The ecological series of soil animals under the broad-leaved and pine mix ed forest in Darlidai Mountain was studied.Seven sample plots were selected according to different altitude gradients,which belong to dif feren...The ecological series of soil animals under the broad-leaved and pine mix ed forest in Darlidai Mountain was studied.Seven sample plots were selected according to different altitude gradients,which belong to dif ferent vegeta-tion types.By investigating and analyzing soil animals in every sample p lot it is found that there are 45group s and 1956individuals,which are involved in 3phylums,7classes,16orders,respectively.The altitude is a key factor which af-fects ecological series of soil anim als.Both the groups and individuals of soil animals increase with altitu de increasing under certain conditions,which con trastes with ordinary cases,resulting from special micro-climate in studied area.The groups and individuls of soil animals are the most under the broad-leaved and pine forest on the top of the mount ain,and the least under Picea-Abies forest in the foot of the mountain.展开更多
A projected skill is adopted by use of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to calculate a conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP). The CNOP is the maximal value of a constrained optimization problem wi...A projected skill is adopted by use of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to calculate a conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP). The CNOP is the maximal value of a constrained optimization problem with a constraint condition, such as a ball constraint. The success of the DE algorithm lies in its ability to handle a non-differentiable and nonlinear cost function. In this study, the DE algorithm and the traditional optimization algorithms used to obtain the CNOPs are compared by analyzing a theoretical grassland ecosystem model and a dynamic global vegetation model. This study shows that the CNOPs generated by the DE algorithm are similar to those by the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm and the spectral projected gradients (SPG2) algorithm. If the cost function is non-differentiable, the CNOPs could also be caught with the DE algorithm. The numerical results suggest the DE algorithm can be employed to calculate the CNOP, especially when the cost function is non-differentiable.展开更多
Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species,...Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species, which was found in an embayment(Holly Pond) connected with Long Island Sound, USA. The morphological and anatomical observations in combination with molecular data were used for its identification to species. Anatomy of collected specimens showed that the cell shape in rhizoidal and basal regions was round and the marginal teeth along the basal and median region were not found. These characteristics were primarily identical to the diagnostic characteristics of Ulva laetevirens Areschoug(Chlorophyta). The plastid-encoding tufA and nucleus-encoding ITS1 were used for its molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis for the tufA gene placed the specimens from Holly Pond in a well-supported clade along with published sequences of U. laetevirens identified early without any sequence divergence. In ITS tree, the sample also formed well-supported clades with the sequences of U. laetevirens with an estimated sequence divergence among the taxa in these clades as low as 1%. These findings confirmed the morpho-anatomical conclusion. Native to Australia, this species was reported in several countries along the Mediterranean coast after the late of 1990 s. This is the first time that U. laetevirens is found in the northeast coast of United States and the second record for Atlantic North America.展开更多
This article describes the development of human potential interaction between society and nature. The environment, sustainable use of natural resources, prevention of adverse effects of human activities on the environ...This article describes the development of human potential interaction between society and nature. The environment, sustainable use of natural resources, prevention of adverse effects of human activities on the environment, and disturbances of dynamical ecological balance of the existing natural systems have received increased attention. The heed is introduced both on the state scale and in broad circles of science and society in The Azerbaijan Republic.展开更多
Land surface water(LSW) is one of the most important resources for human survival and development, and it is also a main component of global water recycling. A full understanding of the spatial distribution of land su...Land surface water(LSW) is one of the most important resources for human survival and development, and it is also a main component of global water recycling. A full understanding of the spatial distribution of land surface water and a continuous measuring of its dynamics can support to diagnose the global ecosystem and environment. Based on the Global Land 30-water 2000 and Global Land 30-water 2010 products, this research analyzed the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water under scale-levels of global, latitude and longitude, continents, and climate zones. The Global Land 30-water products were corrected the temporal inconsistency of original remotely sensed data using MODIS time-series data, and then calculated the indices such as water area, water ration and coefficient of spatial variation for further analysis. Results show that total water area of land surface is about 3.68 million km2(2010), and occupies 2.73% of land area. The spatial distribution of land surface water is extremely uneven and is gathered mainly in mid- to high-latitude area of the Northern Hemisphere and tropic area. The comparison of water ratio between 2000 and 2010 indicates the overall fluctuation is small but spatially differentiated. The Global Land 30-water products and the statistics provided the fundamental information for analyzing the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water and diagnosing the global ecosystem and environment.展开更多
文摘The ecological series of soil animals under the broad-leaved and pine mix ed forest in Darlidai Mountain was studied.Seven sample plots were selected according to different altitude gradients,which belong to dif ferent vegeta-tion types.By investigating and analyzing soil animals in every sample p lot it is found that there are 45group s and 1956individuals,which are involved in 3phylums,7classes,16orders,respectively.The altitude is a key factor which af-fects ecological series of soil anim als.Both the groups and individuals of soil animals increase with altitu de increasing under certain conditions,which con trastes with ordinary cases,resulting from special micro-climate in studied area.The groups and individuls of soil animals are the most under the broad-leaved and pine forest on the top of the mount ain,and the least under Picea-Abies forest in the foot of the mountain.
基金provided by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB400503)LASG Free Exploration Fund+1 种基金LASG State Key Laboratory Special Fundthe KZCX3-SW-230 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘A projected skill is adopted by use of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to calculate a conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP). The CNOP is the maximal value of a constrained optimization problem with a constraint condition, such as a ball constraint. The success of the DE algorithm lies in its ability to handle a non-differentiable and nonlinear cost function. In this study, the DE algorithm and the traditional optimization algorithms used to obtain the CNOPs are compared by analyzing a theoretical grassland ecosystem model and a dynamic global vegetation model. This study shows that the CNOPs generated by the DE algorithm are similar to those by the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm and the spectral projected gradients (SPG2) algorithm. If the cost function is non-differentiable, the CNOPs could also be caught with the DE algorithm. The numerical results suggest the DE algorithm can be employed to calculate the CNOP, especially when the cost function is non-differentiable.
基金partly funded by the China Scholarship Councilsupports of this work by the Connecticut Sea Grant College Program (NA10OAR4170095+1 种基金 CT Sea Grant R/A38)from the Perkin Elmer research fund at the University of Connecticut, Perkin Elmer Analytical Division of E, G & G, Wellesley, MA, USA
文摘Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species, which was found in an embayment(Holly Pond) connected with Long Island Sound, USA. The morphological and anatomical observations in combination with molecular data were used for its identification to species. Anatomy of collected specimens showed that the cell shape in rhizoidal and basal regions was round and the marginal teeth along the basal and median region were not found. These characteristics were primarily identical to the diagnostic characteristics of Ulva laetevirens Areschoug(Chlorophyta). The plastid-encoding tufA and nucleus-encoding ITS1 were used for its molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis for the tufA gene placed the specimens from Holly Pond in a well-supported clade along with published sequences of U. laetevirens identified early without any sequence divergence. In ITS tree, the sample also formed well-supported clades with the sequences of U. laetevirens with an estimated sequence divergence among the taxa in these clades as low as 1%. These findings confirmed the morpho-anatomical conclusion. Native to Australia, this species was reported in several countries along the Mediterranean coast after the late of 1990 s. This is the first time that U. laetevirens is found in the northeast coast of United States and the second record for Atlantic North America.
文摘This article describes the development of human potential interaction between society and nature. The environment, sustainable use of natural resources, prevention of adverse effects of human activities on the environment, and disturbances of dynamical ecological balance of the existing natural systems have received increased attention. The heed is introduced both on the state scale and in broad circles of science and society in The Azerbaijan Republic.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2009AA122001 and 2009AA122004)
文摘Land surface water(LSW) is one of the most important resources for human survival and development, and it is also a main component of global water recycling. A full understanding of the spatial distribution of land surface water and a continuous measuring of its dynamics can support to diagnose the global ecosystem and environment. Based on the Global Land 30-water 2000 and Global Land 30-water 2010 products, this research analyzed the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water under scale-levels of global, latitude and longitude, continents, and climate zones. The Global Land 30-water products were corrected the temporal inconsistency of original remotely sensed data using MODIS time-series data, and then calculated the indices such as water area, water ration and coefficient of spatial variation for further analysis. Results show that total water area of land surface is about 3.68 million km2(2010), and occupies 2.73% of land area. The spatial distribution of land surface water is extremely uneven and is gathered mainly in mid- to high-latitude area of the Northern Hemisphere and tropic area. The comparison of water ratio between 2000 and 2010 indicates the overall fluctuation is small but spatially differentiated. The Global Land 30-water products and the statistics provided the fundamental information for analyzing the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water and diagnosing the global ecosystem and environment.
