耳目一新 受益匪浅——《环境经济学》(第二版)书评

从2007年年底开始，为了推动“节能减排”工作，原国家环保总局相继推出了“绿色信贷”、“绿色证券”、“绿色保险”等环境经济政策，环境经济再次成为人们的研究热点。

环境经济学

德国霍斯特·西伯特教授的新著《环境经济学》(第5版)是一部前沿的、高质量的著作。该书从经济学的视角解释了自然和作为稀缺资源的环境,对环境配置问题进行了理论研究并且阐述了处理环境问题的不同政策方法,研究了环境配置问题的整个范围:静态关系中的环境使用。

调水工程输水管道建设对沿线景观格局影响的研究

为了了解调水工程输水管道建设对沿线景观格局的影响,选取南水北调中线一期工程河北省易县段调水工程输水管道建设区域为研究对象,以50-3 000 m划分不同宽度研究区,利用Arc GIS和FRAGSTATS软件,研究了施工建设前、中、后期沿线土地利用类型的变化,并且分别计算不同宽度及整体景观的景观指数,分析管道建设对沿线区域景观格局的影响。研究结果表明：管道工程建设期的对区域土地利用方式产生的影响较为明显和强烈,工程建设对施工作业带两侧100 m范围内影响最为明显。

RESIDENTS' ATTITUDES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ANCIENT VILLAGE RESORTS——Case Study of World Cultural Heritage of Xidi and Hong Villages

Tourism development surely has social, economic and environmental impacts on tourist destinations.The study on resorts residents' attitudes can help understand the nature of tourism development and the extent to which it may influence on tourist destinations. By now, researches on residents' perception and attitudes are plenteous in the international circle and achievements are great, yet few are found in developing countries. As a most representative cultural tourist destination, World Cultural Heritage-Xidi and Hong villages in Yi County of Anhui Province, are drawing the attention of both tourists and academic circles. This article, taking Xidi and Hong villages as examples, seeks to analyze ancient village residents' attitudes towards tourism impacts and then tries further to explore the connection between tourism development and residents' attitudes. Both qualitative and quantitative surveys are applied in the exploratory investigation into local residents' attitudes of tourism impacts. Based on abundant face-to-face interviews with the local households, tourism enterprises concerned, local government and tourists from July to August of 2002, we are able to have a better understanding of local residents' attitudes to community life, and perception of tourism impacts on society, economy and environment. By this we can promote domestic study on resorts residents' attitudes, and provide some theoretical grounds for establishing tourism development planning and perfect community participation system at tourist destinations.

A study of legal attributes of carbon emission rights in carbon trading

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity, which provides developing countries with valuable opportunity to address climate change issues right along with economic development and environmental improvement to achieve sustainable development. However, most studies of CDM focus on economics, and few on its legal problems. CDM involves too many aspects. And the clear legal attribute of trading object is the basis of progress of the transaction and also the start point of legal protection. Therefore, this paper in accordance with the inherent principle of property rights economics, and environmental economics in CDM, only discusses CDM carbon emission right legal interpretation and its attribution. The paper recommends that in order to ensure and promote the carbon emission right trading, carbon emission right should be attributed into the system of real rights to be regulated by Real Right Law. In this way, carbon emission right can gain exclusive power of possession and use, which can achieve a clear right def inition of environmental goods in line with Coase's theory to protect Chinese prof it in carbon trading market and promote the development of the carbon trading market further.

Study on the environmental information disclosure of Chinese forestry enterprises

Environmental accounting is a kind of accounting which focuses on the compensation for the resources spending. It combines the theories of environmental economics and traditional accounting and uses scientific as well as systematic ways to coordinate the development of economics and the protection of environment. It is just in the primary process for forestry enterprises in China to introduce the research and practice of environmental accounting. Based on discussion about the principle of environmental information disclosure and analysis on the current situation of the environmental information disclosure of the forestry enterprises, this paper attempted to propose that the supplementary report mode of information disclosure should be appropriate for the forestry enterprises, which provide the balance sheet of environment, the income statement of environment besides the original three financial report to reflect the general environmental information of the enterprise.

Ecosystem services value of wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake

Based on a comprehensive analysis on various classifications of natural resource values,this paper summarizes an ecological services system of constructed wetland(CW) ecosystems for the accounting of ecological economic value.With the research,the wetland ecosystem services can be classified into six categories,that is waste treatment,food and material production,water supply,gas regulations,disturbance and water regulations,habitat and refuge provision.For decision making in terms of environmental economics for wetland construction,ecosystem services value for the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort is accounted for 7,088,769 USD/yr through Environmental Economics Analysis.Ecosystem services value of waste treatment is 825,000 USD/yr,that of food and material production is 1,430 USD/yr,that of water supply is 4,752,000 USD/yr,that of gas regulation is 2,251USD/yr,that of disturbance and water regulations is 1,3721 USD/yr,and that of habitat and refuge provision value is 1,494,367 USD/yr.The ecosystem services values of a pilot constructed wetland in Suzhou are compared with those of other wetlands as a mean and of a typical human-interfered wetland in Wenzhou of China.Results show that in both finite and infinite time horizons considered,the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort has the largest services value.This paper analyzes all the probability that may weaken the value of the Suzhou Taihu Wetland in order to provide some advices for the wetland protection.

Remote Monitoring of Expansion of Aquaculture Ponds Along Coastal Region of the Yellow River Delta from 1983 to 2015

Aquaculture ponds are one of the fastest-growing land use types in valuable and fertile coastal areas and have caused serious environmental problems. Quantitative assessment of the extent, spatial distribution, and dynamics of aquaculture ponds is of utmost importance for sustainable economic development and scientific management of land and water resources in the coastal area. An object-oriented classification approach was applied to Landsat images acquired over three decades to investigate the long-term change of aquaculture ponds in the coastal region of the Yellow River Delta. The results indicated that the aquaculture ponds in the study area undergone a sharp expansion from 40.38 km^2 in 1983 to 1406.89 km^2 in 2015, and the fast expansion occurred during the period of 2010–2015 and 1990–2000. Natural wetlands, especially mudflat, and cropland were main land use types contributing to the increase of aquaculture ponds. The patches of aquaculture ponds were consequently prevalence in the north of the Yellow River Estuary and landscape metrics indicated an increase of the aquaculture ponds of the study area in the quantity and complexity. The expansion of aquaculture ponds inevitably had negative effects on the coastal environment, including loss of natural wetlands, water pollution and land subsidence, etc. The results from this study provide baseline data and valuable information for efficiently planning and managing aquaculture practices and for effectively implementing adequate regulations and protection measures.

Chinese Policies and Practices regarding Payments for Ecological Services in Watersheds

Watersheds provide a variety of ecological services including soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection. However, activities in a fast-growing economy significantly impact the supply and demand of these watershed services. To mitigate these impacts, the concept of payment for environmental and ecosystem services from water-sheds has emerged in global academic and policy circles. The governments and academic communities in China have increas-ingly described payments for ecological services from watersheds with the concept of watershed eco-compensation as it is urgent to protect watershed ecosystems. Watershed eco-compensation has proved to be one of the most economically effective means of solving environmental problems of watersheds to be adopted by the Chinese government. This paper presents an objective analysis of the Chinese market for watershed ecosystem services, including supply and demand for the services. It also summarizes Chinese policies on watershed eco-compensation, including relevant laws and regulations and fiscal policies. In addition, it presents a re-view of Chinese practices in watershed eco-compensation, in-cluding the analysis of an ecological construction project in West-ern China, inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation practices and plans, and payment for ecological services at the provincial and small watershed levels. Finally, it summarizes the key com-ponents of the process of payment in Chinese watershed eco-compensation. This discussion forms the basis of concluding suggestions for ecosystem services compensation and ecological protection in the large scale river basin.

ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL FLOW WITH GIS——Two Approaches for Regional Investment in China

GIS technology has been mostly concerned with handling physical data andmodeling physical environment. However, the retirements of GIS for handling socio-economicinformation in many cases are different from those concerning phenomena in the physical environment.Analysis of capital flow among regions requires the transitions both from economic values tophysical landscape and from physical surface to economic explanation. Rapid growth of Chineseeconomy comes mainly from investment. There are two main ways for obtaining high growth ofinvestment. One is government expenditure which usually invests in regional facility and amenityblock, which is regarded as stimulus for attracting investment. The other is the creation ofinvesting center and corresponding capital source areas, both of which need the central city withthe highest growth rate of investment among regions. This paper presents the cluster areas of bothgovernment revenue and total investment, the potential situation of capital flow between centralcity Shanghai and its neighbor provinces by using Classification' and Interpolation' functions ofArcView GIS.

Research on the Knowledge System Framework of Eco-industrial Engineering

With intensified contradiction between the rapid devel- opment of modem industry and the carrying capacity of natural environment, coordinating the relationship between economic benefits and ecological benefits is a significant issue to be solved for modem industrial engineering. This paper firstly conducts the comparative analysis between traditional and ecological industry as well as traditional and modem industrial engineering, and in- dicates that eco-industrial engineering is an inevitable choice for sustainable development of modem industrial engineering; Then, based on industrial ecology, environmental economics and sustain- able development theory, the connotation and definition of eco- industrial engineering are proposed, and the theoretical and practi- cal development of the concepts of eco-industrial engineering are further investigated. Furthermore, the research subject, research content, academic system architecture and evaluation methods of eco-industrial engineering are discussed. Finally, combining the current scientific and technological development, we put forward the important scientific value and practical significance of con- structing eco-industrial engineering for the utilization of these concepts.

Contribution of ecotourism to poverty alleviation in Nyanga,Zimbabwe

This paper assesses the contribution of ecotourism to local communities and the environment.Livelihoods of local communities are examined to understand the socioeconomic situation of people living in proximity to ecotourism areas and their participation in ecotourism activities. The impact of ecotourism on the environment in Nyanga is also examined. The paper employs both literature review(secondary data) and a field survey(primary data) to achieve these objectives. To gather socioeconomic data of households and tourist traits, questionnaires were administered to120 households and 30 tourists in the study area. Key informant interviews were held in the survey to gather expert knowledge about ecotourism trends and environmental data in the area.Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used for quantitative data while content and structural-functional analyses were used for qualitative data. The research revealed that ecotourism offers the highest salaries when compared to other sources of formal employment. Ecotourism activities were shown to positively impact the environment through the protection, preservation, and management of natural resources. The study concludes that ecotourism is a useful and sustainable poverty alleviation strategy which has not yet been fully exploited in Zimbabwe.

Combining Stated Preference and Revealed Preference Methods for the Valuation of Non-market Goods

In this paper,we introduce the combining stated preference and revealed preference methods which is the state-ofthe-art method for the valuation of non-market goods.Revealed preference methods and stated preference (SP) methods have both been applied by economists in valuing non-market goods;however both methods have inherent weaknesses.In order to exploit the strengths of the various approaches while minimizing their weaknesses,combining the two methods has become an important methodological option.Up to now,a growing number of literatures of studying combing the two types of data have evolved,and researchers developed three types of models to estimate combining revealed preference and stated preference data in academic fields:discrete choice model,continuous choice model and mixed choice model.Combining stated and revealed preference methods have been developed fast especially in the transport study field in which ideas could also be leant for environmental economic studies.

A STUDY OF EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF COAL MINING SUBSIDENCE

The land disturbance and its ecological impacts are the most significant one in the environmental problems which arise from increase of coal mining,processing and utilization. And the environmental impact assessment as one of the most powerful planning tools has been playing a good part in the environment protection in China. This paper ,based on EIA experience, discribes the methods of identification, prediction and analysis of the impacts of mining subsidence,the operational procedures and mitigating measures likely to take.

A preliminary study of cryosphere service function and value evaluation

Cryosphere science research and development(R&D) has been strongly committed to public service, integrating natural sciences with socioeconomic impacts. Owing to the current shift from purely natural cryosphere scientific research to linking cryosphere science with socioeconomic and cultural science, cross-disciplinary research in this field is emerging, which advocates future cryosphere science research in this field. Utilizing the cryosphere service function(CSF), this study establishes CSF and its value evaluation system. Cryosphere service valuation can benefit the decisionmakers' and public's awareness of environmental protection. Implementing sustainable CSF utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection will have profound and practical significance as well as avoid environmental degradation while pursuing short-term economic profits and achieving rapid economic development.

Study on environmental logistics based on sustainable development: a case study of Shandong Province

Traditional logistics takes economic interest as the final goal. The frequency and changes of logistics activities have brought severe negative effects to the environment. At present, logistics industry has become the dominant industry in the third industries, and it is also the main driver for economic development. As more emphasis has been attached to the philosophy of sustainable development, low carbon emission and environmental protection, environmental logistics has become the trend of logistics management. In this paper, basic theories of logistics, development economics etc. are employed, the dialectical relationship between environmental logistics and sustainable development are analyzed through statistics, and proposals are put forward to develop environmental logistics.

An Investigation of Iranian Students＇ English Proficiency Test Scores in Relation to Socio-Economic Status and Gender

Every day many students apply for and enroll in language-teaching courses to achieve their aims through learning another language. However, learning another language does not occur identically among all students. Some students learn a language, even their own mother tongue earlier but some others may need to spend more time acquiring a language. Seeking out for the probable reasons for such a difference, the current study following the constructivist approach to language learning and bearing in mind the role of society and human communities in language learning, was concluded to investigate the probable impact（s） of some social variables （social status, attitudinal and motivational status of learners） on language learning outcomes of Iranian adult learners assessed through a standardized English proficiency test. The findings have revealed that the social milieu in which learners live may play a decisive role as far as learning opportunities, input and resources are concerned.

The Experience of Model Minority for High- and Low-Income Asian American Students

The author examines the differentiation of self-identity, school treatment, and academic struggle between two Asian American students in U.S. Midwest urban school environments. Using an interview study, the author focuses on understanding the students＇ perspectives in relation to the label of model minority. The purpose of the study is to investigate how social, academic, and economic factors affect these students, including different outcomes in terms of school achievement and self-identity formation. The findings aim to help urban educators approach complex factors regarding minority students＇ educational opportunities. Comprehensive results identified that： （1） The concept of model minority significantly affects Asian American students at all levels of daily life; （2） Urban schools continue reinforcing social reproduction and producing perceptions based on socioeconomic background and intersectional discrimination; （3） The evidence in the study shows that school environments do not aid students in valuing their cultural capital; （4） Students from different social classes present different linguistic and behavioral patterns; and （5） Social stratification significantly influences students＇ perspectives in response to the Asian stereotype, self-identity, and racial hierarchy in school and society.

Analysis of the thinking method of English teaching under network environment

How to make a good job of foreign language teaching and improve the quality of teaching is a topic which the general teaching workers are facing, in this paper, the author express ideas from many aspects, multi-angle, multi-level, this brings a valuable theory reference on methods of English teaching which is under network environment. As for the problems of how to solve the bottle neck of English teaching, how to train the talent who are more adaptive to the world economy globalization, how to get rid of the traditional teaching method in teaching and how to improve the teaching level more efficiently, this paper gave some good methods and suggestions.