种梨

有个乡下人在集上卖梨。梨子甘甜芳香，价格很高。一个道士戴着破头巾，穿着粗劣的袍子走到梨车前行乞，卖梨人呵斥也不去。卖梨人大怒，加以责骂。道士说：“一车梨有几百个，你只施舍给我一个，于你也无大损失，为何发怒?”围观的人也劝卖梨人给他一个不好的梨让他离去。卖梨人坚决不肯。街市上有个佣工见他们争吵不休，便拿出钱买了一个梨给道士，道士拜谢，对众人说：“出家人不懂得吝惜，我有好梨，

种梨

有乡人货梨于市，颇甘芳。价腾贵。有道士破巾絮表，丐于车前。乡人咄之亦不去；乡人怒。加以叱骂。道士日：“一车数百颗，老衲止丐其一，于居士亦无大损，何怒为？”观者劝置劣者一枚令去．乡人执不肯。肆中佣保者见喋聒不堪。遂出钱市一枚付道士。道士拜谢，谓众日：“出家人不解吝惜。我有佳梨。请出供客。”或日：“既有之，何不自食？”日：“我特需此核作种。”于是掬梨啖且尽，把板于手，解肩上馒①，坎地深数寸纳之，而覆以土。向市人索汤沃灌。

Breeding Report of a New Red Pear Cultivar 'Xianghongli'

＇Xianghongli＇ is a mid-ripening pear with red appearance. The seeding was selected from seeds of Red D＇Anjou radiated by γ-Co^60. The cultivar is a tall tree, with a height of 3.31 m at 6 years old. The tree is vigorous with ramose crown and upright tree gesture. Leaves are elliptic, acuminate, with average 5.802 cm length and 3.389 cm width. Flowers are pale pink. The relative position of petals is overlap. The petal shape is oval with more pollen. The average single fruit weight is 216.0 g, with mainly wide-necked pear formed. The ground color of peel is yellow with 80% bright red of cover color. The flesh is white, melting, soft and juicy, sour-sweet, strongly fragrant, little stone cell and small core. The soluble solid content is 12.5%. The soluble sugar content is 10.78%. The titratable acid content is 0.097%. The fruit quality is excellent. The fruit development period is 125-130 d and the ripe stage is at the end of August in Changli area, Hebei province, It is easy to form flower on short branches, and possesses large number of flower buds. The properties of early-bearing and high yielding are better. It is resistant to fruit phellem, pear scab, cold, etc. The shelf life of fruit is over 20 d. The fruit can be stored for 5 months in refrigeration condition. Suitable cultivation area is Qinhuang- dao,Tangshan, Cangzhou in Hebei, Beijing, Taiyuan in Shanxi and similar area. Xi- anghongli has the high-yield potential and can be extended to the most area of Northern China.

NEW SPECIES OF BLASTICOTOMIDAE (HYMENOPTERA:BLASTICOTOMORPHA) FROM CHINA WITH KEYS TO KNOWN GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ①

Three new species of Blasticotomidae from China are described in the paper: Runaria shaanxinica Wei sp. nov., Runaria hunannica Wei sp. nov. and Runaria punctata Wei sp. nov. A new generic synonym is proposed; Runaria Malaise 1931 = Bohea Maa 1944 syn. nov. Keys are given to known genera of the family Blasticotomidae and known species of the genera Blasticotoma Klug and Runaria Malaise both also with a checklist of known species. A new combination is erected for Bohea abrupta Maa: Runaria abrupta (Maa) comb. nov.. The zoogeography of Blasticotomidae is also briefly discussed. Type materials are deposited in the Insect Collection of Central South Forestry University, Zhuzhou, China.

Influence of excessive biotic pressure and fire on culm diameter, density flux and seed production in Melocanna baccifera stands

A study was conducted to investigate culms density and size, seed size and production rate in Melocanna baccifera stands disturbed by biotic pressure and fire. Results revealed that culms density, number and size of seeds produced in the bamboo stands were significantly affected by frequent fire and excessive biotic pressure （collection of young shoots for vegetables and mature culms）. The culm density and seed production rate decreased significantly in the stand subjected to excessive biotic pressure. An increasing exposure of culms to sun light was responsible for the above decrease. Seed production rate significantly increased in case of culms subjected to fire in comparison to the control. It indicated that fire stimulated the seed production in M. baccifera stand.

Influence of Quince Rootstocks on Entomosporium Leaf Spot （Entomosporium mespili） Susceptibility in European Pear cv. Abate Fetel

Entomosporium leaf spot （ELS） is caused by the fungus Fabraea maculata （anamorph： Entomosporium mespili） and affects most pear cultivars and quince rootstocks in Brazil. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of Adams, EMA and EMC quince rootstocks on ELS in European pear cultivar ＂Abate Fetel＂ in Southern Brazil, during the 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing season. The incidence and severity of disease was quantified weekly in 100 randomly leaves distributed in four medium-height branches per plant with eight replications. Disease progress curves of ELS were constructed and the epidemics compared according to： （1） the beginning of symptoms appearance （BSA）; （2） the time to reach the maximum disease incidence and severity （TRMDI and TRMDS）; （3） area under the incidence and severity disease progress curve （AUIDPC and AUSDPC）. The data were analyzed by linear regression and adjusted for three empirical models： Logistic, Monomolecular and Gompertz. The Abate Fetel cultivar under all rootstocks evaluated was susceptible to E. mespili. However, there were significant differences in ELS intensity among rootstocks evaluated. The highest ELS intensities were observed in combinations with EMA and Adams quince rootstock. Abate Fetel cultivar grafted on EMC quince rootstock showed all epidemiological variables results significantly different when compared with EMA quince rootstock. EMC quince rootstock induced late resistance compared with the other considerated rootstocks. The Logistic model was the most appropriates to describe the ELS progress of Abate Fetel cultivar under all rootstocks evaluated in the edafoclimatic conditions of Southern Brazil, during the 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing season.

Pre-seed Treatment Effects on Avocado （Persea americana L.） Seedlings Health and Growth before Side-Grafting in Ghana

Studies were conducted to detennine the effects of hot water （50 ℃） and fungicide （contizeb ‘5＇） treatments on avocado seeds in terms of seed health, germination and seedling growth before side-grafting. The leathery coverings or seed coat were removed and either 1 cm or 1.5 cm of the narrow top of the seeds was removed before sowing. There were six treatments arranged in a randomized complete block and rephcated three times. In a six week period after germination when side grafting could be done, it was found out that the earliest germination came from the ＇no hot water or fungicide-treated＂ seeds cut at 1 cm but most seeds germinated from the fungicide-treated seeds at 1 cm cut. Most fungi including Fusarium andAspergillus spp found to either delay germination or reduce seedling vigour were minimized in number through the fungicide treatment compared to the hot water-treated seeds. Seedlings performance in terms of shoot extension and canopy development was significantly better in the fungicide-treated seeds than from either the hot water or the non-treated seeds. The study concluded that avocado seed treatment prior to sowing enhanced germination.

Effect of an escape vent in accordion-shaped traps on the catch and size of Asian paddle crabs Charybdis japonica in an artificial reef area

Accordion-shaped traps are widely used in China to catch the Asian paddle crab C harybdis japonica but traps of conventional design often catch juvenile crabs. A new type of accordion-shaped trap with an escape vent(L×W=4.3 cm×3.0 cm) was designed and a comparative study between the newly designed and conventional traps was performed in the artifi cial reef area of Zhuwang, Laizhou Bay, China from June to August 2012. The mean catch per unit effort(CPUE) of undersized crabs was signifi cantly lower in the vented traps than in the conventional traps(paired t-test, n =30, P <0.001), while the CPUE of marketable crabs was signifi cantly higher in the vented traps(paired t-test, n =30, P <0.001). The mean size of crabs(carapace length) caught in the vented traps was signifi cantly larger than in conventional traps(paired t-test, n =29, P <0.001). The ratio of undersized crabs was 35.05%±2.57% in conventional traps and 12.53%±0.69% in vented traps(signifi cantly lower, paired t-test, n =29, P <0.001). Therefore, a 4.3 cm×3.0 cm escape vent was considered appropriate for C. japonica fi shing in the artifi cial reef area. This fi nding will assist the development of more sustainable and effi cient crab fi shing methods using accordion-shaped traps.

SEASONAL PERFORMANCE AFFECTING POPULATION DYNAMICS OF CITRUS RED MITE, PANONYCHUS CITRI (MCGREGOR) (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE), ON PEAR

The population of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), does not increase on pear from spring to mid summer but thereafter increases abruptly. To elucidate this phenomenon, we compared the performance of the mites on pear leaves with that on citrus leaves, at different time throughout the pear growing season. No significant difference was detected between the oviposition rate on pear and that on citrus throughout the season. However, the survival rate of ovipositing females that had fed on pear and the hatch rate of eggs laid by those females were significantly lower than those for females that had fed on citrus, until August. However, no significant difference was observed thereafter. The results showed that the decline of the population of citrus red mite before autumn is due to the high mortality of adult females that had fed on pear leaves and the low hatch rate of the eggs produced by those females.