电解原理及其应用的复习点拨

《电解原理及其应用》是电化学知识的一个重要组成部分，但新教材将这一部分知识内容放在第三册中，与原电池知识的学习时间间隔较长，因“前摄抑制”导致很多学生将电解知识与原电池知识弄混淆，产生很大的学习障碍。这里谈谈《电解原理及其应用》的学习方法，供同学们学习借鉴。

“六步”突破《电解原理及其应用》

第一步：抓关键，把握实质 复习要抓住关键内容，比如电解概念的中心词有：电流、电解质、氧化还原反应、阴极、阳极等，它告诉我们；

浅谈关于燃料电池原理的表述

现行人教版《全日制普通高级中学教科书(必修加选修)》化学第三册第50页，《电解原理及其应用》一章中有如下表述：

Atomic-scale observation of the deformation and failure of diamonds by in-situ double-tilt mechanical testing transmission electron microscope holder

In-situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)has been demonstrated to be a powerful method in resolving challenging problems such as interactions among various defects.To take advantage of the atomic resolution of advanced TEMs,a compact five-degree-of-freedom nanomanipulator was integrated with an indenter that was made of nanotwinned diamonds,for both the in-situ mechanical testing and double tilting of TEM samples.As a demonstration,in-situ bending tests were performed on the?111?,?110?and?100?single-crystal diamond needles.The tests revealed the{111}cleavage to be the dominant failure mode.The in-situ indentation on a diamond nanoplate led to curved cracks consisting of nanometer-scale steps,which were identified to be atomic flat{111}facets.The atomic-scale observation of the deformation and failure of diamonds demonstrated the stability of the entire system and the durability of the indenter.We expect that more delicate research can be carried out by means of this holder in the near future,including in-situ stimulation,atomic characterization,and tomography.

Screening possible solid electrolytes by calculating the conduction pathways using Bond Valence method

Inorganic solid electrolytes have distinguished advantages in terms of safety and stability, and are promising to substitute for conventional organic liquid electrolytes. However, low ionic conductivity of typical candidates is the key problem. As connective diffusion path is the prerequisite for high performance, we screen for possible solid electrolytes from the 2004 International Centre for Diffraction Data （ICDD） database by calculating conduction pathways using Bond Valence （BV） method. There are 109846 inorganic crystals in the 2004 ICDD database, and 5295 of them contain lithium. Except for those with toxic, radioactive, rare, or variable valence elements, 1380 materials are candidates for solid electrolytes. The rationality of the BV method is approved by comparing the existing solid electrolytes＇ conduction pathways we had calculated with those from ex- periments or first principle calculations. The implication for doping and substitution, two important ways to improve the conductivity, is also discussed. Among them LizCO3 is selected for a detailed comparison, and the pathway is reproduced well with that based on the density functional studies. To reveal the correlation between connectivity of pathways and conductivity, a/γ-LiAlO2 and Li2CO3 are investigated by the impedance spectrum as an example, and many experimental and theoretical studies are in process to indicate the relationship between property and structure. The BV method can calculate one material within a few minutes, providing an efficient way to lock onto targets from abundant data, and to investigate the struc- ture-property relationship systematically.

Theoretical energy consumption analytical method for metal separation process

The theoretical energy consumption(TEC)analytical methods and the calculated models for the electrolytic and thermal reduction metal separation processes have been put forward based on thermodynamics and physical chemistry principles,providing theoretical foundation for choosing the optimum metal separation methods.Based on the models,the TECs of the Mg separation processes are taken as an example,and have been calculated and analyzed contrastively,including the MgCl_2 electrolytic method,the MgO electrolytic method with inert electrode and with carbon anode,and the silicothermic method.It is shown that the thermal method is more reasonable than the electrolytic methods to separate Mg under low efficiency of coal power generation.

An oxidation-nitridation-denitridation approach to transform metal solids into foams with adjustable pore sizes for energy applications

Metal foams with hierarchically porous structures are highly desirable in energy applications as active materials or their host substrates.However,conventional preparation methods usually have a quite limited flexibility of adjusting pore size of metal foams.Herein,an alternative new method based on gaseous thermal oxidation-nitridation-denitridation processes was developed to prepare metal(copper and nickel)foams with adjustable pore size by controlling the thermal nitridation temperature.Moreover,this environment-friendly method is independent of the shape of starting pure metal substrates and can be repeatedly applied to the metal substrates to create hierarchical porous structures containing different size pores.As a demonstration of the advantages of the resultant foams with abundant pores by this method,compared with its starting material(commercial Ni foam with the pore size of several millimeters),the resultant hierarchical porous Ni foam gives the remarkably enhanced performance of electrochemical water splitting as HER/OER electrodes and electrochemical energy storage as the host substrate of capacitive material MnO2.The metal foams with adjustable pore size prepared by the developed method will find a wide range of important applications in energy storage and conversion areas.