognition of the cultural landscape experience had a stronger power to predict senior environmental conservation behaviors and behavior intentions than cognition of the natural landscape experience, whereas cognition of the natural landscape experience had more power to predict general environmental conservation behaviors and behavior intentions than cognition of the cultural landscape experience. Furthermore, our findings benefit environmental management and sustainabilityat tourist sites.

Accelerating Effect of Wetting-Drying Cycles on Steel Bar Corrosion in Concrete

Raining and sun-shining processes in natural climate were simulated by water spraying and infrared lightshining alternately as wetting-drying cycles in accelerated durability test. The accelerating effects of the wet-ting-drying cycles and the variation of corrosion current density and corrosion potential of steel bar in concrete undersuch conditions were studied. The result shows that the main reason leading to accelerating corrosion of steel bar inconcrete is the wetting-drying cycles, which can cause the increase of corrosion potential difference between the an-ode and cathode of steel bar corrosion cell and the decrease of concrete resistance. Corrosion rate of the steel bar inconcrete under four typical conditions, including wetting-drying cycle, long time submerging in water, long time ex-posure to indoor and outdoor environment were measured and compared. The test results indicate that the corrosionrates under the four typical conditions are in the order of spraying and infrared light shining cycles, outdoor environ-ment, indoor environment, and submerging in water, respectively.

Corrosion Behavior of Anodic Oxidized TiO_2 Film in Seawater

TiO2 films were formed on metallic titanium substrates by the anodic oxidation method in H2SO4 solution under the 80V D.C..Phase component and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Water contact angles on titanium oxide film surface were measured under both dark and sunlight illumination conditions.Corrosion tests were carried out in seawater under different illumination conditions by electrochemistry impedance spectrum (EIS) and polarization curves.The result showed that the TiO2 film prepared by the anodic oxidation method was anatase with a uniform structure and without obvious pores or cracks on its surface.The average water contact angle of the film was 116.4? in dark, in contrast to an angle of 42.7? under the UV illumination for 2 hours, which demonstrates good hydrophobic property.The anti-corrosion behavior of the TiO2 film was declining with the extended immersion time.Under dark conditions, however, the hydrophobic TiO2 film retarded the water infiltrating into the substrate.The impedance changed slowly and the corrosion current density was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that with the film illuminated by sunlight.All of those mentioned above indicate that the TiO2 film possesses much better performance under dark condition, and it can be applied as an engineering material under dark seawater environment.

A relationship between temperature and aggression in NFL football penalties

Background： Increased ambient temperature has been implicated in increased physical aggression, which has important practical consequences. The present study investigates this established relationship between aggressive behavior and ambient temperature in the highly aggressive context of professional football in the National Football League （NFL）. Methods： Using a publicly available dataset, authors conducted multiple hierarchical regression analyses on game-level data （2326 games）. Results： The analysis revealed that temperature positively predicted aggressive penalties in football, and that this relationship was significant for teams playing at home but not for visiting teams. Conclusion： These results indicate that even in the aggressive context of football, warmer weather contributes to increased violence. Further, the presence of the heat-aggression relationship for the home team suggests that the characteristics of interacting groups may influence whether heat would have an adverse effect on the outcome of those interactions.

Environmental management system and community＇s spillover behavior

The purpose of this study is to explore how business organizations could effectively promote positive environmental norms among a larger section of the community. This study hypothesized that the development of a feeling of high involvement among employees of organizations implementing the Environmental Management System （EMS） could result in the spillover phenomena of other environmentally responsible behavior in different domains such as, consumer preferences for environment-friendly products. The study also confirms the effects of environmental attitude （EA） and concrete knowledge （CK） as a mediator; acting not only as an axis to the spillover phenomenon but is also found to be the crucial factor in determining the strength of the whole spillover process.

Correlates of women's environmental behaviors: a study in Pawe Woreda,Northwest Ethiopia

Available cross-country, macro-level evidence regarding gender differences in environmental behaviors shows women are more environmentally concerned and responsive than men.However, while such macro-level evidence helps understand patterns of women's environmental behaviors at a much broader level, it does not allow deeper insights into particular patterns at a single location or in much smaller areas. Tailor-made interventions needed to address livelihood and environmental strategies of poor rural women become meaningful if studies aim at revealing context specific, local variations in women's environmental behaviors. In this context, there is only little research for Ethiopia regarding what influences women's response to environmental problems. The objective of this research was to describe women's response to environmental problems in Pawe Woreda and examine the demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional correlates of this response, with particular emphasis to forest resources. Data were primarily obtained from a sample of 363 households in a multi-stage sample survey and were analyzed mainly using a multivariate logistic regression model. We found that all except one of the demographic and socioeconomic variables included in the model were found to be statistically significant correlates of woman's environmental response, but the institutional variable was not significantly associated with a woman's environmental response. However, the qualitative result for additional institutional issues revealed the importance of land tenure. Many of the results are in line with the existing literature.

Assessment of Policies to Promote People＇s Environmental Activities

Nowadays, many kinds of environmentally friendly campaigns led by local governments and private companies alike have been conducted in order to increase the pro-environmental behaviors. Unfortunately, these campaigns do not always lead to the upgrading of people＇s pro-environmental behaviors, because people＇s behaviors are usually based on various motivations, including economic efficiency, convenience and so on. This article mainly aimed at analyzing the implementing reasons of people＇s pro-environmental behaviors and finding out policies of promoting people＇s pro-environmental behaviors. Therefore, the author conducted the internet investigations among male and female respondents over 20 years old, and collected valid responses of more than 1,000 from 2008 till 2014 every year in Japan and also used three communication concepts, which are the direct communication, the indirect communication and the direct and indirect combined communication as a framework for discussing policies of promoting people＇s pro-environmental behaviors. As a result of the internet investigations, it was found that non-environmental factors, such as ＂saving the household＂, ＂compliance with social norms＂ and ＂health＂ were bigger than the environmental factors, such as ＂the prevention of the global warming＂ and ＂saving resources＂ with regard to the implementing reasons of the pro-environmental activities. Actually, the pro-environmental activities often have the non-environmental benefits, such as cost-saving, health and so on. And so, the author suggests that it is effective that upgrading the implementation rate of the pro-environmental activities do not only appeal to the effects of reducing the environmental loading that the activity has （the direct communication）, but also to the non-environmental benefits that the activity has, especially it is true to unconcerned people about environmental issues （the indirect communication）. In addition, the author emphases that people need to appeal to both the environmental effects and the non-environmental benefits which the activity has, respectively, especially to people with the concern about environmental issues to some extent （the direct and indirect combined communication）.

Green Product Purchase Behaviour： Relevance for Muslims

Recent climate change phenomenon and other prevailing environmental problems have marked a need for human beings to rethinking their way of life, particularly in their relationship with the environment. In Islam, human beings are made responsible at his/her best efforts in preserving the environment including practising pro-environmental behaviour. Due to strong pressures by Western public movements since past decades, the emergence of green products in marketplace has provided an alternative and better way of consumption in reducing adverse environmental impacts. However, little attention has been paid on relating green product purchase behaviour with Islamic teachings. Therefore, the paper discusses the role of green products purchase behaviours in reducing adverse environmental impacts and its relationship with Islamic teachings as mentioned in AI-Quran and As-Sunnah. Besides, the importance of green product knowledge in determining green product purchase behaviour is also discussed. Implications from the study would provide some insights on links between green product purchase behaviours and Islamic teachings as well as improving understanding on the influence of knowledge on pro-environmental behaviours both in empirical manner and as being outlined in Islam.

Identity, Traditions and Lack of Environmental Behaviour

Place memories （traditions）, transmitted through art and the stories of a community, are key elements for the construction of individual and collective identity, connected to specific places. In this regard the authors examined how the representation of traditions affects place identity and in what ways the cultural heritage of the town might influence environmental forms of behaviour such as plans and projects. To this end the authors investigated the small town of Pagani in southern Italy, which has many ancient cultural traditions linked to specific locations and their rituals such as the festival of Our Lady of the Hens. Our contribution favours a qualitative approach in examining the data gathered and a participative methodology. The statistical analysis of the vocabulary distribution within 83 texts concerning town and its traditions, written by local citizens （52% male and 48% female） of different ages （range： 18-78） revealed a strong place identity. Narrative interviews （14） with key people were then analysed by means of grounded theory. In the perspective of conservation psychology the authors finally focussed on how feelings of impotence and social distrust influence relations between citizens and their local environment.

The Social Enrichment and Training of Large Cats and Cheetahs

Environmental enrichment increases the expression of behavior and welfare. The aim of the study was to analyze situation of the social enrichment （training） of big cats and cheetahs in Czech and Slovak zoos based on the evaluation questionnaire. It was found out that social enrichment, as part of the environmental enrichment, was used in 50% of animal, 16 animal get training only. A lot of animal had positive reactions on enrichment.

A Study on Planetary Visual Odometry Optimization： Time Constraints and Reliability

Robust and efficient vision systems are essential in such a way to support different kinds of autonomous robotic behaviors linked to the capability to interact with the surrounding environment, without relying on any a priori knowledge. Within space missions, above all those involving rovers that have to explore planetary surfaces, vision can play a key role in the improvement of autonomous navigation functionalities： besides obstacle avoidance and hazard detection along the traveling, vision can in fact provide accurate motion estimation in order to constantly monitor all paths executed by the rover. The present work basically regards the development of an effective visual odometry system, focusing as much as possible on issues such as continuous operating mode, system speed and reliability.

Understanding the Function of Rays and Wood Density on Transverse Fracture Behaviour of Green Wood in Three Species

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in wood properties, because wood is a commonly used and advanced building material. In this paper, the effect of anatomical characters on the transverse fracture properties of green wood was investigated. The specific fracture energy （Gf J/m2） of ash （Fraxinus excelsior）, cherry （Prunus avium） and birch （Betula pendula） was evaluated using double edge notched tensile tests. The tests were performed on both earlywood （EW） and latewood （LW） zones in both the radial-tangential （RT） and the tangential-radial （TR） crack propagation systems. Wood anatomy and the failure patterns of each species were also investigated using environmental scanning electron microscopy （ESEM） and light microscopy （LMC）. The results showed that the Gfof RT fracture systems was around 1.5 times greater than in the TR one, whereas there were no significant differences between EW and LW zones. ESEM micrographs showed that the RT fracture system had a rougher fracture surface, while the TR had a nearly smooth and fiat fracture surface. In particular, the wood ofF. excelsior was the toughest, because of its greater percentage of rays and homogenous distribution of ray cells, while P. avium and B. pendula showed a lower Gf due to their smaller percentage of rays with a distinctive arrangement of ray cells.

The Public Institutions of Science and Technology as Knowledge Source in the Learning Networks of Agri-food Sectors in Argentina

In the case of agrifood productions, Argentinean enterprisesmainly medium and smallzized, have a critical neck bottle that limits their possibility to build endogenous capabilities for knowledge production, circulation and appropriation. As a consequence, public institutions of science and technology have been called to play a central role in the innovation systems providing relevant inputs for the necessary learning process in order to obtain product and process innovation. Nevertheless, it looks like that these institutions, in Argentina, are prisoners of the offer （science） push--demand pull tension far away of a systemic behavior in an innovative environment. This work studies four cases of agrifood production in Argentina, considering a regional approach and the learning networks around each production. It is concluded that the behavior of each institution is different for each case. INTA has a systemic conduct in all cases while the other ones show a systemic behavior only in the case that their offer matches to specific demands.

Behavior, distribution and environmental influence of arsenic in a typical lead smelter

A field study was conducted to determine the behavior and distribution of arsenic during the pyrometallurgy process in a typical SKS(Shuikoushan) lead smelter in Hunan province, China. Environmental influences of arsenic in selected samples were evaluated. Arsenic contents in all input and output samples vary from 0.11% in raw lead to 6.66% in collected dust-2. More arsenic is volatilized in blast furnace and fuming furnace(73.02% of arsenic input) than bottom blowing furnace(10.29% of arsenic input).There are 78.97%, 13.69%, 7.31% of total arsenic distributed in intermediate materials, stockpiled materials and unorganized emissions, respectively. Matte slag-2, collected dust-1 and secondary zinc oxide are hazardous based on the arsenic concentrations of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. According to risk assessment code(RAC) guideline, arsenic in collected dust-1 poses a very serious risk to the surrounding environment, arsenic in speiss, matte slag-2, water-quenched slag and secondary zinc oxide show low risk, while arsenic in matte slag-1, collected dust-2 and post dust has no risk to the environment.

The Essence of Group Discussions

Group discussions are very important in oral English classes. It maximizes students＇ speaking time in a specified-time period. Group discussions have a strong positive effect on the atmosphere in the classroom and the behaviors of the students as they can get more ideas from their friends, and sometimes students don＇t even understand the topic for discussion but by interacting with others they can understand the topic. Particularly it is a good warm-up in conversational classes. The most important reason for using group discussions before speaking tasks is to reduce students＇ nervousness of making mistakes. And this encourages students to be more active in speaking class.

The Ecological Crisis and the Principle of Relationality in African Philosophy

The way that humans think about the earth certainly affects the way that they relate and behave towards the earth and all its life forms. The various ideologies or worldviews that humanity has experienced such as dualism, capitalism, holism, animism, ubuntu, ukama, vital force, colonialism, and so forth are all different ways of thinking and relating to the earth. The paper argues that dualistic ways of thinking or viewpoints that radically separate the human as distinct from the earth are hostile to both human and earth flourishing. It further argues that the ecological crisis which has witnessed the destruction and pollution of the ecosystems and other devastations cannot be solved when humans continue to see the earth as an object for conquest and exploitation. Using a critical hermeneutics method, the paper affirms that the African principle of relationality can help in mitigating the environmental crisis. It finds and concludes that if this principle is radically practiced, a better environment will be created.

The Ingestive Behaviour of Cattle in Large-scale and Its Application to Pasture Management in Heterogeneous Pastoral Environments

Cattle may improve their feeding efficiency by altering their ingestive behaviour in response to changes in the quality of their pastoral environments. To test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted in a native pasture that has been managed in continuous stocking at different daily forage allowances （4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% of live weight） for twenty two years thus creating different pastoral environments. For the current experiment, the animals were allocated to their respective experimental units on April 27, 2007. Two experiments were conducted; one was performed at the end of winter （experiment 1）, and the other was undertaken at the end of spring （experiment 2）. Four tester animals were observed per experimental unit （3-5 ha each）. The animals increased their daily grazing time when forage allowance decreased. Most of this increased time was devoted to harvesting, whereas searching was reduced to a few minutes per day. Under conditions of ideal range of forage allowance （between 12% and 14%）, the grazing time was reduced, and the search activity increased. These results suggest that the monitoring of indicators of ingestive behaviour can be used to determine the attributes of forage resources.